Alternative Additions in Concrete: Screening, Assessment, and Specifications for Durability

A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 1840

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering Materials and Durability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Interests: supplementary cementitious materials; alkali-aggregate reaction; sulphate attack; alternative binders; mineral fillers; performance-based design of concrete; thermodynamic modelling; multi-level assessment of damage

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Guest Editor
Especialização em Desempenho e Eficiência Energética de Edificações, Federal University of Paraná, Curitibá 80060-000, Brazil
Interests: durability of concrete; alternative materials; reinforced concrete corrosion; chloride ingress; carbonation of the concrete; internal swelling reactions

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Guest Editor
Geology and Geological Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
Interests: supplementary cementitious materials; alkali-aggregate reactions; frost attack; chloride ingress thermodynamic modelling; standardisation life-cycle analysis

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Guest Editor
Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering Materials and Durability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Interests: alkali activated materials; geopolymers supplementary; cementitious materials; waste materials; thermodynamic modelling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Concrete is the most widely used construction material, and its demand is anticipated to grow further by 2050. Meanwhile, the concrete industry is responsible for around 8% of global CO2 emissions caused by humans and must, therefore, set out its plan for decarbonization. To achieve this, the concrete industry needs to enhance the lifespan and the safety of concrete structures, reducing the necessity for substantial repair and the risk of collapse, thereby avoiding premature demolition and rebuilding.

Replacing Portland cement with Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) is one of the most adopted methods to reduce the carbon footprint and the embodied energy of concrete, together with advanced/optimized mix-design techniques. However, different regions around the globe may face the depletion of common SCMs such as fly ash, silica fume, and blast-furnace slag in the coming years. While finding alternative materials and proportioning methods is crucial, implementing these technologies should not be done at the expense of performance, including the long-term durability of concrete.

This Special Issue welcomes original research, case studies and reviews dealing with the impact on the concrete durability of “new” additions, including (but not limited to) SCMs, alkali-activated materials, mineral fillers or alternative binders. This Special Issue aims to bridge advances in materials science with engineering practices. Therefore, we encourage submissions discussing the screening of new sources of materials, long-term durability assessments, and progress in the standardization and qualification of new materials.

Dr. Diego Jesus De Souza
Dr. Marcelo Henrique Farias de Medeiros
Dr. Maxime Ranger
Dr. Tao Liu
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • concrete durability
  • supplementary cementitious materials
  • alkali-activated materials
  • mineral additions
  • alternative binders
  • standardization

