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16 pages, 1923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Failure Behavior of Composite Bolted Joints: Review

by Alaa El-Sisi, Ahmed Hassanin, Fahad Alsharari, Narek Galustanian and Hani Salim

CivilEng 2022, 3(4), 1061-1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3040060 - 5 Dec 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 8634

Abstract

The fiber-reinforced polymeric (FRP) composite can be joined by adhesive bonding or mechanically fastening the composite element. Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) and glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRP) are the most common types of polymers. Mechanically fastened or bolted joints do not need treatments, and [...] Read more.

The fiber-reinforced polymeric (FRP) composite can be joined by adhesive bonding or mechanically fastening the composite element. Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) and glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRP) are the most common types of polymers. Mechanically fastened or bolted joints do not need treatments, and the surface temperature and other environmental effects such as humidity do not affect its strength. In this research, the previous research that describes the behavior of the composite bolted joint (CBJ) is presented and summarized including the modes of failure of the CBJ, and the experimental works that explain the bearing failure (BF) of the CBJ. In addition, the effects of bolt clamping force (BCF) and techniques that are used to simulate the progressive failure and damage in composite materials and finite element simulation works are surveyed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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23 pages, 4229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Urban Land Use and Cover on Groundwater Recharge and Quality

by Dharmappa Hagare, Sylvester Nnamdi Ezemba, Neeraj Pant, Muhammad Muhitur Rahman, Basant Maheshwari and Zuhaib Siddiqui

CivilEng 2022, 3(2), 480-502; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3020029 - 7 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2528

Abstract

This study focusses on a method for estimating the urban recharge and evaluating the ground water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The study was carried out in the Liverpool Local Government Area of New South Wales, Australia, and it included year-long monitoring [...] Read more.

This study focusses on a method for estimating the urban recharge and evaluating the ground water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The study was carried out in the Liverpool Local Government Area of New South Wales, Australia, and it included year-long monitoring of four boreholes for the water table depth and water quality. Average depth of water table was in the range of 1 to 4 m from the land surface. The pattern of variations in the water table depth (WTD) varied across the four boreholes. The WTD variations between borehole 2 (BH2) and borehole 3 (BH3) were similar, but significantly different variations were exhibited in BH1 and BH 4, with BH1 showing a quicker response to rainfall events. The presence of lake appears to have influenced the recharge pattern in the adjacent area as reflected in the WTD variations in BH3 and BH4. The recharge rates for BH3 and BH4 was about 2 to 5 times higher than those observed for BH1 and BH2, which are located at a relatively greater distance from the lake. This indicates that the presence of urban lakes can influence recharge rate in the area. Water quality analysis indicated higher salt and turbidity levels, which may be attributed to the local geology (the Wianamatta group) present in the study area and/or possible saltwater intrusion. This has implications for the treatment cost associated with the supply of the groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. Pearson’s analysis indicated a significant correlation between EC, TDS, Turbidity and pH. The turbidity of groundwater varied between 33 and 530 NTU, indicating that the turbidity may have been affected by the dissolution of salt deposits via colloidal particles. Significant variations in groundwater quality during rainy periods, also, indicated the existence of groundwater recharge in the study area. This study highlights the issues associated with the groundwater recharge and quality management in urban landscapes and provides a basis for further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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12 pages, 2540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of CIBSE Admittance and ASHRAE Radiant Time Series Cooling Load Models

by Ryan Hepple, Siliang Yang, Sanober Khattak, Zi Qian and Deo Prasad

CivilEng 2022, 3(2), 468-479; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3020028 - 29 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4710

Abstract

Due to the impacts of carbon emissions on climate change and the expected dramatic increase in global cooling demand by 2050, it is of a paramount importance that the required energy to cool buildings is accurately predicted. This ensures that equipment is appropriately [...] Read more.

Due to the impacts of carbon emissions on climate change and the expected dramatic increase in global cooling demand by 2050, it is of a paramount importance that the required energy to cool buildings is accurately predicted. This ensures that equipment is appropriately sized, which ultimately reduces energy consumption and global carbon emissions. CIBSE and ASHRAE standards are both widely adopted for cooling load predictions, but they adopt different calculation methods, with CIBSE adopting admittance and ASHRAE adopting radiant time series (RTS), which produce significantly different results in cooling load. This study comparatively and qualitatively evaluates the CIBSE admittance and ASHRAE RTS cooling load models by analysing their structures and key input parameters for a mock-up building to identify inconsistencies between the two methods. There were flaws within both models that resulted in the CIBSE method underpredicting the cooling load, whereas the ASHRAE method typically overpredicting it. This resulted in a maximal average difference of over 60%. The substantial predicted cooling load difference was mainly caused by the ASHRAE RTS model, which was highly receptive to solar gains, and it consequently led to overprediction in cooling load when compared to the CIBSE admittance model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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19 pages, 6584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Change Effects on Heating and Cooling Demands of Buildings in Canada

by Samir E. Chidiac, Lan Yao and Paris Liu

CivilEng 2022, 3(2), 277-295; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3020017 - 2 Apr 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4275

Abstract

Climate change is causing more frequent extreme weather events. The consequences of increasing global temperature on the operating cost of existing buildings, and the associated health, safety, and economic risks were investigated. Eight cities in Ontario, Canada, across climate zones 5 to 8, [...] Read more.

