In Situ Study of Mineralogy, Gemology, and Geochemistry and Advances in Gem Resource Exploration

A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineralogical Crystallography and Biomineralization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 July 2026 | Viewed by 1156

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Gemology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
Interests: luminescence materials; crystal structure; gemology; color origin and evaluation of gemstones

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Gemology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
Interests: luminescence materials; crystal structure; gemology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mineral crystallography, as the cornerstone of earth sciences, materials science, and gemology, has undergone remarkable evolution over the decades. In its early stages, researchers relied on fundamental yet pivotal methods to unravel the mysteries of mineral crystals. These included classical optical microscopy, powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction (P-XRD and SC-XRD), chemical analysis techniques, as well as morphological studies using goniometry to measure crystal angles and symmetry. Such traditional approaches laid the foundation for our understanding of mineral formation, crystal symmetry, and structural relationships, providing invaluable insights that shaped the development of the field.​

In recent years, mineral crystallography has witnessed unprecedented advancements driven by breakthroughs in testing methods and instrumental technologies. The advent of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction, and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) has enabled researchers to explore crystal structures at atomic and nanometric scales that were previously inaccessible. Concurrently, the integration of crystallography with interdisciplinary fields such as colorimetry and gemology has opened new avenues of research. In gemology, state-of-the-art analytical tools such as Raman spectroscopy, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), and Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy(LA-ICP-MS)have revolutionized gem identification, origin determination, and the study of gem formation processes, bridging the gap between academic research and industrial application.

This Special Issue invites submissions that include original scientific research relating to gem deposits from well-known and/or new localities worldwide, as well as research involving mineral samples from museum collections. The research methodology should employ a range of characterization techniques for the analysis of mineral microstructures. This Issue focuses on the following topics: (1) in situ research on mineral crystallography; (2) the structural study of mineral crystals; (3) gemological quality evaluation of color, transparency, and luster; (4) the geological background, occurrence, and genesis of gem deposits; (5) the mineralogical, gemological, geochemical, and spectroscopy characteristics of gemstones; (6) the applications of combined studies to trace the provenance of gemstones and highlight the methods of identification for gemstones;and (7)research on the history, materials, and other aspects of museum-collected mineral samples.

Prof. Dr. Ying Guo
Dr. Qingfeng Guo
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • crystal in situ
  • mineral crystallography
  • gemological quality evaluation
  • geochronology of gemstones
  • geological setting
  • geographic origin
  • gemstone characterization
  • genesis of gemstones
  • museum-collected mineral samples

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 1372 KB  
Article
Mineralogical Characteristics and Fluorescent Properties of Yellow and Pink Calcite
by Qiuli Yan, Wenkai Liang and Qingfeng Guo
Crystals 2026, 16(5), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst16050297 - 30 Apr 2026
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Abstract
Yellow and pink calcite samples from the Huanggangliang and Xilingol mining areas in Inner Mongolia were investigated to elucidate the relationships among chemical composition, unit-cell parameters, coloration, and luminescence. Electron probe micro-analysis, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, [...] Read more.
Yellow and pink calcite samples from the Huanggangliang and Xilingol mining areas in Inner Mongolia were investigated to elucidate the relationships among chemical composition, unit-cell parameters, coloration, and luminescence. Electron probe micro-analysis, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, and photoluminescence measurements show that samples of yellow and pink calcite differ significantly in impurity incorporation and optical behavior. Yellow calcite is relatively enriched in Mg and rare earth elements, especially Y and Ce, whereas pink calcite contains markedly higher Mn and Fe contents. The pink calcite has smaller lattice parameters and unit-cell volume, consistent with greater substitution of Ca2+ by smaller-radius cations. Spectra reveal that the pink coloration is mainly related to Mn-associated absorption bands at 402 and 527 nm, whereas the yellow color is attributed to weak impurity- and defect-related absorption. Under ultraviolet excitation, yellow calcite exhibits a broad blue–white emission centered at ~470 nm, whereas pink calcite shows an intense orange–red emission near 625 nm characteristic of Mn2+. Variable-temperature photoluminescence further demonstrates that the pink calcite has higher thermal stability, with a thermal-quenching activation energy of 0.218 eV, compared with 0.074 eV for the yellow calcite. These results demonstrate that trace element incorporation plays a key role in regulating the coloration and luminescence of calcite and provide useful insight into the optical behavior of carbonate minerals. Full article
21 pages, 3618 KB  
Article
Chemical Controls on the Green Coloration of the Novel Gem Quartzite “Feizhoucui”: A CIE L*a*b* Colorimetric Study
by Jie Hu, Pengyu Li, Yushu Yang, Ling Yang, Nai Wang and Ying Guo
Crystals 2026, 16(2), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst16020145 - 17 Feb 2026
Viewed by 609
Abstract
This study investigates the mineralogical composition, color origin, and chromatic classification of “Feizhoucui”, a distinctive green quartzite. Analyses of 54 samples via EPMA, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and colorimetry revealed that its characteristic color is primarily attributed to barian–chromian muscovite, occurring as vein-like or spotted [...] Read more.
This study investigates the mineralogical composition, color origin, and chromatic classification of “Feizhoucui”, a distinctive green quartzite. Analyses of 54 samples via EPMA, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and colorimetry revealed that its characteristic color is primarily attributed to barian–chromian muscovite, occurring as vein-like or spotted associated minerals within a quartz matrix. The chromophoric muscovite’s crystal chemical formula was calculated as (K0.71Na0.05Ba0.20)0.96 (Al1.66Mg0.16Cr0.22Fe0.03Ti0.02)2.09 (Si3.04Al0.96)4O10(OH)2. UV-Vis spectra confirm that the green hue arises from Cr3+ absorption bands at 610–625 nm and 430–460 nm, while Fe content exerts a minor influence by inducing a red shift of the ~518 nm absorption minimum, thereby reducing the hue angle h°. Cr concentration is the dominant factor, correlating positively with chroma C* and negatively with lightness L*. Quartzite crystallinity negatively correlates with chroma C*, indicating that higher defectivity promotes the incorporation of more color-contributing muscovite. Based on K-means clustering of color data, “Feizhoucui” is classified into three commercial grades: Fancy Intense, Fancy Deep, and Fancy. Full article
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