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Energies
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Energy Storage, Energy Conversion, and Multifunctional Materials 2024 - 2025
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Energy Storage, Energy Conversion, and Multifunctional Materials 2024 - 2025

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "D: Energy Storage and Application".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 May 2025 | Viewed by 7610

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yiannis Katsigiannis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, GR-71004 Heraklion, Greece
Interests: power generation; power systems; wind energy; energy efficiency; power production; renewable energy; solar cells; mechanical engineering; solar energy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In previous years, energy storage has been proven to be a key element in the operation of modern power systems and mobile user electronics. Additionally, the share of electric vehicles (EVs) has been increased exponentially, and it is expected that EVs will play a key role in transportation sector the following years. Although the cost of energy storage has been decreased rapidly, these systems are still remaining expensive, and significant investment and research are needed in order to overcome this problem. Energy storage may also be related to size, volume and lifetime limitations, depending on the application.

In modern power systems, energy storage plays a key role, as it enhances the flexibility of the system by increasing the penetration of renewable energy technologies, it improves the efficiency of the system by reducing delivery losses, and it increases system’s reliability and resilience. This role is further extended with the integration of EVs into the system. This Special Issue aims to present the state-of-the-art of energy storage systems and technologies that are mainly related to power systems and EVs, by considering the role of energy storage in its whole scale, including research and new trends, material use, manufacturing process, operational characteristics, recycling and life cycle assessment (LCA).

Dr. Yiannis Katsigiannis
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • energy storage and conversion
  • batteries lithium batteries
  • solid-state batteries
  • graphene batteries
  • short-term and long-term energy storage
  • stretchable energy storage
  • electric vehicles (EVs)
  • supercapacitors/ultracapacitors
  • flywheels
  • pumped hydro storage
  • superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)
  • thermal energy storage
  • hydrogen storage and fuel cells
  • autonomous power systems
  • renewable energy sources
  • effect on power system reliability and resilience
  • smart grids
  • distributed energy resources (DERs)
  • demand side management
  • multifunctional materials
  • low-cost materials
  • life cycle assessment (LCA) of energy storage
  • recycling of energy storage technologies

