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Thyroid Cancer: New Advances from Diagnosis to Therapy: 2nd Edition
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Thyroid Cancer: New Advances from Diagnosis to Therapy: 2nd Edition

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Cancer Causes, Screening and Diagnosis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 November 2025 | Viewed by 2608

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Michael Kreißl

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Guest Editor
Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
Interests: thyroid cancer; thyroid nodules
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

"This Special Issue is the second edition of a previous issue on the topic of "Thyroid Cancer: New Advances from Diagnosis to Therapy” (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/cancers/special_issues/67689G4MFJ). 

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. In recent years, the incidence of thyroid cancer risen in many countries. It is expected that the disease will become the fourth leading cancer in the world. However, the rise in incidence appears to at least in part be attributable to the increasing use of diagnostic imaging, which has led to the enhanced detection and diagnosis of subclinical thyroid cancer, as well as environmental factors.

Mortality is low in this tumor entity; however, it is still rising in some countries in spite of the advances in diagnosis and treatment in recent years. Therefore, there is certainly a need to improve diagnostic procedures and also treatment in order to minimize treatment in indolent tumors and intensify therapy in others. Our Special Issue seeks to publish research papers on various aspects of thyroid cancer, including diagnosis, prognosis, and current treatment options.

Prof. Dr. Michael Kreißl
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cancers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • thyroid scintigraphy
  • thyroid nodules
  • thyroid cancer
  • multikinase inhibitors
  • precision oncology
  • radioiodine

