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A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 November 2024 | Viewed by 9947

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Pedro Delgado

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Guest Editor

1. proMetheus, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
2. CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
Interests: civil and environmental engineering; bridge design and assessment; rehabilitation and retrofit of structurers; earthquake engineering; experimental testing

Prof. Dr. Joana Maia de Oliveira Almeida

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Guest Editor

1. proMetheus, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
2. CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
Interests: life-cycle cost analysis; genetic algorithms optimization; sustainable construction materials; degradation models; risk analysis; bridge management systems; structures inspection and assessment; intelligent decision support system

Dr. Romeu da Silva Vicente

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

RISCO - Risks and Sustainability in Construction, Civil Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
Interests: advanced building physics; building technology; innovative building solutions and components; material testing; building simulation; sustainable construction
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The sustainability and maintenance of the existing building stock and infrastructures is a continuous challenge. The methodologies to assess and protect our built environment have been updated over time in response to severe events, climatic changes, as well as economic, architectural and social development. Learning from past interventions should help to find innovative solutions to achieve improved durability, resilience, comfort and sustainability of the built environment.

In this Special Issue, we invite original contributions describing new research trends, case studies, pilot-projects, reviews and state-of-the-art discussions related to the built environments and environmental buildings. Submissions may concern theoretical or applied research in areas such as building physics, material science, engineering, structural assessment, life-cycle analysis or other fields applied to the preservation, rehabilitation, retrofitting and sustainability of buildings and infrastructures.

We welcome papers on the following and related topics, including, but not limited to:

Diagnosis and characterisation of damage of building structures and infrastructures; In situ field test methods, laboratory tests and analysis, numerical simulation and modelling;
Testing and/or development of sustainable treatments, products or solutions; Preventive conservation and rehabilitation of constructions;
Environmental monitoring, moisture, condensation, etc..;
Impact of climate change and environmental conditions; consequences from refurbishments and retrofitting measures: energy efficiency, ventilation, airtightness and moisture in buildings;
Efficient use of resources, circular economy principles and life cycle assessment and cost–benefit analysis;
Optimize the quality of life of the inhabitants of the built environment; Systematization and optimization of construction processes; minimization of construction costs in the short and long term;
Digitalisation and documentation, data bases, past interventions, adaptation to new legislation for built environment;
New methodologies, digital and innovative technologies, building information modelling (BIM), geo-referenced information systems (GIS).

Prof. Dr. Pedro Delgado
Prof. Dr. Joana Maia de Oliveira Almeida
Dr. Romeu da Silva Vicente
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

civil and environmental engineering
buildings and constructions sustainability
building inspection and maintenance
risk mitigation in structures and infrastructures
life-cycle analysis
buildings and bridges assessment
rehabilitation and strengthening

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 5696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanism of Wind and Buoyancy Driving on Ventilation and Pollutant Transport in an Idealized Urban Street Canyon

by Guoyi Jiang, Ming Wu, Hongbo Li and Yujin Wu

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3168; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103168 (registering DOI) - 5 Oct 2024

Viewed by 255

Abstract

The mechanisms underlying the effects of wind and buoyancy on ventilation in urban street canyons are unclear. This study investigated the effects of facade heating on ventilation and pollutant transport in an idealized street canyon with a 1.67 aspect ratio through computational fluid dynamics simulations. The dispersion pattern of discharged hot pollutants was also studied. A primary recirculation was observed when facade heating was not applied; this recirculation was promoted in leeward-wall and ground heating cases. However, the recirculation was bifurcated into two recirculations in windward-wall heating cases, restricting ventilation. Enhanced recirculation increased the ventilation and decreased the pollution level; by contrast, air pollution increased considerably when the recirculation was bifurcated and ventilation was restricted. In the hot-pollutant case, similar results to those in the ground-heating case were observed. The hot discharged pollutant enhanced ventilation, reducing pollution. The pollutant transport mechanism was determined through an analysis of pollutant fluxes. For the one-recirculation pattern, air convection transported the pollutant from the ground level to the top boundary, and turbulent diffusion then caused pollutant removal. For the two-recirculation pattern, turbulent diffusion contributed substantially to pollutant transport both in the junction between the recirculations and through the top boundary of the street canyon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Environments and Environmental Buildings)

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18 pages, 11729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Performance Optimization of Building Envelopes in a Low-Cost and Energy-Saving Rural Dwelling in Severe Cold Region—Taking Central Area of Liaoning as an Example

by Xueyan Zhang, Xingkuo Zhang, Bin Chen, Joe R. Zhao, Jiaojiao Sun, Jiayi Zhao, Bingyang Wei and Jiayin Zhu

Buildings 2024, 14(8), 2505; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082505 - 14 Aug 2024

