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Coatings
Special Issues
New Challenges in Wood Adhesives and Coatings
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New Challenges in Wood Adhesives and Coatings

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 23299

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Benedetto Pizzo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Research Council of Italy, Institute of BioEconomy (IBE, CNR), Via Madonna del Piano N.10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
Interests: study of the interactions involving wood: between wood and the other materials to which it is coupled (e.g., adhesives and coatings) and between wood and the environment in which it is preserved; interphase properties; mechanical and thermal properties and aging tests; structural and non-structural wood adhesive; protein-based products
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

I would like to invite you to submit your work to this Special Issue on “New Challenges in Wood Adhesives and Coatings”. Adhesives and coatings applied to wood products have several similarities, including the nature of their interactions with the support; most chemical moieties of the constituting polymers; new constraints requiring the reduction of human and environmental toxicity (e.g., lower VOC emissions, formaldehyde-free, and low-odor systems); the growing interest in the use of sustainable raw materials to replace petrochemical products; the use of bio-based resources (including vegetable oils and new renewable monomers) to re-think the use of synthetic chemicals; the impact of advanced and newly developed materials such as nanoparticles and nanosystems; applications on substrates alternative to wood (including vinyl, MDF, plastic composites, metals, etc., mostly important in the furniture and building sectors) or modified wood (e.g., heat-treated, acetylated, furfurylated, etc.); increasing demand for enhanced properties and performance, which also implies the development of new testing techniques and characterization methodologies. All of these topics are of interest for this Special Issue.

Of course, both wood adhesives and coatings also have unique properties, and topics related to these are also welcome in the Special Issue. They include, for instance, the use of lignin or carbohydrates in formulations, the research for alternative co-reactants in vegetable proteins, the gluing of hardwoods for structural uses, the development of exterior-grade adhesives and glued wood products (e.g., CLT) in the case of wood adhesives, and the development of new transparent stains or varnishes in outdoor applications, the progress of radiation-curable (e.g., UV, EB, visible light) resins for clear matte coatings and systems, the innovative drying of shellacs and lacquers in the case of wood coatings.

Thus, this Special Issue will take stock of new advancements in wood adhesives and coatings, analyzing processes and products that are valuable for scientific reasons or that help the industrial development of novel processes. Authors are encouraged to submit their latest research on the suggested topics in the form of experimental and theoretical original research or review articles.

Dr. Benedetto Pizzo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Sustainable raw materials
  • Bio-based resources
  • Modified wood
  • Green chemistry
  • Natural polymers
  • Formaldehyde and VOC emissions
  • Vegetable proteins
  • Nanosystems
  • Radiation-curable resins
  • Testing techniques