Climate change is causing more frequent extreme weather events. The consequences of increasing global temperature on the operating cost of existing buildings, and the associated health, safety, and economic risks were investigated. Eight cities in Ontario, Canada, across climate zones 5 to 8, were selected for this study. Statistical models were employed to forecast daily temperatures for 50 years. The impact of climate change on buildings’ heating and cooling demands for energy was measured as changes in heating degree days (HDD) and cooling degree days (CDD) compared to current design requirements. The results predict an increase in the demand for cooling and a decrease in that for heating within the next 50 years. A drop in the total HDD and CDD is shown which reflects a more comfortable outdoor thermal condition. Risk to human health attributable to the increase in global temperature is negligible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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19 pages, 5665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite-Element Analysis of Adjacent Concrete Box Girders Transversely Post-Tensioned at the Top Flanges Only

by Shady N. Labib and Ehab F. El-Salakawy

CivilEng 2022, 3(2), 165-183; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3020011 - 22 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3577

Abstract

A three-dimensional non-linear finite-element model (FEM) was constructed using a commercial software (ATENA-Studio) to investigate the transverse load distribution behavior of adjacent precast prestressed concrete box-girder bridges. An innovative connection between box girders was used, where transverse post-tensioning was applied at the top [...] Read more.

A three-dimensional non-linear finite-element model (FEM) was constructed using a commercial software (ATENA-Studio) to investigate the transverse load distribution behavior of adjacent precast prestressed concrete box-girder bridges. An innovative connection between box girders was used, where transverse post-tensioning was applied at the top flanges only eliminating the need for intermediate transverse diaphragms. The FEM was validated in terms of deflections, strains, cracking and ultimate loads against experimental results previously reported by the authors. The validated FEM was then used to perform a parametric study investigating the influence of adding concrete topping, load location, and bridge width on the transverse load distribution behavior of the newly developed connection. The results of the FEM demonstrated the efficiency of concrete topping in limiting mid-span deflections up to 25%. Additionally, the maximum live load moment distribution factors (LLMDFs) for different load locations and bridge widths were evaluated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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14 pages, 6892 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Aramid Fibers on Balanced Mix Design of Asphalt Concrete

by Hossein Noorvand, Samuel Castro Brockman, Michael Mamlouk and Kamil Kaloush

CivilEng 2022, 3(1), 21-34; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3010002 - 27 Dec 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4439

Abstract

Fiber-reinforced asphalt concrete (FRAC) was tested using limestone, PG 64-22 binder, and 20% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). After mixing fibers with different lengths and dosages, they were extracted and recovered to evaluate their dispersion in the FRAC. The uniaxial fatigue test, IDEAL CT [...] Read more.

Fiber-reinforced asphalt concrete (FRAC) was tested using limestone, PG 64-22 binder, and 20% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). After mixing fibers with different lengths and dosages, they were extracted and recovered to evaluate their dispersion in the FRAC. The uniaxial fatigue test, IDEAL CT test, and flow number test were performed on FRAC with different fiber lengths and asphalt contents. The balanced mix design (BMD) approach was then used to analyze the uniaxial and flow number test results in order to evaluate the effect of aramid fibers on fatigue and rutting resistance of the pavement. The dispersion test showed that the 19 mm and 10 mm aramid fibers at a dosage rate of 0.5 g/kg provided the best dispersion. The 19 mm fibers showed better performance test results than the 10 mm and 38 mm fibers. The BMD approach provided ranges of asphalt contents to produce mixes with certain resistances to fatigue and rutting. The BMD approach also demonstrated the effect of fibers with different lengths on increasing the resistance to fatigue and rutting. The study concluded that the 19 mm fibers with a dosage of 0.5 g/kg produce best results. The BMD approach is a good tool that can be used to refine the mix ingredients, including additives such as fibers, in order to optimize pavement resistance to various distresses such as fatigue cracking and rutting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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14 pages, 31604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Technique to Improve the Ductility of Steel Beam to Column Bolted Connections: A Numerical Investigation

by Mohamed A. Shaheen, Mohamed Ahmed Galal, Lee S. Cunningham and Andrew S. J. Foster

CivilEng 2021, 2(4), 929-942; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2040050 - 22 Oct 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3219

Abstract

A novel method to improve the robustness of steel end plate connections is presented in this paper. Existing commonly adopted techniques alter the stiffness of the beam or the end plate to improve the connection’s robustness. In this study, the robustness is enhanced [...] Read more.

A novel method to improve the robustness of steel end plate connections is presented in this paper. Existing commonly adopted techniques alter the stiffness of the beam or the end plate to improve the connection’s robustness. In this study, the robustness is enhanced by improving the contribution of the bolts to the rotational capacity of connections; the higher the bolts’ elongation, the higher the rotational capacity that can be achieved. However, the brittleness of the bolt material, combined with its small length, results in negligible elongation. Alternatively, the load path between the end plate and the bolts can be interrupted with a ductile element to achieve the required elongation. This can be achieved by inserting a steel sleeve with a designated length, thickness, and wall curvature between the end plate and the washer. The proposed sleeve should be designed so that its ultimate capacity is less than the force in the bolt at failure; accordingly, the sleeve develops a severe bending deformation before the failure of any connection components. Using a validated finite element model, end plate connections with various parameters are numerically investigated to understand the performance of the sleeve device. The proposed system substantially enhances the rotational capacity of the connections, ranging between 1.37 and 2.46 times that of the standard connection. It is also concluded that the sleeved connections exhibit a consistent elastic response with the standard connections, indicating the proposed system is compatible with codified elastic design approaches without modification. Furthermore, for a specific connection, various ductile responses can be achieved without altering the connection capacity nor configuration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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20 pages, 3472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Structures Incorporating Nano-Silica and Basalt Fiber Pellets

by Ahmed Bediwy and Ehab F. El-Salakawy

CivilEng 2021, 2(4), 909-928; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2040049 - 14 Oct 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3594