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 4332 KiB  
Article
Chemical Realkalization of Carbonated Concrete: Influence of Cement Composition on Alkalinity Restoration and Portlandite Formation
by Giovana Costa Réus, Renan Pícolo Salvador, Juarez Hoppe Filho, Diego Jesus De Souza and Marcelo H. F. de Medeiros
Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1318; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081318 - 16 Apr 2025
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Abstract
This study examines the carbonation and realkalization dynamics of various cementitious systems, with a focus on the influence of cement composition on their susceptibility to carbonation and potential for realkalization. Four cement types were evaluated: CEM I, CEM II/A-LL, CEM II/A-V, and CEM [...] Read more.
This study examines the carbonation and realkalization dynamics of various cementitious systems, with a focus on the influence of cement composition on their susceptibility to carbonation and potential for realkalization. Four cement types were evaluated: CEM I, CEM II/A-LL, CEM II/A-V, and CEM II/B-W. Carbonation depth measurements revealed that blended cements, particularly CEM II/A-LL, showed greater carbonation susceptibility due to their lower portlandite content and increased porosity. In contrast, realkalization experiments demonstrated that blended cements exhibited enhanced ionic transport, resulting in deeper penetration of the alkaline solution. CEM II/A-V showed the highest realkalization depth, while CEM I displayed the lowest, highlighting the role of microstructural characteristics in realkalization efficiency. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that carbonation led to portlandite depletion and the formation of calcium carbonate, with limited portlandite regeneration upon realkalization. Thermodynamic simulations further supported the experimental findings, revealing that realkalization only partially restored alkalinity, with no significant dissolution of carbonation products. These results emphasize the need for tailored realkalization strategies, considering cement composition and pore structure, to optimize remediation efforts and enhance the long-term durability of concrete structures. Full article
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36 pages, 46507 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Overall Seismic Performance of RC Structures and Effectiveness of Seismic Isolation Technology Under Extreme Events: February 6, 2023, Earthquakes
by Cem Yenidogan
Buildings 2025, 15(6), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060990 - 20 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 434
Abstract
Two large earthquakes with a series of aftershocks struck southeastern Türkiye within 9 h and had catastrophic consequences. Following the earthquake doublet, 11 provinces corresponding to approximately 1/7 of Türkiye were declared disaster zones. Even though the epicenters of the first event and [...] Read more.
Two large earthquakes with a series of aftershocks struck southeastern Türkiye within 9 h and had catastrophic consequences. Following the earthquake doublet, 11 provinces corresponding to approximately 1/7 of Türkiye were declared disaster zones. Even though the epicenters of the first event and second mainshocks were in Pazarcik and Elbistan with a magnitude (Mw) of 7.7 and 7.6 with over 500 km of multiple-fault ruptures, Hatay province was the most heavily damaged province and had the highest number of casualties and collapsed buildings. A densely deployed strong ground motion array of the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey (AFAD) recorded the earthquake doublet of the two consequent mainshocks, including ground motions exhibiting near-fault features. A suite of recorded ground motions in Hatay province is incorporated to examine the destructiveness of ground motions on reinforced concrete Moment-Resisting Frame buildings and the effectiveness of seismic isolation technology to reduce the observed damage. Moreover, Turkish Seismic Design Code-2018 code provisions are elaborated to determine the characteristics of the investigated structures. Nonlinear response history analyses were conducted for 24 types of structures by following the design provisions. The inelastic hysteretic response features in the fixed-base and isolation systems are represented through an inelastic Single-Degree-of-Freedom Bouc–Wen hysteretic model. Extreme characteristics of near-fault ground motions on RC structures and seismically isolated systems resulted in excessive drift and displacement demands. Roof drifts of reinforced concrete Moment-Resisting-Frame buildings exceeded 4% roof drift in mid-rise buildings, compatible with the field observations in Antakya city center, where the displacement demand and ultimate base shear coefficient of seismically isolated structures considered in this study exceeded the elastic spectral coefficient values of the design spectrum in the proximity of fault ruptures. Full article
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20 pages, 15874 KiB  
Article
Study on the Performance of High-Performance Mortar (HPM) Prepared Using Sodium-Silicate-Modified Graphite Tailing Sand
by Ruixin Jiang, Zhengjun Wang, Yingxin Du and Yajing Wen
Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3269; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103269 - 15 Oct 2024
Viewed by 825
Abstract
In order to rationalize the consumption of graphite tailing sand and reduce its pollution of the environment—with sodium silicate being a commonly used activator for improving the strength of concrete composites—in this study, the joint effects of sodium silicate (SS) and graphite tail [...] Read more.
In order to rationalize the consumption of graphite tailing sand and reduce its pollution of the environment—with sodium silicate being a commonly used activator for improving the strength of concrete composites—in this study, the joint effects of sodium silicate (SS) and graphite tail sand (GT) on the strength and frost resistance of graphite tail sand high-performance mortar (GT-HPM) were investigated. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the bulk density, water absorption, compressive strength, speed of sound, and working performance status of GT-HPM before and after freezing and thawing at different SS dosages and different GT substitution rates. The microstructural properties of GT-HPM were also analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS). The results showed that 4% SS doping improved the performance of GT-HPM more obviously. Moreover, with an increase in the GT substitution rate, the mechanical properties and frost resistance of GT-HPM increased firstly and then decreased, and the best performance of GT-HPM was obtained when the GT substitution rate was 20%. At 6% SS doping, the performance of GT-HPM gradually decreased with the increase in the graphite tailing sand substitution rate. FT-IR testing showed that there was no significant change with the type of hydration products used, and the Si–O–T absorption peak and average bond length of GT-4 were the largest. SS and GT promoted the generation of hydration products. Microstructural analysis showed that 4% SS promoted the hydration reaction; in addition, an appropriate amount of GT improved the pore structure of HPM, increased the strength and frost resistance, and provided fundamental insights for the subsequent comprehensive utilization of graphite tailing sand. Full article
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