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 1596 KiB  
Article
Validation of the Updated Porto Proposal in Papillary Thyroid Microtumors: Analysis of Cases at a University Hospital in Catalonia, Spain
by Karmele Saez de Gordoa, Elias Tasso, Alexandre Rei, Martin Ramonda, Belinda Salinas, Sandra Cobo-Lopez, Aida Orois, Amparo Cobo, Marti Manyalich-Blasi, Teresa Ramón y Cajal, Mireia Mora, Felicia Hanzu, Oscar Vidal Pérez and Maria Teresa Rodrigo-Calvo
Cancers 2025, 17(12), 2021; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17122021 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 282
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Given the high incidence and generally favorable prognosis of papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMs), the Porto Proposal aims to refine the management of these tumors. It designates tumors lacking certain risk factors as papillary microtumors (PMTs) to avoid overtreatment and reduce patient [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Given the high incidence and generally favorable prognosis of papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMs), the Porto Proposal aims to refine the management of these tumors. It designates tumors lacking certain risk factors as papillary microtumors (PMTs) to avoid overtreatment and reduce patient stress. The updated Porto Proposal (uPp) suggests criteria for reclassifying incidental PTMs as PMTs. This study seeks to validate these criteria using data from a university hospital in Catalonia, Spain, and assess the clinical and pathological characteristics of PTMs. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed patients diagnosed with PTM (≤1 cm) at a university hospital from 2000 to 2024. The study examined variables, including lymph node positivity, incidental diagnosis, tumor location, histological type, treatment, multifocality, age at diagnosis, tumor size, and survival. The uPp criteria were applied to reclassify PTMs into PMTs or PMCs (true papillary microcarcinomas). Student’s t-test and chi-square tests were used to evaluate the associations between these variables and the uPp classification. Results: The cohort comprised 107 patients, with 77 (72%) women and 30 men. The mean age at diagnosis was 54.5 years. Out of the total, 77 (72%) cases were reclassified as PMTs and 30 (28%) as PMCs according to the uPp criteria. PMC tumors were larger (mean size 4.5 mm vs. 3.3 mm for PMT, p = 0.014) and were significantly associated with multifocality (52.2%; p = 0.004). Most lymph node-positive cases were classified as PMCs (69.2%; p < 0.001) and were multifocal and bilateral more commonly. However, no significant differences in outcomes between PMCs and PMTs were found (p = 0.188). Follicular histology was significantly more common in PMTs (87.0%, p < 0.001) and rarely had lymph node metastases (4.6%; p = 0.047). Conclusions: The updated Porto Proposal (uPp) effectively identifies PTMs with minimal malignant potential, distinguishing between PMT and PMC. The findings support the protocol’s use in reducing unnecessary treatments and psychological stress for patients. The study highlights significant clinical and pathological differences between PTM subtypes, reinforcing the protocol’s applicability in daily pathological practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Cancer: New Advances from Diagnosis to Therapy: 2nd Edition)
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20 pages, 1733 KiB  
Article
Risk Stratification for Thyroid Malignancies in Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
by Anna Krzentowska, Aleksander Konturek, Filip Gołkowski, Anna Merklinger-Gruchała and Marcin Barczyński
Cancers 2025, 17(12), 1964; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17121964 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 414
Abstract
Background: Our study investigated the association between chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) and thyroid cancer (TC). Methods: A retrospective review of 1670 patients who underwent thyroid surgery between October 2022 to February 2025 was performed. The clinicopathological characteristics of patients with TC [...] Read more.
Background: Our study investigated the association between chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) and thyroid cancer (TC). Methods: A retrospective review of 1670 patients who underwent thyroid surgery between October 2022 to February 2025 was performed. The clinicopathological characteristics of patients with TC and CLT were collected. CLT was diagnosed histopathologically. Results: Patients with a positive CLT result (60.39%) compared to a negative CLT result (34.12%) had more frequently TC (p < 0.001), predominantly PTC. In univariate analysis, patients with malignancy + CLT-positive compared to malignancy + CLT-negative were found to be younger in age (p < 0.001), female gender (p < 0.001), smaller tumours focus (p = 0. 013), smaller mass of thyroid removed (p < 0.001) and more often Bethesda category V and VI (p = 0.019), true positive fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for PTC (p = 0.009), and microcarcinoma (p = 0.021). There were no differences in multifocality, the presence of LNM, or the number of LNMs. The location of metastases at neck lymph nodes was at the borderline of significance (p = 0.065). In multivariate analysis, after accounting for Bethesda and age, CLT+ was found to increase the risk of TC by 73% (OR = 1.73; 95%CI, 1.15-2.29), while the risk of PTC increased more than 2-fold (OR = 2.12; 95% CI, 1.45–3.11). CLT had no statistically significant effect on the presence of LNM. Conclusions: We found that CLT is a risk factor for TC. One should be vigilant concerning the coexistence of these two diseases. We suggest that total thyroidectomy should be considered in patients referred for thyroid nodules and suspected CLT. However, this issue requires further research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Cancer: New Advances from Diagnosis to Therapy: 2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 1167 KiB  
Article
Body Mass Index and Sporadic Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Insights from a Large Series
by Alessandro Prete, Carla Gambale, Valeria Bottici, Virginia Cappagli, Giacomo Aringhieri, Marco Puccini, Stefano Landi, Liborio Torregrossa, Ferruccio Santini, Antonio Matrone and Rossella Elisei
Cancers 2025, 17(6), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17060950 - 11 Mar 2025
Viewed by 738
Abstract
Background: Excess adipose tissue has been associated with the increased prevalence and aggressiveness of many human cancers. While its role in differentiated thyroid cancer is well established, in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), data are conflicting. We aimed to evaluate the impact of [...] Read more.
Background: Excess adipose tissue has been associated with the increased prevalence and aggressiveness of many human cancers. While its role in differentiated thyroid cancer is well established, in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), data are conflicting. We aimed to evaluate the impact of excess adipose tissue on MTC prevalence, aggressiveness at diagnosis, and outcome in a large series of patients. Methods: We evaluated 529 patients with sporadic MTC from a prospectively maintained database. Weight and height were measured in all patients at the time of surgery, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Therefore, patients were classified according to BMI categories suggested by the WHO for Caucasian patients. Data about somatic mutations were available in 254/529 patients (48.0%). Results: The prevalence of subjects with obesity was higher than that in the Italian general population (20.2 vs. 12.0%). Patients with obesity presented smaller tumors, lower T and N stage, and lower AJCC 8th edition stage, as well as lower preoperative calcitonin values compared to under/normal and overweight ones. The prevalence of somatic RET and RAS mutations did not differ significantly across the WHO BMI categories. At the end of follow-up, structural disease was less common in patients with obesity (15.4%) compared to under/normal (25.6%, p < 0.05) and overweight (24.1%, p = 0.079). Further surgeries for local recurrence were less common in patients with obesity (3.8%) compared to overweight ones (11.0%, p < 0.05). Survival was superimposable in the different categories of BMI. Conclusions: Among patients with sporadic MTC, there is a higher prevalence of patients with obesity compared to the general population. A higher BMI was associated with less aggressive clinical presentation and better clinical outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Cancer: New Advances from Diagnosis to Therapy: 2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 1389 KiB  
Article
Detection of Central Compartment Lymph Node Metastasis of Thyroid Cancer: Usefulness of Intraoperative Thyroglobulin Measurement in Fine Needle Aspiration Washout with and Without Blue Dye Injection
by Chiara Mura, Gian Luigi Canu, Giulia Lanzolla, Federico Cappellacci, Fabio Medas, Stefano Mariotti, Pietro Giorgio Calò and Francesco Boi
Cancers 2025, 17(3), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17030422 - 27 Jan 2025
Viewed by 919
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The management of lymph node metastases of the central neck compartment (CNC) in differentiated thyroid carcinoma is debated. The intraoperative measurement of thyroglobulin (Tg) has gained attention in accurately detecting metastases, reducing unnecessary CNC dissections. Methods: A total of 37 [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The management of lymph node metastases of the central neck compartment (CNC) in differentiated thyroid carcinoma is debated. The intraoperative measurement of thyroglobulin (Tg) has gained attention in accurately detecting metastases, reducing unnecessary CNC dissections. Methods: A total of 37 patients underwent surgery. An intraoperative assay of thyroglobulin from fine needle aspiration (Tg-FNA) was performed on CNC lymph nodes, identified by blue dye injection in 15 patients (23 nodes, group A) and by palpation in 22 patients (35 nodes, group B). The Tg-FNA values were compared with histology to calculate the diagnostic accuracy. Results: In group A, the blue dye diffused widely, complicating lymph node identification: 2 were metastatic and 21 non-metastatic, with median Tg-FNA levels of 6236 ng/mL and 99.20 ng/mL, respectively. In group B, 8 were metastatic and 27 benign, with median Tg-FNA levels of 4063 ng/mL and 121 ng/mL (p < 0.0001), respectively. ROC analysis identified 500 ng/mL as a cutoff, achieving 100% sensitivity and 74% specificity in group B and 90% sensitivity and 70% specificity overall. Finally, among the non-metastatic lymph nodes, group A exhibited some cases of very high Tg-FNA values compared to group B, with lower accuracy for the cutoff, suggesting that colorant injection might lead to increased Tg-FNA levels. Conclusions: Blue dye injection showed low accuracy. Intraoperative Tg-FNA was reliable in detecting CNC metastases, although a higher cutoff is needed in this compartment compared to what has been reported for lateral lymph nodes. Lymphatic drainage and surgical manipulation might explain these findings. The careful interpretation of Tg-FNA in CNC should be adopted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Cancer: New Advances from Diagnosis to Therapy: 2nd Edition)
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