Abstract

Recently, developing a nonferrous reinforcement system (corrosion-free system) using durable and ductile cement-based materials that incorporate discrete fibers has been a promising option for exposed concrete structures in cold regions or marine environments. Therefore, in this study, properties of a novel type of [...] Read more.

Recently, developing a nonferrous reinforcement system (corrosion-free system) using durable and ductile cement-based materials that incorporate discrete fibers has been a promising option for exposed concrete structures in cold regions or marine environments. Therefore, in this study, properties of a novel type of cementitious composite comprising nano-silica and a high dosage of slag were investigated. The hybrid (layered) composites assessed in this study were composed of two layers of different types of cementitious composites. Normal concrete (NC) was used in the top layer combined with a layer of fiber-reinforced cementitious composite (FRCC) reinforced with either the recently developed basalt fiber (BF) pellets (basalt fiber strands encapsulated by a polymeric resin or steel fibers (SF)) that were used at different dosages. The post-cracking behavior in terms of residual strength, residual index, and toughness are presented and discussed. The analysis of results showed the effectiveness of the BF pellets in enhancing the post-cracking behavior of specimens, as they behaved comparably to counterpart specimens comprising SF, which makes them a good candidate for infrastructural applications including rehabilitation such as new bridge girders or overlays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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21 pages, 6041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Size Effect in FRP Shear-Strengthened RC Beams: Design Models versus Experimental Data

by Zine El Abidine Benzeguir and Omar Chaallal

CivilEng 2021, 2(4), 874-894; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2040047 - 6 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3109

Abstract

Numerous studies on the size effect have been devoted to reinforced concrete (RC) beams. They have shown that increasing the beam size leads to a decrease in ultimate shear strength (stress) at failure. This is reflected in the design model of most current [...] Read more.

Numerous studies on the size effect have been devoted to reinforced concrete (RC) beams. They have shown that increasing the beam size leads to a decrease in ultimate shear strength (stress) at failure. This is reflected in the design model of most current international codes and guidelines, where the size effect is taken into consideration by reducing concrete contribution to the shear resistance (force). In contrast, the size effect of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded (EB) fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) is not fully documented, and very few experimental studies have been devoted to the phenomenon. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the current code and guideline models in terms of the size effect on the EB-FRP contribution to shear resistance. To this end, a database of experimental findings on the size effect in EB-FRP-strengthened beams was built based on the reported literature, as well as our own experimental tests. The data were analysed and compared with the predictions of six current codes and design guidelines to assess their accuracy. Experimental results clearly revealed the presence of a size effect related to EB-FRP as well as the existence of interaction between internal stirrups and EB-CFRP. Based on analysis of the collected experimental test results, the study clearly revealed that the predictions of current codes and guidelines overestimate the contribution of EB-FRP systems to shear resistance. The size effect tends to exacerbate this overestimation as the effective depth (d) of the beams increases. Therefore, until the size effect for RC beams strengthened in shear with EB-FRP is captured by the prediction models, current codes and design guidelines are to be used with caution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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24 pages, 6046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Site-Specific Response Spectra: Guidelines for Engineering Practice

by Yiwei Hu, Nelson Lam, Prashidha Khatiwada, Scott Joseph Menegon and Daniel T. W. Looi

CivilEng 2021, 2(3), 712-735; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2030039 - 2 Sep 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 11752

Abstract

Code response spectrum models, which are used widely in the earthquake-resistant design of buildings, are simple to apply but they do not necessarily represent the real behavior of an earthquake. A code response spectrum model typically incorporates ground motion behavior in a diversity [...] Read more.

Code response spectrum models, which are used widely in the earthquake-resistant design of buildings, are simple to apply but they do not necessarily represent the real behavior of an earthquake. A code response spectrum model typically incorporates ground motion behavior in a diversity of earthquake scenarios affecting the site and does not represent any specific earthquake scenario. The soil amplification phenomenon is also poorly represented, as the current site classification scheme contains little information over the potential dynamic response behavior of the soil sediments. Site-specific response spectra have the merit of much more accurately representing real behavior. The improvement in accuracy can be translated into significant potential cost savings. Despite all the potential merits of adopting site-specific response spectra, few design engineers make use of these code provisions that have been around for a long time. This lack of uptake of the procedure by structural designers is related to the absence of a coherent set of detailed guidelines to facilitate practical applications. To fill in this knowledge gap, this paper aims at explaining the procedure in detail for generating site-specific response spectra for the seismic design or assessment of buildings. Surface ground motion accelerograms generated from the procedure can also be employed for nonlinear time-history analyses where necessary. A case study is presented to illustrate the procedure in a step-by-step manner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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22 pages, 4012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lateral Deformation Capacity and Plastic Hinge Length of RC Columns Confined with Textile Reinforced Mortar Jackets

by Azadeh Parvin and Mohannad Alhusban

CivilEng 2021, 2(3), 670-691; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2030037 - 26 Aug 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3698

Abstract

This paper presents a nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) of textiles reinforced mortars (TRM)-confined reinforced concrete (RC) columns through jacketing, under combined axial and cyclic loadings. The FEA models were validated with an experimental study in the literature that was conducted on full-scale [...] Read more.

