Thermal Spray Technology

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2017) | Viewed by 49161

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Division of Mechanical Engineering, Ashikaga University, 268-1 Omaecho, Ashikaga, Tochigi 326-0845, Japan
Interests: thermal spray technology; photocatalysis; CVD; diamond; nitriding, XRD
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is dedicated to highlighting the important advances and innovations in “Thermal Spray Technology”. Thermal spray technology has been used for almost 100 years. Recently, since various new thermal spray methods, such as cold spray, suspension plasma spray, solution precursor plasma spray, have been developed and practically used, the application of thermal spray technology has spread dramatically.

This Special Issue of Coatings on “Thermal Spray Technology” intends to cover original research and critical review articles on recent advances in all aspects of thermal spray technology.

In particular, the topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  • Fundamentals and new concepts of thermal spray technology
  • Thermal spray coatings for electronics devices
  • Modeling and simulation of thermal plasma
  • Reactive thermal spray technology

Prof. Dr. Yasutaka Ando
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

4670 KiB  
Article
Influence of Process Parameters on High Velocity Oxy-Fuel Sprayed Cr3C2-25%NiCr Coatings
by Mingxiang Xie, Yue Lin, Peng Ke, Shuoyu Wang, Shihong Zhang, Zhicheng Zhen and Liangshui Ge
Coatings 2017, 7(7), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7070098 - 9 Jul 2017
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4968
Abstract
In this work, the Cr3C2-25% NiCr powder was deposited on stainless steel with different combustion pressures and powder feed rates using HVOF technique. The microstructure, porosity, micro-hardness, indentation fracture toughness, adhesion strength, and wear resistance at 500 °C of [...] Read more.
In this work, the Cr3C2-25% NiCr powder was deposited on stainless steel with different combustion pressures and powder feed rates using HVOF technique. The microstructure, porosity, micro-hardness, indentation fracture toughness, adhesion strength, and wear resistance at 500 °C of the coatings were investigated. The results showed that HVOF sprayed Cr3C2-25% NiCr coatings possessed low porosity, high micro-hardness, and enough adhesion strength. The powder feed rate had obvious effect on porosity, micro-hardness and indention fracture toughness of the coatings, and the coating sprayed under the powder feed rate of 33.5 g/min possessed the optimal performance. The wear tests illustrated that the HVOF sprayed Cr3C2-25NiCr coating possessed good wear resistance at the temperature of 500 °C, in which the coating sprayed at the powder feed rate of 33.5 g/min had the best wear resistance due to its dense structure and enough fracture toughness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Spray Technology)
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5630 KiB  
Article
Effect of Cold-Spray Conditions Using a Nitrogen Propellant Gas on AISI 316L Stainless Steel-Coating Microstructures
by Shinichiro Adachi and Nobuhiro Ueda
Coatings 2017, 7(7), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7070087 - 28 Jun 2017
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 7613
Abstract
Cold-spray techniques have been a significant development for depositing metal coatings in recent years. In cold-spray processes, inexpensive nitrogen gas is widely used as the propellant gas in many industries. However, it is difficult to produce austenitic stainless steel coatings with dense microstructures [...] Read more.
Cold-spray techniques have been a significant development for depositing metal coatings in recent years. In cold-spray processes, inexpensive nitrogen gas is widely used as the propellant gas in many industries. However, it is difficult to produce austenitic stainless steel coatings with dense microstructures with cold-spray techniques when using nitrogen propellant gas because of work hardening. In this study, the effects of cold-spray conditions using a nitrogen propellant gas on AISI 316L stainless steel coatings were examined. It was found that a higher nitrogen propellant gas temperature and pressure produce coatings with dense microstructures. The measured AISI 316L coating hardness values suggest that AISI 316L particles sprayed at temperatures of 700 and 800 °C soften due to the heat, allowing uniform deformation on the substrate and consequently forming dense coating microstructures. In addition, AISI 316L powder with particle diameters of 5–20 µm resulted in a denser coating microstructure than powder with particle diameters of 10–45 and 20–53 µm. Finally, the standoff distance between the nozzle and the substrate also affected the AISI 316L coating microstructures; a standoff distance of 40 mm produced the densest microstructure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Spray Technology)
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8334 KiB  
