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Energy and Water Nexus 2021
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Energy and Water Nexus 2021

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2021) | Viewed by 11733

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Carol J. Miller

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
Interests: water/energy nexus; urban water resources; hydraulic modeling; environmental justice; power system emissions
Prof. Dr. Caisheng Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
Interests: water/energy nexus; electric vehicles; demand response; environmental demand response; power system modeling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Guest Editors are inviting submissions to a Special Issue of Energies on the subject area of “Energy and Water Nexus 2020”. Because energy and water are interdependent, the availability and predictability of water resources can directly affect energy systems. All phases of energy production and electricity generation use water. Conversely, energy is required to extract, convey, deliver potable drinking water, and manage wastewater treatment for human use. Both water and energy are used extensively in manufacturing processes and agriculture production. Additionally, water resource scarcity, variability, and uncertainty are becoming more prominent, both domestically and internationally.

This Special Issue will deal with the dependencies and the impacts of the connection between water and energy. Topics of interest for publication include but are not limited to:

  • Connections between water and energy infrastructure;
  • Climate change impacts of water or energy production/scarcity;
  • Water/energy/emissions nexus;
  • Population increase and migration impacts on energy–water systems;
  • Decision making and policy implications of energy–water connections;
  • Environmental justice in the water/energy nexus.

Prof. Dr. Carol J. Miller
Prof. Dr. Caisheng Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • water
  • energy
  • environmental justice
  • emissions
  • policy
  • power systems