This paper presents a nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) of textiles reinforced mortars (TRM)-confined reinforced concrete (RC) columns through jacketing, under combined axial and cyclic loadings. The FEA models were validated with an experimental study in the literature that was conducted on full-scale square columns reinforced with continuous steel bars (no lap splices). Subsequently, parametric study was performed on the validated FEA models. The parameters considered include various jacket’s lengths and mortar strengths. Moreover, semiempirical models were developed to evaluate the plastic hinge length (L_P) and the ultimate drift ratio of RC columns confined with TRM and FRP jackets, while considering the jacket length effect. The FEA models and experimental results were in good agreement. The finite element results revealed that the increase in the jacket length improved the lateral deformation capacity and increased the plastic hinge length linearly up to a confinement ratio of 0.2. Beyond this point, the plastic hinge length shortened as the confinement ratio raised. Moreover, mortars with higher flexural strength resulted in a slightly higher deformation capacity. However, the difference in the mortar compressive strength did not affect the ultimate lateral deformation capacity. The semiempirical models show that the average difference in the predicted L_P and the ultimate drift ratio values as compared to the experimental and simulated columns was 3.19 and 16.06%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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15 pages, 5442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rejuvenation Mechanism of Asphalt Mixtures Modified with Crumb Rubber

by Hossein Noorvand, Kamil Kaloush, Jose Medina and Shane Underwood

CivilEng 2021, 2(2), 370-384; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2020020 - 12 May 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3017

Abstract

Asphalt aging is one of the main factors causing asphalt pavements deterioration. Previous studies reported on some aging benefits of asphalt rubber mixtures through laboratory evaluation. A field observation of various pavement sections of crumb rubber modified asphalt friction courses (ARFC) in the [...] Read more.

Asphalt aging is one of the main factors causing asphalt pavements deterioration. Previous studies reported on some aging benefits of asphalt rubber mixtures through laboratory evaluation. A field observation of various pavement sections of crumb rubber modified asphalt friction courses (ARFC) in the Phoenix, Arizona area indicated an interesting pattern of transverse/reflective cracking. These ARFC courses were placed several years ago on existing jointed plain concrete pavements for highway noise mitigation. Over the years, the shoulders had very noticeable and extensive cracking over the joints; however, the driving lanes of the pavement showed less cracking formation in severity and extent. The issue with this phenomenon is that widely adopted theories that stem from continuum mechanics of materials and layered mechanics of pavement systems cannot directly explain this phenomenon. One hypothesis could be that traffic loads continually manipulate the pavement over time, which causes some maltenes (oils and resins) compounds absorbed in the crumb rubber particles to migrate out leading to rejuvenation of the mastic in the asphalt mixture. To investigate the validity of such a hypothesis, an experimental laboratory testing was undertaken to condition samples with and without dynamic loads at high temperatures. This was followed by creep compliance and indirect tensile strength testing. The results showed the higher creep for samples aged with dynamic loading compared to those aged without loading. Higher creep compliance was attributed to higher flexibility of samples due to the rejuvenation of the maltenes. This was also supported by the higher fracture energy results obtained for samples conditioned with dynamic loading from indirect tensile strength testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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24 pages, 2207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

4D BIM for Construction Logistics Management

by Kane Whitlock, Fonbeyin Henry Abanda, Marcelline Blanche Manjia, Chrispin Pettang and George Elambo Nkeng

CivilEng 2021, 2(2), 325-348; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2020018 - 16 Apr 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 9867

Abstract

This study presents an investigation into the extent to which emerging building information modelling (BIM) can be applied to construction logistics management (CLM). Given the specialist nature of the domains, the study employed an in-depth qualitative interview, whereby six experts were interrogated about [...] Read more.

This study presents an investigation into the extent to which emerging building information modelling (BIM) can be applied to construction logistics management (CLM). Given the specialist nature of the domains, the study employed an in-depth qualitative interview, whereby six experts were interrogated about their experiences of BIM for CLM. The study found the main applications of BIM on CLM to be the creation of three-dimensional (3D) site layout plans and four-dimensional (4D) coordination of site processes and common user plant, updating the 4D logistics plan as the project progressed and collaboration in BIM-based logistics coordination. Furthermore, there was a consensus amongst interviewees on improvement in site safety, comprehension of logistics information, efficiency on site, and effectiveness of layout planning as the main benefits. Lastly, the lack of training with implications on understanding was one of the main barriers to applying BIM to CLM. The findings from this study have the potential to stimulate the uptake of BIM by construction logistics practitioners. By so doing, the performance construction project delivery can be improved, and waste can be minimised or eliminated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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16 pages, 1128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Construction Site Utilization Planning: A Process Based upon Industry Best Practices

by Jarrell Whitman, Abhijeet Deshpande, Wesley Zech and Michael Perez

CivilEng 2021, 2(2), 309-324; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2020017 - 16 Apr 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6607

Abstract

Construction site utilization planning (CSUP), also known as jobsite layout planning, has implications on the safety, productivity, scheduling, and budgetary performance of a project. Past research efforts on CSUP have mainly focused on the development of optimization systems that delineate and allocate site [...] Read more.