Article
Stiffness of Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings
by Shiladitya Paul
Coatings 2017, 7(5), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7050068 - 9 May 2017
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 7265
Abstract
Thermal spray coatings (TSCs) have complex microstructures and they often operate in demanding environments. Plasma sprayed (PS) thermal barrier coating (TBC) is one such ceramic layer that is applied onto metallic components where a low macroscopic stiffness favors stability by limiting the stresses [...] Read more.
Thermal spray coatings (TSCs) have complex microstructures and they often operate in demanding environments. Plasma sprayed (PS) thermal barrier coating (TBC) is one such ceramic layer that is applied onto metallic components where a low macroscopic stiffness favors stability by limiting the stresses from differential thermal contraction. In this paper, the Young’s modulus of TBC top coat, measured using different techniques, such as four-point bending, indentation and impulse excitation is reported, along with a brief description of how the techniques probe different length scales. Zirconia-based TBC top coats were found to have a much lower global stiffness than that of dense zirconia. A typical value for the as-sprayed Young’s modulus was ~23 GPa, determined by beam bending. Indentation, probing a local area, gave significantly higher values. The difference between the two stiffness values is thought to explain the wide range of TBC top coat Young’s modulus values reported in the literature. On exposure to high temperature, due to the sintering process, detached top coats exhibit an increase in stiffness. This increase in stiffness caused by the sintering of fine-scale porosity has significant impact on the strain tolerance of the TBC. The paper discusses the different techniques for measuring the Young’s modulus of the TBC top coats and implications of the measured values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Spray Technology)
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13311 KiB  
Article
Application of High-Velocity Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF) Spraying to the Fabrication of Yb-Silicate Environmental Barrier Coatings
by Emine Bakan, Georg Mauer, Yoo Jung Sohn, Dietmar Koch and Robert Vaßen
Coatings 2017, 7(4), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7040055 - 18 Apr 2017
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7682
Abstract
From the literature, it is known that due to their glass formation tendency, it is not possible to deposit fully-crystalline silicate coatings when the conventional atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) process is employed. In APS, rapid quenching of the sprayed material on the substrate [...] Read more.
From the literature, it is known that due to their glass formation tendency, it is not possible to deposit fully-crystalline silicate coatings when the conventional atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) process is employed. In APS, rapid quenching of the sprayed material on the substrate facilitates the amorphous deposit formation, which shrinks when exposed to heat and forms pores and/or cracks. This paper explores the feasibility of using a high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) process for the cost-effective fabrication of dense, stoichiometric, and crystalline Yb2Si2O7 environmental barrier coatings. We report our findings on the HVOF process optimization and its resultant influence on the microstructure development and crystallinity of the Yb2Si2O7 coatings. The results reveal that partially crystalline, dense, and vertical crack-free EBCs can be produced by the HVOF technique. However, the furnace thermal cycling results revealed that the bonding of the Yb2Si2O7 layer to the Silicon bond coat needs to be improved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Spray Technology)
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1529 KiB  
Article
Coating Qualities Deposited Using Three Different Thermal Spray Technologies in Relation with Temperatures and Velocities of Spray Droplets
by Yasuyuki Kawaguchi, Fumihiro Miyazaki, Masafumi Yamasaki, Yukihiko Yamagata, Nozomi Kobayashi and Katsunori Muraoka
Coatings 2017, 7(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7020027 - 16 Feb 2017
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6186
Abstract
Three guns based on different thermal spray technologies—namely, gas flame spray, wire arc spray, and wire plasma spray—were operated at each best cost–performance condition, and the resulting spray droplets and deposited coating qualities were investigated. For the former, a simple optical monitoring system [...] Read more.
