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Energies
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Wind Turbines, Wind Farms, and Wind Energy: 2nd Edition
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Wind Turbines, Wind Farms, and Wind Energy: 2nd Edition

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 February 2024) | Viewed by 12215

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Rafael Campos Amezcua

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Guest Editor
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Interior Internado Palmira S/N, Col. Palmira, Cuernavaca 62490, Mexico
Interests: wind energy; aeroelasticity in wind turbines; wind resource assessment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Erasmo Cadenas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Santiago Tapia No. 403, Centro, Morelia 58000, Mexico
Interests: alternative energies; wind speed forecasting; mechanical design and materials science in engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electrical energy is thoroughly used in every device, machine, process, and technology worldwide today. The growing demand for electrical energy, as well as the adverse effects of the indiscriminate use of fossil fuels, encourage the search for new energy sources that are more environmentally friendly, safe, and economically feasible. Wind energy is the most widely used renewable energy source for electricity generation.

Wind turbines are the devices used to transform the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy. Although it is a mature technology, with more than 100 years of existence, there are still various challenges that require study and research, from the early stages of a wind power project such as wind resource assessment and wind turbine design to the integration of wind energy in power systems.

This Special Issue aims to present and disseminate the most recent advances related to the theory, design, modeling, application, and control of wind energy converter systems.

Topics of interest for publication include but are not limited to:

  • Wind power assessment;
  • Development of forecasting models;
  • Wind turbine design innovations;
  • New materials application;
  • Machine learning to harvest wind energy;
  • Structural dynamics analysis;
  • Integration of wind energy in power systems.

Prof. Dr. Rafael Campos Amezcua
Dr. Erasmo Cadenas
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wind power
  • aerodynamic
  • aeroelasticity
  • wind turbines
  • wind farm
  • artificial intelligence
  • wind speed and wind power forecasting