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 1914 KiB  
Article
Novel Micronized Mica Modified Casein–Aluminum Hydroxide as Fire Retardant Coatings for Wood Products
by Mezbah Uddin, Maitham Alabbad, Ling Li, Olli Orell, Essi Sarlin and Antti Haapala
Coatings 2022, 12(5), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050673 - 14 May 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2839
Abstract
Sustainable coating solutions that function as a fire retardant for wood are still a challenging topic for the academic and industrial sectors. In this study, composite coatings of casein protein mixed with mica and aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) were tested as fire retardants for [...] Read more.
Sustainable coating solutions that function as a fire retardant for wood are still a challenging topic for the academic and industrial sectors. In this study, composite coatings of casein protein mixed with mica and aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) were tested as fire retardants for wood and plywood; coating degradation and fire retardancy performance were assessed with a cone calorimeter, and a thermogravimeter was used for the thermal stability measurement. The results indicated that casein–mica composites were beneficial as coatings. The heat release rate (HRR) and the total heat released (THR) of the sample coated with casein–mica composite were reduced by 55% and 37%, respectively; the time to ignition was increased by 27% compared to the untreated sample. However, the TTI of the sample coated with the casein–mica–ATH composite was increased by 156%; the PHR and THR were reduced by 31% and 28%, respectively. This is attributed to the yielded insulating surface layer, active catalytic sites, and the crosslink from mica and endothermic decomposition of ATH and casein producing different fragments which create multiple modes of action, leading to significant roles in suppressing fire spread. The multiple modes of action involved in the prepared composites are presented in detail. Coating wear resistance was investigated using a Taber Abrader, and adhesion interaction between wood and a coated composite were investigated by applying a pull-off test. While the addition of the three filler types to casein caused a decrease in the pull-off adhesion strength by up to 38%, their abrasion resistance was greatly increased by as much as 80%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Wood Adhesives and Coatings)
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13 pages, 27524 KiB  
Article
Quebracho-Based Wood Preservatives: Effect of Concentration and Hardener on Timber Properties
by Emanuele Cesprini, Riccardo Baccini, Tiziana Urso, Michela Zanetti and Gianluca Tondi
Coatings 2022, 12(5), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050568 - 21 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1850
Abstract
Tannin polyphenols are produced by plants to protect themselves against natural decay. It is expected that impregnating low-durable timber with tannin extracts of more durable species such as quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) will enhance the durability of the specimens. This biomimetic approach [...] Read more.
Tannin polyphenols are produced by plants to protect themselves against natural decay. It is expected that impregnating low-durable timber with tannin extracts of more durable species such as quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) will enhance the durability of the specimens. This biomimetic approach combined with the in situ polymerization of quebracho–hexamine formulations can be a valid alternative to synthetic wood preservatives. In this work, we aim to evaluate the impregnation mechanism as well as the impact of tannin and hardener concentration on the mechanical and leaching resistance properties of treated wood. Compression resistance, surface hardness and leaching resistance of four different common non-durable wood species: spruce (Picea abies), pine (Pinus spp.), poplar (Populus alba) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) impregnated with different concentrations of extract and hexamine are presented. The results show that the mechanical properties of tannin-impregnated timber are enhanced, especially for timber with lower densities. Tannin and hardener concentrations tendentially do not contribute significantly to further increase MOE (modulus of elasticity), MOR (modulus of rupture) and Brinell hardness. Similar results are also obtained when the specimens are tested against leaching: tannin is significantly more water-resistant when cured with hexamine, but higher amounts of hardener do not further improve its water resistance. These findings suggest that quebracho tannin–hexamine formulations are already effective at low concentrations (5 to 10% extract with 2.5 to 5% hexamine). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Wood Adhesives and Coatings)
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12 pages, 6645 KiB  
Article
Visualization of Commercial Coating Penetration into Fagus crenata Blume Wood Using a Non-Destructive X-ray Microtomography
by Tyana Solichah Ekaputri, Ayuni Nur Apsari and Takashi Tanaka
Coatings 2021, 11(8), 927; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080927 - 2 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2110
Abstract
Coatings can be used as a preservative method to protect the wood, especially the wood surface. The different component of the coating’s dependence of the purpose of it. The Japanese beech (Fagus crenata Blume) applied by several Japanese commercials coating materials. The [...] Read more.