Three guns based on different thermal spray technologies—namely, gas flame spray, wire arc spray, and wire plasma spray—were operated at each best cost–performance condition, and the resulting spray droplets and deposited coating qualities were investigated. For the former, a simple optical monitoring system was used to measure temperatures and velocities of spray droplets ejected from the guns. On the other hand, for the latter, qualities of coating layers on substrates—namely, surface roughness, atomic composition, hardness, adhesive strength, and porosity—were characterized. Then, these coating qualities were discussed with respect to the measured temperatures and velocities of spray droplets, which revealed novel features in the coatings that have not been seen before, such as atomic composition and hardness strongly dependent on temperature and environments of droplets towards the substrates, and porosity on velocity of droplets impinging onto the substrates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Spray Technology)
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4188 KiB  
Article
Study on the Growth of Holes in Cold Spraying via Numerical Simulation and Experimental Methods
by Guosheng Huang, Hongren Wang, Xiangbo Li and Lukuo Xing
Coatings 2017, 7(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7010002 - 30 Dec 2016
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5258
Abstract
Cold spraying is a promising method for rapid prototyping due to its high deposition efficiency and high-quality bonding characteristic. However, many researchers have noticed that holes cannot be replenished and will grow larger and larger once formed, which will significantly decrease the deposition [...] Read more.
Cold spraying is a promising method for rapid prototyping due to its high deposition efficiency and high-quality bonding characteristic. However, many researchers have noticed that holes cannot be replenished and will grow larger and larger once formed, which will significantly decrease the deposition efficiency. No work has yet been done on this problem. In this paper, a computational simulation method was used to investigate the origins of these holes and the reasons for their growth. A thick copper coating was deposited around the pre-drilled, micro-size holes using a cold spraying method on copper substrate to verify the simulation results. The results indicate that the deposition efficiency inside the hole decreases as the hole become deeper and narrower. The repellant force between the particles perpendicular to the impaction direction will lead to porosity if the particles are too close. There is a much lower flattening ratio for successive particles if they are too close at the same location, because the momentum energy contributes to the former particle’s deformation. There is a high probability that the above two phenomena, resulting from high powder-feeding rate, will form the original hole, which will grow larger and larger once it is formed. It is very important to control the powder feeding rate, but the upper limit is yet to be determined by further simulation and experimental investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Spray Technology)
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6325 KiB  
Article
Influence of Isothermal Heat Treatment on Porosity and Crystallite Size in Axial Suspension Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings for Gas Turbine Applications
by Ashish Ganvir, Nicolaie Markocsan and Shrikant Joshi
Coatings 2017, 7(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7010004 - 28 Dec 2016
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 7826
Abstract
Axial suspension plasma spraying (ASPS) is an advanced thermal spraying technique, which enables the creation of specific microstructures in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) used for gas turbine applications. However, the widely varying dimensional scale of pores, ranging from a few nanometers to a [...] Read more.
Axial suspension plasma spraying (ASPS) is an advanced thermal spraying technique, which enables the creation of specific microstructures in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) used for gas turbine applications. However, the widely varying dimensional scale of pores, ranging from a few nanometers to a few tenths of micrometers, makes it difficult to experimentally measure and analyze porosity in SPS coatings and correlate it with thermal conductivity or other functional characteristics of the TBCs. In this work, an image analysis technique carried out at two distinct magnifications, i.e., low (500×) and high (10,000×), was adopted to analyze the wide range of porosity. Isothermal heat treatment of five different coatings was performed at 1150 °C for 200 h under a controlled atmosphere. Significant microstructural changes, such as inter-columnar spacing widening or coalescence of pores (pore coarsening), closure or densification of pores (sintering) and crystallite size growth, were noticed in all the coatings. The noted changes in thermal conductivity of the coatings following isothermal heat treatment are attributable to sintering, crystallite size growth and pore coarsening. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Spray Technology)
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