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

27 pages, 14901 KiB  
Article
Structural and Modal Analysis of a Small Wind Turbine Blade Considering Composite Material and the IEC 61400-2 Standard
by Miriam Vázquez, Victor López, Rafael Campos, Erasmo Cadenas and Paulina Marin
Energies 2025, 18(3), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030566 - 25 Jan 2025
Viewed by 709
Abstract
IEC 61400-2 establishes the Simplified Load Method for designing low-power wind turbine blades without considering dynamic loads in the simplified load methodology. This paper analyzes the load hypotheses established by the standard, also considering the natural frequencies in a 900 W blade. The [...] Read more.
IEC 61400-2 establishes the Simplified Load Method for designing low-power wind turbine blades without considering dynamic loads in the simplified load methodology. This paper analyzes the load hypotheses established by the standard, also considering the natural frequencies in a 900 W blade. The research methodology begins with the design parameters, the application of the BEM Method, and the use of the QBlade software. Then, the load hypotheses of the standard are defined. Finally, the structural design and the modal and structural analysis of the blade were conducted using FEM-based software. The results show that the minimum participation factors are found on the z-axis and the maximum on the x- and y-axis, and their magnitudes decrease when the natural frequency increases. In general, the principal maximum stresses are located in the middle section of the blade, in the external fiberglass layer, both on the intrados and extrados sides. In conclusion, structural scenarios were established to relate the participation factors of the modal analyses with the load hypotheses. The critical scenarios are at natural frequencies below 280 Hz. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Turbines, Wind Farms, and Wind Energy: 2nd Edition)
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27 pages, 3370 KiB  
Article
Preliminary Techno-Economic Study of Optimized Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Substructure
by Adebayo Ojo, Maurizio Collu and Andrea Coraddu
Energies 2024, 17(18), 4722; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17184722 - 22 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2672
Abstract
Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are still in the pre-commercial stage and, although different concepts of FOWTs are being developed, cost is a main barrier to commercializing the FOWT system. This article aims to use a shape parameterization technique within a multidisciplinary design [...] Read more.
Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are still in the pre-commercial stage and, although different concepts of FOWTs are being developed, cost is a main barrier to commercializing the FOWT system. This article aims to use a shape parameterization technique within a multidisciplinary design analysis and optimization framework to alter the shape of the FOWT platform with the objective of reducing cost. This cost reduction is then implemented in 30 MW and 60 MW floating offshore wind farms (FOWFs) designed based on the static pitch angle constraints (5 degrees, 7 degrees and 10 degrees) used within the optimization framework to estimate the reduction in the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) in comparison to a FOWT platform without any shape alteration–OC3 spar platform design. Key findings in this work show that an optimal shape alteration of the platform design that satisfies the design requirements, objectives and constraints set within the optimization framework contributes to significantly reducing the CAPEX cost and the LCOE in the floating wind farms considered. This is due to the reduction in the required platform mass for hydrostatic stability when the static pitch angle is increased. The FOWF designed with a 10 degree static pitch angle constraint provided the lowest LCOE value, while the FOWF designed with a 5 degree static pitch angle constraint provided the largest LCOE value, barring the FOWT designed with the OC3 dimension, which is considered to have no inclination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Turbines, Wind Farms, and Wind Energy: 2nd Edition)
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21 pages, 13150 KiB  
Article
A Comprehensive Resource Assessment for Wind Power Generation on the Rural Island of Sibuyan, Philippines
by Jerome G. Gacu, Junrey D. Garcia, Eddie G. Fetalvero, Merian P. Catajay-Mani, Cris Edward F. Monjardin and Christopher Power
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2055; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092055 - 26 Apr 2024
Viewed by 4819
Abstract
Amid rising energy demands in rural areas, thorough resource assessments for initiatives such as wind power are crucial. This study involves a land resource assessment for wind power generation on the rustic Sibuyan Island in the Philippines, which is currently experiencing an electricity [...] Read more.
Amid rising energy demands in rural areas, thorough resource assessments for initiatives such as wind power are crucial. This study involves a land resource assessment for wind power generation on the rustic Sibuyan Island in the Philippines, which is currently experiencing an electricity shortage. A comprehensive overview of the island’s suitability for wind energy projects is performed via evaluation and analysis using geospatial data and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM). The research results indicate that 50.44% (220.68 km2) of the island’s land area is categorized as ‘poorly suitable’ since it considers protected areas where developments are not allowed. Only 0.08% (0.35 km2) of the island can be classified as ‘marginally suitable’, while 9.15% (40.73 km2), 36.64% (176.39 km2), and 0.69% (3.05 km2) are labeled as ‘moderately suitable’, ‘suitable’, and ‘highly suitable’, respectively. This confirms the potential for wind energy exploration on the island. Delineating the suitability levels provides a foundational framework for stakeholders that enables them to identify optimal sites for wind power, sustain the island’s resources, and contribute to the renewable energy landscape of this rural location. Overall, this study, underpinned by data analysis, offers invaluable insights for decision making in wind power development, with the presented framework adaptable to other areas of interest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Turbines, Wind Farms, and Wind Energy: 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 5468 KiB  
Article
Influence of Excitation by Idling Rotor on Wind Turbine Ultimate Loads in Storm Conditions
by Shigeo Yoshida and M. Fekry
Energies 2024, 17(5), 1030; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051030 - 22 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1408
Abstract
Typical large scale pitch-controlled wind turbines idle their rotors during storm conditions. The design loads of wind turbines are calculated by aeroelastic simulations under various conditions. These include grid loss and failures, which can increase rotor speed and excite the first-mode of the [...] Read more.
Typical large scale pitch-controlled wind turbines idle their rotors during storm conditions. The design loads of wind turbines are calculated by aeroelastic simulations under various conditions. These include grid loss and failures, which can increase rotor speed and excite the first-mode of the tower bending. In this study, the influences of self-excitation by the idling rotor on the ultimate loads in storm conditions were investigated. Aeroelastic simulations were conducted for a three-bladed 5 MW upwind turbine as an example, under steady and extreme turbulent wind conditions according to the international design standard IEC61400-1 ed.4. As a result, we confirmed that yaw misalignment increases the idling rotor speed and 6P, second order harmonics of blade passing frequency, excites the first-mode tower bending, which can generate a large load on the tower. Pitch stick can increase the rotor speed but not as noticeably as yaw error. Although no clear provisions exist in wind turbine design standards or guidelines for the self-excited vibration during wind turbine idling, these results indicate that conditions must be set that consider self-excited vibration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Turbines, Wind Farms, and Wind Energy: 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 2667 KiB  
Article
Design and Analysis of an Adaptive Dual-Drive Lift–Drag Composite Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Generator
by Pengfei Yan, Yaning Li, Qiang Gao, Shuai Lian and Qihui Wu
Energies 2023, 16(22), 7529; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16227529 - 11 Nov 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1957
Abstract
In this paper, based on the lift-type wind turbine, an adaptive double-drive lift–drag composite vertical-axis wind turbine is designed to improve the wind energy utilization rate. A drag blade was employed to rapidly accelerate the wind turbine, and the width of the blade [...] Read more.
In this paper, based on the lift-type wind turbine, an adaptive double-drive lift–drag composite vertical-axis wind turbine is designed to improve the wind energy utilization rate. A drag blade was employed to rapidly accelerate the wind turbine, and the width of the blade was adaptively adjusted with the speed of the wind turbine to realize lift–drag conversion. The aerodynamic performance analysis using Fluent showed that the best performance is achieved with a blade curvature of 30° and a drag-type blade width ratio of 2/3. Physical experiments proved that a lift–drag composite vertical-axis wind turbine driven by dual blades can start when the incoming wind speed is 1.6 m/s, which is 23.8% lower than the existing lift-type wind turbine’s starting wind speed of 2.1 m/s. At the same time, when the wind speed reaches 8.8 m/s, the guide rail adaptive drag-type blades all contract and transform into lift-type wind turbine blades. The results show that the comprehensive wind energy utilization rate of the adaptive dual-drive lift–drag composite vertical-axis wind turbine was 5.98% higher than that of ordinary lift-type wind turbines and can be applied to wind power generation in high-wind-speed wind farms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Turbines, Wind Farms, and Wind Energy: 2nd Edition)
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