Construction site utilization planning (CSUP), also known as jobsite layout planning, has implications on the safety, productivity, scheduling, and budgetary performance of a project. Past research efforts on CSUP have mainly focused on the development of optimization systems that delineate and allocate site space to predetermined temporary facilities based on time and/or cost constraints. Despite the significant body of knowledge on site optimization systems, the applicability of optimization algorithms remains limited due to the unique requirements and site constraints faced on each construction project. An important aspect not identified in past research efforts are the current practices for site utilization plan (SUP) development currently used by the construction industry. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to: (1) determine the state-of-the-practice regarding CSUP within the construction industry, (2) identify current SUP best practices, and (3) develop a procedure that outlines the CSUP process. An electronic survey was sent to 4021 industry professionals inquiring on current CSUP practices. A total of 240 responses were received, for a response rate of 6%. Thirteen best practices were identified from the survey, each focusing on an important aspect of the site planning process. These best practices were validated through a follow-up survey, as well as in-person interviews with experienced construction professionals. From the best practices, a procedure describing the development of a SUP was created. Key components identified were: (1) begin CSUP during budget development, (2) involve all stake holders associated with the project, and (3) remain flexible on space allocation throughout the construction life cycle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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17 pages, 5829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Analysis of Mass Concrete Containing Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

by Guadalupe Leon and Hung-Liang (Roger) Chen

CivilEng 2021, 2(1), 254-270; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2010014 - 17 Mar 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5379

Abstract

In this study, the early age thermal properties of a concrete mix containing ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) were investigated and incorporated in a finite-element model. A two-term exponential degree of hydration function was proposed to better capture the early age behavior. [...] Read more.

In this study, the early age thermal properties of a concrete mix containing ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) were investigated and incorporated in a finite-element model. A two-term exponential degree of hydration function was proposed to better capture the early age behavior. An FEM program (ABAQUS) was used to predict the temperature time-history of three 1.2-m (4-ft) cubes cast with a mix design containing 50% replacement of the cement by weight with GGBFS. The FEM predictions match well with the experimental temperature measurements. Results show that using the measurements of the thermal properties, an accurate estimation of the temperature difference can be obtained for a concrete mix containing GGBFS, and engineers can use the estimated temperature difference to take preventative measures to minimize the risk of thermal cracking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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22 pages, 8804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reality Capture of Buildings Using 3D Laser Scanners

by Avar Almukhtar, Zaid O. Saeed, Henry Abanda and Joseph H. M. Tah

CivilEng 2021, 2(1), 214-235; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2010012 - 3 Mar 2021

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 11718

Abstract

The urgent need to improve performance in the construction industry has led to the adoption of many innovative technologies. 3D laser scanners are amongst the leading technologies being used to capture and process assets or construction project data for use in various applications. [...] Read more.

The urgent need to improve performance in the construction industry has led to the adoption of many innovative technologies. 3D laser scanners are amongst the leading technologies being used to capture and process assets or construction project data for use in various applications. Due to its nascent nature, many questions are still unanswered about 3D laser scanning, which in turn contribute to the slow adaptation of the technology. Some of these include the role of 3D laser scanners in capturing and processing raw construction project data. How accurate are the 3D laser scanner or point cloud data? How does laser scanning fit with other wider emerging technologies such as building information modeling (BIM)? This study adopts a proof-of-concept approach, which in addition to answering the aforementioned questions, illustrates the application of the technology in practice. The study finds that the quality of the data, commonly referred to as point cloud data, is still a major issue as it depends on the distance between the target object and 3D laser scanner’s station. Additionally, the quality of the data is still very dependent on data file sizes and the computational power of the processing machine. Lastly, the connection between laser scanning and BIM approaches is still weak as what can be done with a point cloud data model in a BIM environment is still very limited. The aforementioned findings reinforce existing views on the use of 3D laser scanners in capturing and processing construction project data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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19 pages, 6987 KiB

Open AccessArticle

BIM Interoperability Analyses in Structure Design

by Alcinia Zita Sampaio and Augusto Martins Gomes

CivilEng 2021, 2(1), 174-192; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2010010 - 14 Feb 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6044

Abstract

The building information modelling (BIM) methodology supports collaborative works, based on the centralization of all information in a federated BIM model and on an efficient level of interoperability between BIM-based platforms. Concerning the structure design, the interoperability capacity of the most used software [...] Read more.