Coatings can be used as a preservative method to protect the wood, especially the wood surface. The different component of the coating’s dependence of the purpose of it. The Japanese beech (Fagus crenata Blume) applied by several Japanese commercials coating materials. The coatings application used were spray type and brush type. X-ray microtomography in Fuji, Japan was used for visualized the coating samples. The X-ray target used were Cu, and Mo with Al filter. The X-ray image analysis in 2D and 3D were conducted using image J and VGStudio Max, respectfully. The coating’s containing materials and the concentration of it strongly affected the image result of X-ray microtomography visualization. The different X-ray target shows the different image results. The larger energy of X-ray (Mo with Al filter) is recommended to use for visualization. The X-ray images shows the penetration phenomena, which can be applied to calculate the penetration depth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Wood Adhesives and Coatings)
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13 pages, 1957 KiB  
Article
Surface Protection of Wood with Metal Acetylacetonates
by Yuner Zhu and Philip D. Evans
Coatings 2021, 11(8), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080916 - 30 Jul 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2092
Abstract
Metal acetylacetonates are coordination complexes of metal ions and the acetylacetonate anion with diverse uses including catalysts, cross-linking agents and adhesion promotors. Some metal acetylacetonates can photostabilize polymers whereas others are photocatalysts. We hypothesize that the ability of metal acetylacetonates to photostabilize wood [...] Read more.
Metal acetylacetonates are coordination complexes of metal ions and the acetylacetonate anion with diverse uses including catalysts, cross-linking agents and adhesion promotors. Some metal acetylacetonates can photostabilize polymers whereas others are photocatalysts. We hypothesize that the ability of metal acetylacetonates to photostabilize wood will vary depending on the metal in the coordination complex. We test this hypothesis by treating yellow cedar veneers with different acetylacetonates (Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Ti), exposing veneers to natural weathering in Australia, and measuring changes in properties of treated veneers. The most effective treatments were also tested on yellow cedar panels exposed to the weather in Vancouver, Canada. Nickel, manganese, and titanium acetylacetonates were able to restrict weight and tensile strength losses and delignification of wood veneers during natural weathering. Titanium acetylacetonate was as effective as a reactive UV absorber at reducing the greying of panels exposed to 6 months of natural weathering, and both titanium and manganese acetylacetonates reduced the photo-discoloration of panels finished with a polyurethane coating. We conclude that the effectiveness of metal acetylacetonates at photostabilizing wood varies depending on the metal in the coordination complex, and titanium and manganese acetylacetonate show promise as photoprotective primers for wood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Wood Adhesives and Coatings)
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16 pages, 2410 KiB  
Article
Improvement of Water Resistance of Vegetable Proteins by the Use of Synthetic Origin Additives: Trials with Resins and Metal Ions
by Ilaria Santoni and Benedetto Pizzo
Coatings 2021, 11(7), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070859 - 17 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2059
Abstract
The adhesives industry is increasingly interested in products coming from natural and renewable resources. The aim of the present work was to improve the water resistance of soy-based proteins by using synthetic and formaldehyde-free additives. These include polyamide-amine epichlorohydrin (PAE), different types of [...] Read more.
The adhesives industry is increasingly interested in products coming from natural and renewable resources. The aim of the present work was to improve the water resistance of soy-based proteins by using synthetic and formaldehyde-free additives. These include polyamide-amine epichlorohydrin (PAE), different types of isocyanates, and combinations of these cross-linkers between them and with other agents, including metal ions. In addition, the effect of both curing temperature and maturation time was assessed. Performances were evaluated by means of shear strength tests, solubility tests, and spectroscopic analysis. The obtained results showed that while isocyanates reacted completely but with water instead of proteins, tests with PAE were generally successful. In fact, the insoluble residue as well as the shear strength in wet conditions dramatically increased after PAE addition. Moreover, the wet performances of protein/PAE formulations appreciably increased gluing at 60 °C instead of room temperature. Furthermore, the maturation time had a positive effect on the formulations where metal ions were added, both for solubility and wet shear strength. Actually, for the very long conditioning time of 3 months, a significant and substantial increase of wet shear strength was observed for the series protein/PAE/aluminum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Wood Adhesives and Coatings)
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18 pages, 5561 KiB  
Article
Homogenization of Maritime Pine Wood Color by Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment
by Jérémy Mehats, Laurent Castets, Etienne Grau and Stéphane Grelier
Coatings 2021, 11(7), 839; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070839 - 12 Jul 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2090
Abstract
