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Energies
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Advances in Ground Heat Exchangers and Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps
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Advances in Ground Heat Exchangers and Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "H: Geo-Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 11170

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Enzo Zanchini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Interests: ground heat exchangers; ground-coupled heat pumps; air-source heat pumps
Dr. Claudia Naldi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
Interests: air-source and ground-source heat pumps; energy consumption of buildings and HVAC systems; phase change materials; borehole heat exchangers; finite element simulations
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ground-source heat pumps, and in particular ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHPs), are becoming a rather widely used technology for building climatization and domestic hot water production. Indeed, these systems allow an important reduction in the use of primary energy and in greenhouse gases emission. GCHPs employ fields of either vertical or horizontal ground heat exchangers (GHEs). Vertical GHEs are also called borehole heat exchangers (BHEs). Relevant contributions to improve the design and simulation of GCHP systems can be given by the evaluation of accurate thermal response factors of GHE fields, by developing new analytical and numerical models of GHEs, by the experimental validation of GHE mathematical models, by performing innovative thermal response tests for a more precise evaluation of the ground thermal properties, by the dynamic simulation and monitoring of GCHP systems, and by the economic and the exergy analysis of these systems.

Papers addressing but not limited to the following topics are recommended:

  • Thermal response factors of borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) and BHE fields;
  • Thermal response factors of horizontal ground heat exchangers;
  • Analytical and numerical models of ground heat exchangers;
  • Experimental analysis and laboratory models of ground heat exchangers;
  • Thermal response tests (TRTs);
  • Dynamic simulation of ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHPs);
  • Economic and exergy analysis of ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHPs);
  • Innovative ground heat exchangers;
  • Monitoring of GCHP systems.

Both original research papers and literature reviews will be taken into consideration for publication.

Prof. Enzo Zanchini
Dr. Claudia Naldi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHPs)
  • Ground heat exchangers (GHEs)
  • Borehole heat exchangers (BHEs)
  • Thermal response factors (TRFs)
  • Thermal response tests (TRTs)

