Congenital Urinary Malformations: Diagnostic Management, Treatment and Outcome

A special issue of Children (ISSN 2227-9067). This special issue belongs to the section "Pediatric Nephrology & Urology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 1 July 2026 | Viewed by 2479

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Pediatric Surgical Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Interests: pediatric surgery; urology; pediatric urology; congenital abnormalities; hydronephrosis; neonatology; enuresis; urodynamics; neonatal surgery

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Guest Editor
Pediatric Surgical Unit, Department Health Promotion of Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
Interests: pediatric surgery; urology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Introduction

Congenital malformations of the urinary system and kidneys represent a vast chapter in pediatric nephrourology. Many of these conditions require close collaboration between pediatric specialists in both medical and surgical fields, who, by studying the entire aspect of the abnormality, can achieve the best outcome with the least invasive treatment.

With the aim of exploring fundamental aspects of certain conditions and addressing some still-debated questions, in this Special Issue, we present our experience and recent findings from the literature.

Within the context of renal and urinary tract malformations, vesicoureteral reflux and its many clinical and therapeutic implications must be addressed. Similarly, significant attention should be given to ureteral malformations, which, in their severe forms, still present treatment challenges due to potential short- and long-term complications. The desire to tackle issues such as hypertension and solitary kidney, as well as varicocele, reflects a specific interest in prevention for adult well-being, thereby reducing risk factors which could compromise quality of life.

Dr. Maria Sergio
Dr. Marco Pensabene
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • kidney
  • CAKUT
  • hypospadias
  • vesico-ureteral reflux
  • renal dysplasia
  • hypertension
  • renal function
  • imaging in pediatric urology

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

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11 pages, 213 KB  
Review
Electrical and Functional Magnetic Stimulation in the Management of Children’s Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction—A Current Literature Review
by Edva Anna Frunda, András Kiss, Árpád Olivér Vida, Tibor Lóránd Reman, Raul-Dumitru Gherasim, Daniel Porav-Hodade, Virgil Gheorghe Osan, Carmen Viorica Muntean, Orsolya Katalin Ilona Mártha and Lorena Meliț
Children 2026, 13(3), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13030322 - 25 Feb 2026
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Abstract
Background and Objective: Children’s lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) is a frequently diagnosed condition. Initial management measures, such as parental education, urotherapy, and constipation management, followed by drug-based and surgical therapies, are well known. In recent years, different electrical, transcutaneous nerve stimulation methods [...] Read more.
Background and Objective: Children’s lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) is a frequently diagnosed condition. Initial management measures, such as parental education, urotherapy, and constipation management, followed by drug-based and surgical therapies, are well known. In recent years, different electrical, transcutaneous nerve stimulation methods (sacral, tibial, and intravesical) were studied, and magnetic stimulation has gained importance in the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunctions. This review aimed to examine the efficacy of functional magnetic stimulation in treating children’s LUTD. Materials and Methods: Our review was carried out in the following databases: PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar. Results: We limited our search to articles published in the last 8 years (2018–2025). Our used keywords were: “functional magnetic stimulation, electrical stimulation, children’s lower urinary tract dysfunction, children’s overactive bladder, enuresis”. The final search revealed a total of 132 results; articles written in languages other than English were excluded. In the end, a total of 16 articles presenting ES (12 articles) and FMS (four articles) in the treatment of children’s lower urinary tract dysfunction were included in our narrative review. Conclusions: In spite of a few clinical controlled trials, our review concerning functional magnetic stimulation (FMS) provides acceptable evidence to support the efficacy of these methods among the pediatric population. In the future, large sample, randomized controlled trials are needed in this field. Full article

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13 pages, 732 KB  
Systematic Review
Application of Ultrasound in Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux: From Diagnosis to Follow Up
by Marco Pensabene, Benedetto Spataro, Fabio Baldanza, Francesco Grasso, Gregorio Serra, Veronica Notarbartolo, Mario Giuffrè, Giovanni Corsello, Elisa Zambaiti, Maria Rita Di Pace and Maria Sergio
Children 2025, 12(10), 1363; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12101363 - 9 Oct 2025
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Abstract
Background and Objectives: Primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common pediatric urological disorder that can lead to significant renal morbidity if undetected or improperly managed. Ultrasound (US) plays a pivotal role in its assessment, providing a radiation-free tool to prenatal assessment, diagnosis, treatment, [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common pediatric urological disorder that can lead to significant renal morbidity if undetected or improperly managed. Ultrasound (US) plays a pivotal role in its assessment, providing a radiation-free tool to prenatal assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and long-term follow-up. This study aims to systematically review the literature on the use of US in pediatric primary VUR, emphasizing its applications in prenatal and postnatal diagnosis, intraoperative guidance, and follow-up monitoring. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed on PubMed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The research strategy used the following keywords: Ultrasound Vesicoureteral reflux, VUR Ultrasound, and VUR Sonography. A total of 2222 records were initially identified. After screening titles and abstracts for relevance, 2165 studies were excluded because they did not focus on ultrasound procedures, did not specify age limits, were redundant, involved non-homogeneous populations, or were unavailable in full text. Results: Prenatal US enables early identification of urinary tract anomalies suggestive of VUR, facilitating targeted postnatal evaluation. Postnatally, contrast-enhanced voiding ultrasound (CEVUS) offers a non-ionizing method for VUR confirmation or exclusion. Intraoperatively, US improves the accuracy and efficacy of bulking agent placement, potentially enhancing surgical outcomes. In follow-up, US remains essential for both conservatively managed and surgically treated patients, enabling timely detection of complications or recurrence. Conclusions: Ultrasound represents a useful tool in the management of pediatric primary VUR, applicable across all clinical stages, avoiding radiation exposure, and improving surgical effectiveness and follow-up management. Full article
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