Formal Methods and Intelligent Systems: Trends and Advances in Theoretical and Applied Informatics

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Artificial Intelligence".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 July 2026 | Viewed by 1026

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
Interests: computer vision; machine learning; ophthalmic imaging; reinforcement learning; image processing; clinical validation; color retinal fundus images

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Guest Editor
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
Interests: formal methods; model checking; real-time systems; theoretical computer science; automata theory; verification; SAT

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Guest Editor
Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Design, SWPS University, Warsaw, Poland
Interests: cloud computing; machine learning; big data mining

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Formal methods and intelligent systems represent two distinct, yet increasingly complementary, areas of computer science. Formal methods focus on mathematical found techniques for the specification, development, and verification of complex systems, proving their correctness and reliability. In contrast, intelligent systems—often encompassing heuristics, such as machine learning, deep learning, approximate methods—prioritize adaptability, autonomy, and data-driven decision support, sometimes at the expense of formal guarantees.

Despite these differences, recent advances suggest a promising convergence. The growing complexity and critical nature of intelligent methods demand more rigorous foundations, while formal methods benefit from the adaptability and learning capabilities of intelligent components. This Special Issue aims to explore the advances in the areas of formal methods and intelligent systems, to investigate this emerging synergy, and to foster dialog between these two domains.

For this Special Issue, we invite original research that investigates the areas of formal methods, intelligent systems and the interplay between them. A particular emphasis is placed on intelligent methods, including their foundations, theoretical developments, and applications to both simple and complex data types. Topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Machine learning and its applications;
  • Machine learning and theoretical foundations;
  • Formal verification of neural networks;
  • Formal verification of reinforcement learning policies;
  • Safe deployment of ML systems;
  • Formal specification and modeling;
  • Formal verification and model checking.

Dr. Tomasz Krzywicki
Prof. Dr. Andrzej Zbrzezny
Dr. Toktam Ghafarian Mabhoot
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • model verification
  • machine learning
  • deep learning
  • reinforcement learning
  • model checking of ML
  • trustworthy AI
  • cyber-physical systems

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

16 pages, 10758 KB  
Article
Content-Preserving Image Style Transfer via Reversible Networks with Meta ActNorm
by Yang-Ta Kao, Hwei Jen Lin, Kai-Jun Lin and Yoshimasa Tokuyama
Electronics 2026, 15(2), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15020395 - 16 Jan 2026
Viewed by 428
Abstract
Image style transfer aims to synthesize visually compelling images by blending the structural content of one image with the artistic style of another. While arbitrary style transfer methods such as AdaIN and WCT offer flexibility, they often suffer from content distortion and style [...] Read more.
Image style transfer aims to synthesize visually compelling images by blending the structural content of one image with the artistic style of another. While arbitrary style transfer methods such as AdaIN and WCT offer flexibility, they often suffer from content distortion and style leakage, particularly in complex or cross-domain scenarios. Recent approaches like ArtFlow address these issues through reversible architectures, effectively reducing distortion and leakage while providing consistent reconstruction. However, ArtFlow’s reliance on fixed normalization parameters limits adaptability across diverse content–style pairs, motivating further improvement. In this paper, we propose ISTMAF (Image Style Transfer based on Meta ArtFlow), a scalable and adaptive reversible framework that incorporates Meta ActNorm—a meta-network that dynamically generates input-specific normalization parameters. To further improve the integration of content and style, we introduce an algebraic–geometric parameter fusion strategy in the reverse process, along with a hierarchical aligned style loss to reduce artifacts and enhance visual coherence. Experiments on MS-COCO, WikiArt, and face datasets demonstrate that ISTMAF achieves superior content preservation and style consistency compared to recent state-of-the-art methods. Quantitative evaluations using SSIM and Gram difference further confirm its effectiveness. ISTMAF provides a flexible, high-fidelity solution for style transfer and shows strong generalization potential, paving the way for future extensions in multi-style fusion, video stylization, and 3D applications. Full article
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