The building information modelling (BIM) methodology supports collaborative works, based on the centralization of all information in a federated BIM model and on an efficient level of interoperability between BIM-based platforms. Concerning the structure design, the interoperability capacity of the most used software presents limitations that must be identified and alternative solutions must be proposed. This study analyzes the process of transfer of structure models between modeling and structure analysis tools. Distinct building cases were performed in order to recognize the type of limitations verified in the transfer processes concerning two-way data flow between several software. The study involves the modeling software ArchiCAD 2020, Revit 2020, and AECOsim 2019 and the structure analyzes tools SAP 2020, Robot 2020, and ETABS 22020. The transfer processes are realized in two ways: using the native data format; using a universal standard data transfer, the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) format. The level of maturity of BIM in structure design is still relatively low, caused essentially by interoperability problems, but despite the limitations detected, this study shows throughout the development of several building case, that the methodology has clear advantages in the development of the structure project. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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16 pages, 1710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Roughness Prediction Models for Laos National Road Network

by Mohamed Gharieb and Takafumi Nishikawa

CivilEng 2021, 2(1), 158-173; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2010009 - 11 Feb 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4220

Abstract

The International Roughness Index (IRI) has been accepted globally as an essential indicator for assessing pavement condition. The Laos Road Management System (RMS) utilizes a default Highway Development and Management (HDM-4) IRI prediction model. However, developed IRI values have shown the need to [...] Read more.

The International Roughness Index (IRI) has been accepted globally as an essential indicator for assessing pavement condition. The Laos Road Management System (RMS) utilizes a default Highway Development and Management (HDM-4) IRI prediction model. However, developed IRI values have shown the need to calibrate the IRI prediction model. Data records are not fully available for Laos yet, making it difficult to calibrate IRI for the local conditions. This paper aims to develop an IRI prediction model for the National Road Network (NRN) based on the available Laos RMS database. The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis technique was applied to develop two new IRI prediction models for Double Bituminous Surface Treatment (DBST) and Asphalt Concrete (AC) pavement sections. The final database consisted of 83 sections with 269 observations over a 1850 km length of DBST NRN and 29 sections with 122 observations over a 718 km length of AC NRN. The proposed models predict IRI as a function of pavement age and Cumulative Equivalent Single-Axle Load (CESAL). The model’s parameter analysis confirmed their significance, and R² values were 0.89 and 0.84 for DBST and AC models, respectively. It can be concluded that the developed models can serve as a useful tool for engineers maintaining paved NRN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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24 pages, 6092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on High Performance Polymer-Modified Cement Grouts

by Costas A. Anagnostopoulos and Melina Dimitriadi

CivilEng 2021, 2(1), 134-157; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2010008 - 10 Feb 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5703

Abstract

Engineers worldwide use various additives or chemical admixtures, such as polymer latexes, to improve the properties of cementitious materials for many construction projects. In this paper, the influence of acrylic or epoxy resin emulsions, along with a polycarboxylate superplasticiser on some basic properties [...] Read more.

Engineers worldwide use various additives or chemical admixtures, such as polymer latexes, to improve the properties of cementitious materials for many construction projects. In this paper, the influence of acrylic or epoxy resin emulsions, along with a polycarboxylate superplasticiser on some basic properties (rheological behaviour, setting time, bleeding, strength) of thick cement grouts is presented. The experimental approach included the use of different polymer dosages mixed with grouts made of low water to cement ratios. The laboratory tests revealed that the incorporation of acrylic resin in grouts marginally affected the viscosity, whereas a significant increase in viscosity was obtained when an epoxy resin was added. Regardless of the prolonged setting times, both polymers improved the development of early or final strength. An acrylic resin dosage ranging from 0.25% to 0.75% and an epoxy resin dosage from 5% to 7.5% displayed the highest strength values, at all water to cement ratios. Additionally, all the polymer-modified grouts exhibited a higher bleed capacity, a fact that is significantly important where the bleeding of the grouts is crucial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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19 pages, 9110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Bond Capacity of FRCM- and SRG-Masonry Joints

by Karrar Al-Lami, Tommaso D’Antino and Pierluigi Colombi

CivilEng 2021, 2(1), 68-86; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2010005 - 10 Jan 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3419

Abstract

Fiber-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) and steel-reinforced grout (SRG) have been increasingly applied as externally bonded reinforcement to masonry members in the last few years. Unlike fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), FRCM and SRG have good performance when exposed to (relatively) high temperature and good compatibility [...] Read more.

Fiber-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) and steel-reinforced grout (SRG) have been increasingly applied as externally bonded reinforcement to masonry members in the last few years. Unlike fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), FRCM and SRG have good performance when exposed to (relatively) high temperature and good compatibility with inorganic substrates, and they can be applied to wet surfaces and at (reasonably) low temperatures. Although numerous studies investigated the mechanical properties and bond performance of various FRCM and SRG, new composites have been developed recently, and their performance still needs to be assessed. In this study, the bond behavior of three FRCM composites and one SRG composite applied to a masonry substrate is investigated. Sixteen single-lap direct shear tests (four tests for each composite) are performed. The FRCM studied comprised one layer of carbon, PBO (polyparaphenylene benzobisoxazole), or alkali-resistant (AR)-glass bidirectional textile embedded within two cement-based matrices. The SRG composite comprised one layer of a unidirectional stainless-steel cord textile embedded within a lime-based matrix. The results show a peculiar bond behavior and failure mode for each composite. Based on these results, the behavior of the carbon and PBO FRCM is modeled solving the bond differential equation with a trilinear cohesive material law (CML). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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20 pages, 5738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Artificial Neural Network to Predict Load Bearing Capacity and Stiffness of Perforated Masonry Walls

by Mohsen Khaleghi, Javid Salimi, Visar Farhangi, Mohammad Javad Moradi and Moses Karakouzian

CivilEng 2021, 2(1), 48-67; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2010004 - 6 Jan 2021

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 4435

Abstract

Perforations adversely affect the structural response of unreinforced masonry walls (UMW) by reducing the wall’s load bearing capacity, which can cause serious structural damage. In the absence of a reliable procedure to accurately predict the load bearing capacity and stiffness of perforated masonry [...] Read more.