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

25 pages, 11611 KiB  
Article
A Novel Data Management Methodology and Case Study for Monitoring and Performance Analysis of Large-Scale Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) and Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES) System
by Oleg Todorov, Kari Alanne, Markku Virtanen and Risto Kosonen
Energies 2021, 14(6), 1523; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061523 - 10 Mar 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2854
Abstract
Aalto New Campus Complex (ANCC) is a recently inaugurated educational facility at Aalto University, located in Otaniemi (Espoo), Finland. Within over 40,000 m2, it comprises two faculties, a shopping center, recreational areas, and a metro station. ANCC is also a large-scale [...] Read more.
Aalto New Campus Complex (ANCC) is a recently inaugurated educational facility at Aalto University, located in Otaniemi (Espoo), Finland. Within over 40,000 m2, it comprises two faculties, a shopping center, recreational areas, and a metro station. ANCC is also a large-scale application of Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP)–Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES) in Finland, comprising an irregular BTES field of 74 boreholes with an overall length of roughly 23 km and 4 million m3 of energy storage. Therefore, accurate monitoring of the GSHP–BTES energy system is crucial for sustainable and efficient long-term operation. Due to the fundamental issues affecting the accuracy of all thermal energy meters, a novel methodology adjusting for consistency of the measured data (in order to accomplish daily energy balance on both sides of the GSHP) is developed. The proposed methodology is used also in conjunction with reconstruction of missing relevant data before April/May 2020 by applying linear regression techniques. The developed data management is considered essential due to its capability to handle measured data with high uncertainty (thermal meters) by using highly accurate data regarding the GSHP power demand. Additionally, operational data and relevant GSHP performance indicators for the 18-month period starting from July 2019 is presented and analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ground Heat Exchangers and Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps)
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25 pages, 11269 KiB  
Article
A New Estimate of Sand and Grout Thermal Properties in the Sandbox Experiment for Accurate Validations of Borehole Simulation Codes
by Claudia Naldi, Aminhossein Jahanbin and Enzo Zanchini
Energies 2021, 14(4), 1149; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041149 - 21 Feb 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1792
Abstract
Ground-coupled heat pumps usually employ fields of borehole heat exchangers (BHEs), which must be designed by suitable models. In order to validate a BHE model, it is advisable to compare the computation results with experimental data. A well-known data set was provided by [...] Read more.
Ground-coupled heat pumps usually employ fields of borehole heat exchangers (BHEs), which must be designed by suitable models. In order to validate a BHE model, it is advisable to compare the computation results with experimental data. A well-known data set was provided by Beier et al. (Geothermics 2011, 40) through a laboratory model usually called “sandbox”. Several authors proposed estimates of the thermal properties of the sandbox grout and sand. In this paper, we present a new estimate of those properties, obtained by means of 2D finite-element simulations that consider all the details of the experimental setup, including the thin aluminum pipe at the BHE boundary. Our results show that the measured temperatures in the fluid and in the sand can be reproduced very accurately by considering thermal conductivities 0.863 W/(mK) for the grout and 3.22 W/(mK) for the sand, volumetric heat capacities 4.6 MJ/(m3K) for the grout and 3.07 MJ/(m3K) for the sand, and a slightly enhanced heat capacity of the water contained in the BHE. The 2D simulations are validated by comparison with an analytical solution and by 3D simulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ground Heat Exchangers and Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps)
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27 pages, 1835 KiB  
Article
A Methodology for Long-Term Model Predictive Control of Hybrid Geothermal Systems: The Shadow-Cost Formulation
by Iago Cupeiro Figueroa, Massimo Cimmino and Lieve Helsen
Energies 2020, 13(23), 6203; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236203 - 25 Nov 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2575
Abstract
Model Predictive Control (MPC) predictive’s nature makes it attractive for controlling high-capacity structures such as thermally activated building systems (TABS). Using weather predictions in the order of days, the system is able to react in advance to changes in the building heating and [...] Read more.
Model Predictive Control (MPC) predictive’s nature makes it attractive for controlling high-capacity structures such as thermally activated building systems (TABS). Using weather predictions in the order of days, the system is able to react in advance to changes in the building heating and cooling needs. However, this prediction horizon window may be sub-optimal when hybrid geothermal systems are used, since the ground dynamics are in the order of months and even years. This paper proposes a methodology that includes a shadow-cost in the objective function to take into account the long-term effects that appear in the borefield. The shadow-cost is computed for a given long-term horizon that is discretized over time using predictions of the building heating and cooling needs. The methodology is applied to a case with only heating and active regeneration of the ground thermal balance. Results show that the formulation with the shadow cost is able to optimally use the active regeneration, reducing the overall operational costs at the expenses of an increased computational time. The effects of the shadow cost long-term horizon and the predictions accuracy are also investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ground Heat Exchangers and Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps)
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30 pages, 13215 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Performance Measurement and Analysis of a Small-Scale Ground Source Heat Pump System
by Hao Liu, Hongyi Zhang and Saqib Javed
Energies 2020, 13(17), 4527; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174527 - 01 Sep 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3205
Abstract
Recent data suggest that heat pumps, despite having the potential to cover over 90% of the global space and water heating demands, only provide less than 5% of global heating. Heat pumps, in general, and ground source heat pumps, specifically, offer significant potential [...] Read more.
Recent data suggest that heat pumps, despite having the potential to cover over 90% of the global space and water heating demands, only provide less than 5% of global heating. Heat pumps, in general, and ground source heat pumps, specifically, offer significant potential for energy savings and carbon emissions reduction in buildings. The realization of these potential benefits, however, requires proper design, installation, and operation of the entire heat pump system. This paper presents the performance analysis of a Swedish ground source heat pump system providing space heating and hot water to a sports clubhouse. The installation has been carefully instrumented to enable full characterization of the whole system including auxiliary components such as circulation pumps and supplementary heating. Seasonal performance factors, calculated for monthly and annual periods using high-quality, high-resolution measurement data collected over three years of system operation, have been reported based on the SEPEMO (SEasonal PErformance factor and MOnitoring for heat pump systems) and Annex 52 boundary schemes for evaluating and benchmarking the performance of the ground source heat pump system. The auxiliary system components were shown to have a large impact on the overall performance of the system. In particular, the legionella protection system was found to affect performance considerably. Recommendations as to how to improve the performance of the system under study and other similar systems are made from the design, installation, and operation perspectives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ground Heat Exchangers and Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps)
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