The color of maritime pine wood is a critical parameter for manufacturing high added value materials (wood flooring or wood paneling for indoor applications). Actually, the color inhomogeneity between heartwood (Hw) and sapwood (Sw) can lead to a depreciation of the wood value [...] Read more.
The color of maritime pine wood is a critical parameter for manufacturing high added value materials (wood flooring or wood paneling for indoor applications). Actually, the color inhomogeneity between heartwood (Hw) and sapwood (Sw) can lead to a depreciation of the wood value and, therefore, to financial losses for wood products companies. In this article, the development of a color homogenization process based on alkaline hydrogen peroxide chemistry was studied. Maritime pine heartwood and sapwood powders were used to facilitate the chemical characterizations and colorimetric analyses by the CIEL*a*b* system. Brighter materials were obtained after the treatment by reducing significantly the color difference. The chemical modifications of wood surface were characterized by infrared spectroscopy analyses. The color evolution of the material overtime was also studied thanks to an accelerated ageing under UV irradiation. It was demonstrated that even if a color reversion occurred by oxidation, the color remained homogeneous between heartwood and sapwood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Wood Adhesives and Coatings)
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11 pages, 2066 KiB  
Article
Improvements in Fire Resistance, Decay Resistance, Anti-Mold Property and Bonding Performance in Plywood Treated with Manganese Chloride, Phosphoric Acid, Boric Acid and Ammonium Chloride
by Zhigang Wu, Xue Deng, Zhongyou Luo, Bengang Zhang, Xuedong Xi, Liping Yu and Lifen Li
Coatings 2021, 11(4), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040399 - 31 Mar 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2508
Abstract
(1) A compound protectant was prepared using manganese chloride, phosphoric acid, boric acid and ammonium chloride, and then a veneer was immersed in the prepared protectant to prepare plywood in this paper. Great attention was paid to discussing influences of such protectant on [...] Read more.
(1) A compound protectant was prepared using manganese chloride, phosphoric acid, boric acid and ammonium chloride, and then a veneer was immersed in the prepared protectant to prepare plywood in this paper. Great attention was paid to discussing influences of such protectant on fire resistance, decay resistance, anti-mold property and bonding performance of plywood. Results demonstrated that after protectant treatment, the plywood showed not only good fire resistance and smoke inhibition, but also strong char-formation ability, slow flame spreading, long time to ignition, small fire risk and high safety level. (2) The mass loss rates of plywood with protectant treatment after infection and erosion in wood-destroying Coriolus versicolor and Gloeophyllum trabeum were 19.73% and 17.27%, reaching the II-level corrosion grade. (3) There is not a significant difference with Aspergillus niger V.; however, it was possible to observe a strong difference with Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr., indicating that the protectant acted as a good anti-mold product for plywood. (4) The protectant influenced the bonding interface of wood and bonding conditions of the adhesive. The bonding strength of plywood was weakened, but it still met the requirements on bonding strength of GB/T 9846-2015. (5) The protectant changed the thermal decomposition and thermal degradation of plywood, inhibiting the generation of inflammable goods, blocking transmission of heats and lowering the thermal decomposition temperature of plywood. These promoted dehydrations and charring of wood and the generated carbon had a high thermal stability. (6) Compared with untreated plywood, the prepared protectant treatment significantly enhanced the fire resistance of plywood, reduced its biodegradability by wood-decaying fungi and showed good mold resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Wood Adhesives and Coatings)
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Review

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15 pages, 1213 KiB  
Review
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Emitted from Coated Furniture Units
by Ozge Cemiloglu Ulker, Onur Ulker and Salim Hiziroglu
Coatings 2021, 11(7), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070806 - 2 Jul 2021
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 6293
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the main source influencing the overall air quality of an environment. It is a well-known fact that coated furniture units, in the form of paints and varnishes, emit VOCs, reducing the air quality and resulting in significant health [...] Read more.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the main source influencing the overall air quality of an environment. It is a well-known fact that coated furniture units, in the form of paints and varnishes, emit VOCs, reducing the air quality and resulting in significant health problems. Exposure time to such compounds is also an important parameter regarding their possible health effects. Such issues also have a greater influence when the exposure period is extended. The main objective of this study was to review some of the important factors for the emission of VOCs from coated furniture, from the perspective of material characteristics, as well as health concerns. Some methods for controlling VOC emissions to improve indoor air quality, from the point of view recent regulations and suggestions, are also presented in this work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Wood Adhesives and Coatings)
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