Perforations adversely affect the structural response of unreinforced masonry walls (UMW) by reducing the wall’s load bearing capacity, which can cause serious structural damage. In the absence of a reliable procedure to accurately predict the load bearing capacity and stiffness of perforated masonry walls subjected to in-plane loadings, this study presents a novel approach to measure these parameters by developing simple but practical equations. In this regard, the Multi-Pier (MP) method as a numerical approach was employed along with the application of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The simulated responses of centrally perforated UMW by the MP method were validated utilizing full-scale experimental walls. The validated MP model was used to generate a simulated database. The simulated database includes results of analyses for 49 different configurations of perforated masonry walls and their corresponding solid masonry walls. The effect of the area and shape of the perforations on the UMW’s behavior was evaluated by the MP method. Following the outcomes of the verified MP method, the ANN is trained to develop empirical equations to accurately predict the reduction in the load bearing capacity and initial stiffness due to the perforation of UMW. The results of this study indicate that the perforations have a significant effect on the structural capacity of the UMW subjected to in-plane loadings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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14 pages, 15381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strengthening Strategies for Existing Rammed Earth Walls Subjected to Out-of-Plane Loading

by Phuntsho Wangmo, Kshitij C. Shrestha, Takayoshi Aoki, Mitsuhiro Miyamoto and Pema

CivilEng 2020, 1(3), 229-242; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng1030014 - 30 Oct 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 11691

Abstract

The paper reports an experimental campaign to study the effectiveness of strengthening measures proposed for rammed earth (RE) wall in an out-of-plane direction. Two simple and feasible strengthening techniques were explored, namely, mesh-wrapped and timber-framed strengthening techniques. The test involved testing three full-scale [...] Read more.

The paper reports an experimental campaign to study the effectiveness of strengthening measures proposed for rammed earth (RE) wall in an out-of-plane direction. Two simple and feasible strengthening techniques were explored, namely, mesh-wrapped and timber-framed strengthening techniques. The test involved testing three full-scale U-shaped RE walls in an out-of-plane direction. The first specimen without any intervention served as the reference wall, while the two others were strengthened with two different strengthening methods. It was observed that both proposed strengthening techniques improved the load-carrying capacity of the wall and the maximum displacement and the energy absorption. The mesh-wrapped strengthening technique was found to be more effective than the timber-framed strengthening technique, which disrupted the visual aspects of the wall’s facade and needed proper anchoring to the foundation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

22 pages, 5419 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Accelerated Bridge Construction Systems for Bridge Superstructures and Their Adaptability for Cold Weather

by Louis Aurier, Munzer Hassan, Jan Jaworski and Lotfi Guizani

CivilEng 2023, 4(1), 83-104; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng4010007 - 22 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5455

Abstract

The application of Accelerated Bridge Construction methods (ABC) to build, renovate and rehabilitate aging bridges is most likely to reduce the economic and social impacts of projects. This is especially relevant in countries with severe winter climates, where bridge construction is typically interrupted [...] Read more.

The application of Accelerated Bridge Construction methods (ABC) to build, renovate and rehabilitate aging bridges is most likely to reduce the economic and social impacts of projects. This is especially relevant in countries with severe winter climates, where bridge construction is typically interrupted during the winter period. The objective of this study is to present the state of the art related to elements, systems, connections and materials used for bridge superstructures in ABC projects and to highlight their adaptability to cold or northern climate countries. The literature review and presentation of results are based on the gathering of Prefabricated/Precast Bridge Elements and Systems (PBES) used for ABC projects in North America and which are also used in many countries around the world. Following this inventory, and after grouping the PBES, connections and materials, the authors were able to identify the possibility of adapting the ABC method for countries with cold and northern climates. Products that can be used down to −6 °C for connections are presented, and future research orientations are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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29 pages, 4692 KiB

Open AccessReview

Building Information Modelling in Structural Engineering: A Qualitative Literature Review

by Vittoria Ciotta, Domenico Asprone, Gaetano Manfredi and Edoardo Cosenza

CivilEng 2021, 2(3), 765-793; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2030042 - 4 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6698

Abstract

Over the past decade, the fields of civil engineering, i.e., structural engineering, have increasingly used the building information modelling (BIM) approach in both professional practice and as the focus of research. However, the field of structural engineering, which can be seen as a [...] Read more.