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 1791 KiB  
Article
Optimal Allocation of Phasor Measurement Units Using Particle Swarm Optimization: An Electric Grid Planning Perspective
by Mohammed Haj-ahmed, Mais M. Aldwaik and Dia Abualnadi
Energies 2025, 18(5), 1225; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051225 - 3 Mar 2025
Viewed by 588
Abstract
In this paper, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is used to optimally allocate phasor measurement units (PMUs) within standard test systems and a real-world power system. PMUs are allocated at system substations in a manner that ensures complete system observability while minimizing [...] Read more.
In this paper, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is used to optimally allocate phasor measurement units (PMUs) within standard test systems and a real-world power system. PMUs are allocated at system substations in a manner that ensures complete system observability while minimizing installation costs. This study considers IEEE 14-, 30-, and 57-bus standard test systems, along with the Jordanian national high-voltage grid. The optimal allocation was performed separately on the 132 kV and 400 kV buses of the Jordanian grid. Additionally, a novel technique for further minimization of measurement units, considering electric grid planning, is investigated. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach successfully reduces the required number of PMUs while maintaining full system observability. For instance, the IEEE 14-bus system achieved complete observability with only four PMUs, while the IEEE 30-bus and 57-bus systems required ten and seventeen PMUs, respectively. For the Jordanian transmission network, the 400 kV system required only three PMUs, and the 132 kV system required twenty-six PMUs. Furthermore, it was found that integrating power system planning and grid expansion strategies into the PMU placement problem may further reduce installation costs. The results emphasize the effectiveness of the proposed approach in enhancing situational awareness, improving state estimation accuracy, and facilitating reliable protection, control, and monitoring schemes. This study concludes that an optimal PMU allocation strategy shall be incorporated into power system planning studies to maximize cost efficiency while ensuring full observability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage, Energy Conversion, and Multifunctional Materials 2024 - 2025)
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20 pages, 1823 KiB  
Article
Interline Power Flow Controller Allocation for Active Power Losses Enhancement Using Whale Optimization Algorithm
by Ahmed M. Alshannaq, Mohammed A. Haj-ahmed, Mais Aldwaik and Dia Abualnadi
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6318; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246318 - 15 Dec 2024
Viewed by 807
Abstract
Transmission networks face continuous electrical and mechanical stresses due to increasing system challenges and power losses. Transmission networks require special focus and detailed studies each time a load or a generator emerges to the grid. The interline power flow controller (IPFC) is a [...] Read more.
Transmission networks face continuous electrical and mechanical stresses due to increasing system challenges and power losses. Transmission networks require special focus and detailed studies each time a load or a generator emerges to the grid. The interline power flow controller (IPFC) is a relatively new scheme that is implemented in the transmission network to improve transmission efficiency, decrease transmission losses, and enhance voltage profile. In this paper, the interline power flow controller’s impact on transmission network performance is investigated as it is implemented within the IEEE 5-bus, 14-bus, and IEEE 57-bus systems. In addition, the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is used to optimize the interline power flow controller locations within the system to achieve optimal transmission system performance. WOA performance is also compared to genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms, and the superiority of the proposed WOA-based control is proved. The robustness of the optimized system against load variations is investigated and the results introduced affirm the capability of the interline power flow controller to enhance transmission network efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage, Energy Conversion, and Multifunctional Materials 2024 - 2025)
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17 pages, 4795 KiB  
Article
Optimizing the Installation of a Centralized Green Hydrogen Production Facility in the Island of Crete, Greece
by Arif Ahmed, Evangelos E. Pompodakis, Yiannis Katsigiannis and Emmanuel S. Karapidakis
Energies 2024, 17(8), 1924; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17081924 - 17 Apr 2024
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1486
Abstract
The European Union is committed to a 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, as outlined in the Green Deal and Climate Law initiatives. In response to geopolitical events, the RePowerEU initiative aims to enhance energy self-sufficiency, reduce reliance on Russian natural [...] Read more.
The European Union is committed to a 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, as outlined in the Green Deal and Climate Law initiatives. In response to geopolitical events, the RePowerEU initiative aims to enhance energy self-sufficiency, reduce reliance on Russian natural gas, and promote hydrogen utilization. Hydrogen valleys, localized ecosystems integrating various hydrogen supply chain elements, play a key role in this transition, particularly benefiting isolated regions like islands. This manuscript focuses on optimizing a Centralized Green Hydrogen Production Facility (CGHPF) on the island of Crete. A mixed-integer linear programming framework is proposed to optimize the CGHPF, considering factors such as land area, wind and solar potential, costs, and efficiency. Additionally, an in-depth sensitivity analysis is conducted to explore the impact of key factors on the economic feasibility of hydrogen investments. The findings suggest that hydrogen can be sold in Crete at prices as low as 3.5 EUR/kg. Specifically, it was found in the base scenario that, selling hydrogen at 3.5 EUR/kg, the net profit of the investment could be as high as EUR 6.19 million, while the capacity of the solar and wind installation supplying the grid hydrogen facility would be 23.51 MW and 52.97 MW, respectively. It is noted that the high profitability is justified by the extraordinary renewable potential of Crete. Finally, based on our study, a policy recommendation to allow a maximum of 20% direct penetration of renewable sources of green hydrogen facilities into the grid is suggested to encourage and accelerate green hydrogen expansion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage, Energy Conversion, and Multifunctional Materials 2024 - 2025)
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20 pages, 3642 KiB  
Article
Effects of Hydrogen, Methane, and Their Blends on Rapid-Filling Process of High-Pressure Composite Tank
by Adam Saferna, Piotr Saferna, Szymon Kuczyński, Mariusz Łaciak, Adam Szurlej and Tomasz Włodek
Energies 2024, 17(5), 1130; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051130 - 27 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1565
Abstract
Alternative fuels such as hydrogen, compressed natural gas, and liquefied natural gas are considered as feasible energy carriers. Selected positive factors from the EU climate and energy policy on achieving climate neutrality by 2050 highlighted the need for the gradual expansion of the [...] Read more.
Alternative fuels such as hydrogen, compressed natural gas, and liquefied natural gas are considered as feasible energy carriers. Selected positive factors from the EU climate and energy policy on achieving climate neutrality by 2050 highlighted the need for the gradual expansion of the infrastructure for alternative fuel. In this research, continuity equations and the first and second laws of thermodynamics were used to develop a theoretical model to explore the impact of hydrogen and natural gas on both the filling process and the ultimate in-cylinder conditions of a type IV composite cylinder (20 MPa for CNG, 35 MPa and 70 MPa for hydrogen). A composite tank was considered an adiabatic system. Within this study, based on the GERG-2008 equation of state, a thermodynamic model was developed to compare and determine the influence of (i) hydrogen and (ii) natural gas on the selected thermodynamic parameters during the fast-filling process. The obtained results show that the cylinder-filling time, depending on the cylinder capacity, is approximately 36–37% shorter for pure hydrogen compared to pure methane, and the maximum energy stored in the storage tank for pure hydrogen is approximately 28% lower compared to methane, whereas the total entropy generation for pure hydrogen is approximately 52% higher compared to pure methane. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage, Energy Conversion, and Multifunctional Materials 2024 - 2025)
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Review

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23 pages, 5601 KiB  
Review
Rheological Phase Reaction (RPR) as an Industrial Method for the Production of High Quality Metal Oxides towards Battery Applications
by S. Pavithra, A. Sakunthala and M. V. Venkatashamy Reddy
Energies 2023, 16(2), 841; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020841 - 11 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2232
Abstract
Although research on the preparation of metal oxides and other materials for various applications increases exponentially, it is more important to understand the need for eco-friendly methods of preparation to preserve the environment. Most of the methods available today are expensive, environmentally harmful, [...] Read more.
Although research on the preparation of metal oxides and other materials for various applications increases exponentially, it is more important to understand the need for eco-friendly methods of preparation to preserve the environment. Most of the methods available today are expensive, environmentally harmful, and inefficient with respect to mass production. The present review has explored the Rheological Phase Reaction (RPR) method, which has been extensively utilized as an eco-friendly industrial method for the preparation of metal oxides and metal oxide/carbon composite for lithium ion battery applications. Based on the literature reports, this review has two motivations: to identify the Rheological Phase Reaction (RPR) as the mass production method for preparing metal oxides, metal oxide/carbon composites, and other materials for different applications, to discuss the preparation steps involved, its advantages, the drawbacks associated; and to give a detailed review of the electrochemical performance of different metal oxides by the RPR method for application on the lithium ion battery, with particular emphasis on lithium trivanadate (LiV3O8). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage, Energy Conversion, and Multifunctional Materials 2024 - 2025)
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