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 4054 KiB  
Article
Empirical Formula for Dynamic Biot Coefficient of Sandstone Samples from South-West of Poland
by Dariusz Knez and Mohammad Ahmad Mahmoudi Zamani
Energies 2021, 14(17), 5514; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175514 - 03 Sep 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2184
Abstract
In this research, two empirical correlations have been introduced to calculate the dynamic Biot coefficients of low-porosity and high-porosity sandstone samples from two open pit mines located in South-West Poland. The experiments were conducted using an acoustic velocity measurement apparatus. Under the undrained [...] Read more.
In this research, two empirical correlations have been introduced to calculate the dynamic Biot coefficients of low-porosity and high-porosity sandstone samples from two open pit mines located in South-West Poland. The experiments were conducted using an acoustic velocity measurement apparatus. Under the undrained condition, firstly, the confining pressure was increased in increments of 200 psi, and the values of pore pressure and dynamic elastic modulus were recorded. This experiment was continued until the Skempton coefficient remained in the range of 0.98–1. Secondly, an experiment on the same sample was conducted under drained conditions, and the corresponding dynamic elastic moduli were calculated. Then, using the calculated dynamic elastic moduli, the dynamic Biot coefficient was determined for each sample under different confining pressure. Finally, two empirical correlations were formulated for each sandstone category. The results demonstrate that, as the confining pressure increases, the Biot coefficient decreases from 0.79 to 0.50 and from 0.84 to 0.45 for low-porosity and high-porosity samples, respectively. Furthermore, as the porosity increases, the sandstone behavior increasingly approaches that of soil. The empirical correlations can be used for sandstone formations with the same porosity in projects where there is not a measurement method for the Biot coefficient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy and Water Nexus 2021)
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15 pages, 15523 KiB  
Article
Comparison between Historical and Real-Time Techniques for Estimating Marginal Emissions Attributed to Electricity Generation
by Amir Shahin Kamjou, Carol J. Miller, Mahdi Rouholamini and Caisheng Wang
Energies 2021, 14(17), 5261; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175261 - 25 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1576
Abstract
Electricity generation is tied to various environmental and social consequences. In prior studies, the environmental emissions associated with electricity generation were calculated using average emission factors (AEFs) whose use is different from the method of marginal emission factors (MEFs) in regard to the [...] Read more.
Electricity generation is tied to various environmental and social consequences. In prior studies, the environmental emissions associated with electricity generation were calculated using average emission factors (AEFs) whose use is different from the method of marginal emission factors (MEFs) in regard to the geographical redefinition and new policies applied to the US electricity grid in 2013. Moreover, the amount of emissions being released at a generation site depends on the technology of the generating units; it is important to take into account this factor as well. Thus, this paper provides comparisons between different historical and real-time approaches of estimating MEFs (i.e., CO2, SO2, and NOx) for the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) electricity region. The region under study is the same for all the scenarios, although the comparative time frames are different. The study is focused on the similarities observed in the data trends and system behaviors. We carry out different temporal comparisons whose results show the value of real-time approaches for estimating the MEFs for each location and at any time. These approaches can be extended to other regions to assist with proper investment and policy making, thereby increasing the grid efficiency, mitigating the environmental emissions, and clarifying the byproducts of energy consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy and Water Nexus 2021)
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13 pages, 3526 KiB  
Article
Pressure Analysis in the Draft Tube of a Pump-Turbine under Steady and Transient Conditions
by Jing Yang, Yue Lv, Dianhai Liu and Zhengwei Wang
Energies 2021, 14(16), 4732; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164732 - 04 Aug 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1523
Abstract
Pumped-storage power stations play a regulatory role in the power grid through frequent transition processes. The pressure pulsation in the draft tube of the pump-turbine under transient processes is important for safe operation, which is more intense than that in the steady-state condition. [...] Read more.
Pumped-storage power stations play a regulatory role in the power grid through frequent transition processes. The pressure pulsation in the draft tube of the pump-turbine under transient processes is important for safe operation, which is more intense than that in the steady-state condition. However, there is no effective method to obtain the exact pressure in the draft tube in the transient flow field. In this paper, the pressure in the draft tube of a pump-turbine under steady-state and transient conditions are studied by means of CFD. The reliability of the simulation method is verified by comparing the real pressure pulsation data with the test results. Due to the distribution of the pressure pulsation in the draft tube being complex and uneven, the location of the pressure monitoring points directly affects the accurate judgement of cavitation. Eight monitoring surfaces were set in the straight cone of the draft tube and nine monitoring points were set on each monitoring surface to analyze the pressure differences on the wall and inside the center of the draft tube. The relationships between the pressure pulsation value inside the center of the draft tube and on the wall are studied. The “critical” wall pressure pulsation value when cavitation occurs is obtained. This study provides references for judging cavitation occurrences by using the wall pressure pulsation value in practical engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy and Water Nexus 2021)
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14 pages, 498 KiB  
Article
Comparing Operational, Environmental and Eco-Efficiency of Water Companies in England and Wales
by Ramón Sala-Garrido, Manuel Mocholí-Arce, María Molinos-Senante and Alexandros Maziotis
Energies 2021, 14(12), 3635; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123635 - 18 Jun 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1655
Abstract
The assessment of performance of water companies is essential for their regulation. In doing so, several variables and models can be employed. This study evaluates and compares the performance of a sample of English and Welsh water companies from the operational, environmental and [...] Read more.
The assessment of performance of water companies is essential for their regulation. In doing so, several variables and models can be employed. This study evaluates and compares the performance of a sample of English and Welsh water companies from the operational, environmental and eco-efficiency perspectives by applying the non-radial data envelopment analysis range adjusted measure model. This methodological approach allows integrating greenhouse gas emissions as undesirable output. The results indicated that the water industry performed well from an operational perspective. However, environmental inefficiency considerably exists which illustrates the difficulties of the water companies in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The average eco-efficiency was 0.783 which means that while expanding water services, water companies could further reduce costs and carbon emissions by 11.7% on average. Other factors such as water treatment complexity and population density significantly affect water companies’ eco-efficiency. Several policy implications are finally discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy and Water Nexus 2021)
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22 pages, 7205 KiB  
Article
Improvement Dependability of Offshore Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines by Applying New Mathematical Methods for Calculation the Excess Speed in Case of Wind Gusts
by Konstantin Osintsev, Seregei Aliukov and Alexander Shishkov
Energies 2021, 14(11), 3085; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113085 - 26 May 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1397
Abstract
The problem of increasing the reliability of wind turbines exists in the development of new offshore oil and natural gas fields. Reducing emergency situations is necessary due to the autonomous operation of drilling rigs and bulk seaports in the subarctic and Arctic climate. [...] Read more.
The problem of increasing the reliability of wind turbines exists in the development of new offshore oil and natural gas fields. Reducing emergency situations is necessary due to the autonomous operation of drilling rigs and bulk seaports in the subarctic and Arctic climate. The relevance of the topic is linked with the development of a methodology for theoretical and practical studies of gas dynamics when gas flows in a pipe, based on a mathematical model using new mathematical methods for calculation of excess speeds in case of wind gusts. Problems in the operation of offshore wind turbines arise with storm gusts of wind, which is comparable to the wave movement of the gas flow. Thus, the scientific problem of increasing the reliability of wind turbines in conditions of strong wind gusts is solved. The authors indicate a gross error in the calculations when approximating through the use of the Fourier series. The obtained results will allow us to solve one of the essential problems of modeling at this stage of its development, namely: to reduce the calculation time and the adequacy of the model built for similar installations and devices. Experimental studies of gas-dynamic flows are carried out on the example of a physical model of a wind turbine. In addition, a computer simulation of the gas-dynamic flow process was carried out. The use of new approximation schemes in processing the results of experiments and computer simulation can reduce the calculation error by 1.2 percent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy and Water Nexus 2021)
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20 pages, 1665 KiB  
Article
An Environmental and Societal Analysis of the US Electrical Energy Industry Based on the Water–Energy Nexus
by Gabriela Shirkey, Megan Belongeay, Susie Wu, Xiaoguang Ma, Hassan Tavakol, Annick Anctil, Sandra Marquette-Pyatt, Rodney A. Stewart, Parikith Sinha, Richard Corkish, Jiquan Chen and Ilke Celik
Energies 2021, 14(9), 2633; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092633 - 04 May 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2443
Abstract
To meet rising energy demands, power plant operations will expand, influencing the interactions between the water–energy nexus and society. However, a major challenge is integration of social dimensions within electricity generation. To address this, we generate a baseline dataset using US public data [...] Read more.
To meet rising energy demands, power plant operations will expand, influencing the interactions between the water–energy nexus and society. However, a major challenge is integration of social dimensions within electricity generation. To address this, we generate a baseline dataset using US public data (2014–2019) from the Energy Information Administration and US Bureau of Labor Statistics. We identify the rate of energy consumed, CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions generated, and water used per MWh net electricity as well as employee wellbeing per unit MW capacity during electricity generation. Rates of energy consumption (MMBtu/MWh) decreased 4.9%, but water consumption and withdrawal (m3/MWh) both increased 0.93% and 0.31%, respectively. Emissions of CO2, SO2 and NOx decreased 22.64%, 75% and 25% MT/MWh, respectively. Thermoelectric cooling withdrawal and consumption is led by natural gas (50.07%, 38.31%), coal (29.61%, 25.07%), and nuclear energies (13.55%, 18.99%). Electric power generation contributes 0.06 injuries–illnesses/TWh and 0.001 fatalities/TWh, of which fossil fuels contributed 70% and 15%, respectively. Fossil fuels led in average annual employment (0.02 employees/MW) with low cost salaries (USD 0.09/MW) likely due to high collective capacity, which is declining. Estimated rates in this study and framework will aid power industry transition and operational decision makers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy and Water Nexus 2021)
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