Over the past decade, the fields of civil engineering, i.e., structural engineering, have increasingly used the building information modelling (BIM) approach in both professional practice and as the focus of research. However, the field of structural engineering, which can be seen as a sub-discipline of civil engineering, misses, as far as the authors are aware, a real state-of-the-art on the use of BIM in this regard. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to start bridging that gap. In particular, the authors have conducted a traditional literature review on the utilisation of BIM in structural engineering, enabling them to perform a detailed content analysis of publications. The qualitative investigation of the literature that the authors have conducted has highlighted six main BIM uses in structural engineering: (1) structural analyses; (2) production of shop drawings; (3) optimized structural design, early identification of constructability issues, and a comparison of different structural solutions; (4) seismic risk assessments; (5) existing-condition modelling and retrofitting of structures; and (6) structural health monitoring. Each of these is discussed in relation to their reference workflows; use of information models; information exchanges; and main limitations. In the conclusions, the authors identify current gaps in knowledge, as well as likely developments and improvements in the utilization of BIM in structural engineering. The authors also outline the possible significance of this work more broadly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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20 pages, 3581 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Accelerated Pavement Testing Applications in Non-Pavement Research

by Benjamin Fosu-Saah, Marwan Hafez and Khaled Ksaibati

CivilEng 2021, 2(3), 612-631; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2030034 - 27 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3613

Abstract

Accelerated pavement testing (APT) facilities has been demonstrated for years as a multi-purpose solution for pavement and non-pavement research. Even though APTs are widely known in the pavement industry, little has been publicized about their successful applications in non-pavement research. This paper provides [...] Read more.

Accelerated pavement testing (APT) facilities has been demonstrated for years as a multi-purpose solution for pavement and non-pavement research. Even though APTs are widely known in the pavement industry, little has been publicized about their successful applications in non-pavement research. This paper provides a survey of APT applications in non-pavement research. The purpose of the survey is to review and encourage APT owners and agencies to explore the opportunities that APT facilities can present to promote non-pavement research initiatives. The survey demonstrates the ability of APTs to conduct research for bridges, transportation technology, drainage, geotechnical engineering, automobiles, environmental engineering, highway safety, among others. Non-pavement research can be incorporated into APT programs to diversify funding sources for research operations and promote cooperation with other agencies. Finally, suggestions for future and current APTs are made in this paper, including evaluating connected vehicles, work zone applications, smart infrastructure, truck platooning effects on bridge performance, sustainable drainage systems, bridges, advancement in geotechnical methods, sustainable fuels, and unmanned aerial systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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26 pages, 4540 KiB

Open AccessReview

Urban Heat Island: Causes, Consequences, and Mitigation Measures with Emphasis on Reflective and Permeable Pavements

by Svetlana Vujovic, Bechara Haddad, Hamzé Karaky, Nassim Sebaibi and Mohamed Boutouil

CivilEng 2021, 2(2), 459-484; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2020026 - 9 Jun 2021

Cited by 124 | Viewed by 31780

Abstract

Economic and social development of urban and rural areas continues in parallel with the increase of the human population, especially in developing countries, which leads to sustained expansion of impervious surface areas, particularly paved surfaces. The conversion of pervious surfaces to impervious surfaces [...] Read more.

Economic and social development of urban and rural areas continues in parallel with the increase of the human population, especially in developing countries, which leads to sustained expansion of impervious surface areas, particularly paved surfaces. The conversion of pervious surfaces to impervious surfaces significantly modifies local energy balance in urban areas and contributes to urban heat island (UHI) formation, mainly in densely developed cities. This paper represents a literature review on the causes and consequences of the UHI and potential measures that could be adopted to improve the urban microclimate. The primary focus is to discuss and summarise significant findings on the UHI phenomenon and its consequences, such as the impact on human thermal comfort and health, energy consumption, air pollution, and surface water quality deterioration. Regarding the measures to mitigate UHI, particular emphasis is given to the reflective and permeable pavements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

17 pages, 988 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Relationship between Work-Related Stressors and Construction Workers’ Self-Reported Injuries: A Meta-Analytic Review

by Bandar Moshabab Alqahtani, Wael Alruqi, Siddharth Bhandari, Osama Abudayyeh and Hexu Liu

CivilEng 2022, 3(4), 1091-1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3040062 - 12 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5295

Abstract

Mental health concerns are surging worldwide and workers in the construction industry have been found to be particularly vulnerable to these challenges. Stress, depression, addictions, suicides, and other key indicators of poor mental health have been found to be highly prevalent among construction [...] Read more.

Mental health concerns are surging worldwide and workers in the construction industry have been found to be particularly vulnerable to these challenges. Stress, depression, addictions, suicides, and other key indicators of poor mental health have been found to be highly prevalent among construction workers. Critically, researchers have also found a link between how stress in the workplace impacts the overall safety performance of an individual. However, the burgeoning nature of the research has stifled the determination of feasible and actionable interventions on jobsites. This paper aims to analyze the relationship between work-related stressors found on construction jobsites and self-reported injury rates of workers. To accomplish this goal, a meta-analysis methodology was used, wherein a comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify key work-related stressors and questionnaires used in the construction industry’s safety domain to assess stress. Using a formal meta-analysis approach that leverages the findings from past studies, a more holistic determination of the relationship between work-related stressors and injury rates among workers was performed. Ninety-eight studies were reviewed, and seven were selected that fulfilled pre-determined validated inclusion criteria for eligibility in the meta-analysis. The results revealed 10 salient work-related stressors among construction workers. Of these ten, seven work-related stressors were identified as significant predictors of injury rates among workers: job control, job demand, skill demand, job certainty, social support, harassment and discrimination, and interpersonal conflicts at work. This study represents a significant first step toward formally identifying work-related stressors to improve working conditions, reduce or eliminate injuries on construction sites, and support future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Engineering)

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