Viewed by 513

Abstract

The thermal performance of rural building envelopes is mostly non-standardized in Northern China, resulting in significant heat loss. In this study, we take, as an example, the central area of Liaoning province, with the objective of proposing some low-cost and energy-efficient solutions. Through our investigations, we found that heating energy consumption was reduced by 20% and construction costs increased by less than CNY 8000 (USD 1108), which can be accepted by rural residents. In order to achieve this target, the NSGA-II algorithm integrated with Rhino + Grasshopper and EnergyPlus simulation kernel was used to establish a thermal performance optimization model for the heat transfer of rural building envelopes in this severe cold region. Among the above-calculated Pareto optimal solutions, the recommended thickness of insulation layers for room floors, roofs, and external walls was about 70 mm, 50 mm, and 40 mm, respectively. Furthermore, we tried to reduce the window-to-wall ratio as much as possible. Finally, based on both the lower building renovation cost and energy-saving rate, three technical solutions from which rural residents could select, according to their specific needs, are put forward. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Environments and Environmental Buildings)

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30 pages, 10071 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Monitoring System for Integrated Management of Historical Buildings

by Gabriela Wojciechowska, Łukasz Jan Bednarz, Noëlla Dolińska, Piotr Opałka, Michał Krupa and Nino Imnadze

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 2108; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072108 - 9 Jul 2024

Viewed by 723

Abstract

This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a multi-method approach for the restoration of a historic building (train station) in Poland. The project employed field investigations, laboratory analyses, and close-range photogrammetry to create a Historic Building Information Model (HBIM). This comprehensive data set informed the development of targeted conservation strategies that addressed the station’s specific needs while respecting its historical significance. Interventions prioritized the use of locally sourced and sustainable materials, minimized the visual impact on the exterior, and achieved net-zero emissions through improvements to the building envelope and a switch to a heat pump heating system. Additionally, an intelligent monitoring system was implemented to continuously collect data on environmental conditions and structural displacement. These data will be used to develop a predictive model for future maintenance needs, allowing for a preventative approach to conservation and minimizing resource consumption. Overall, this project serves as a model for integrating advanced technologies in historical building conservation, promoting sustainable practices, and ensuring the longevity of irreplaceable cultural landmarks. The key findings derived from this approach encompass a comprehensive assessment of the station’s condition, optimized conservation strategies, insights from HBIM modeling, and the ongoing benefits of the intelligent monitoring system. Field investigations revealed several areas of concern, such as structural cracks, material deterioration, moisture infiltration, and significant heat loss through the building envelope. This information was crucial for developing targeted conservation strategies. The use of internal thermal insulation systems, particularly capillary active mineral blocks, significantly improved thermal performance. Moisture management interventions, including the restoration of the rainwater drainage system and the application of moisture-proof insulation, reduced reliance on the municipal water supply. The intelligent monitoring system, with sensors measuring temperature, humidity, and structural displacement, plays a crucial role in ongoing conservation efforts. This system allows for continuous monitoring and the development of predictive models, ensuring targeted and preventative maintenance, reducing resource consumption, and extending the lifespan of the building. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Environments and Environmental Buildings)

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18 pages, 1828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Risk Management in Road Infrastructure Facing Flash Floods through Epistemological Approaches

by Victor Andre Ariza Flores, Fernanda Oliveira de Sousa and Sandra Oda

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1931; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071931 - 25 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1105

Abstract

This study examines the integration of epistemological principles into road infrastructure risk management, emphasizing the need for adaptive strategies in the face of inherent climate uncertainties, particularly flash floods. A systematic review of peer-reviewed articles, industry reports, and case studies from the past two decades was conducted, focusing on the application of epistemological approaches within the infrastructure sector. The research employs a mixed methods approach. Quantitatively, the risk of pavement failure is measured by analyzing the relationship between pavement serviceability rates and Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) data in areas frequently affected by flash floods. For example, rainfall intensities during flood events on the BR-324 highway in Brazil were significantly higher than monthly averages, with maximum values reaching 235.73 mm for a 5 min duration over a 50-year return period. These intensities showed an increase of approximately 15% over 5 to 10 years and 8% over 50 to 75 years. Qualitatively, traditional risk management methods are combined with epistemological concepts. This integrated approach fosters reflective practice, encourages the use of both quantitative and qualitative data, promotes a dynamic management environment, and supports sustainable development goals by aligning risk management with environmental and social sustainability. This study finds that incorporating epistemological insights can lead to more fluid and continuously improving risk management practices in construction, design, and maintenance. It concludes with a call for future research to explore the integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence to further refine these approaches and more effectively manage complexity and uncertainty. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Environments and Environmental Buildings)

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24 pages, 6456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Assessment of a Modernist Building in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

by Naida Ademovic, Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko and Admira Piljug

Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1548; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061548 - 27 May 2024

Viewed by 1258

Abstract

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the Kopčić House, a significant example of modernist architecture in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, focusing on its structural-specific features and seismic performance. The Kopčić House embodies a confined masonry structure with innovative construction features, combining load-bearing masonry walls with reinforced concrete elements. This architectural approach was pioneering for its time, combining traditional construction methods with innovative materials and techniques. Detailed analysis using numerical modeling techniques, specifically 3D modeling with the 3Muri software (Vers.14.2.0.4), was conducted to assess the seismic resilience of the structure. The analysis considered different load distributions and eccentricities to comprehensively evaluate the building’s response to lateral forces. The findings of this research reveal the structural capacity and potential vulnerabilities of the Kopčić House when subjected to seismic events. While the building demonstrates inherent strength due to its confined masonry design, areas requiring structural strengthening were identified through numerical simulations. This study contributes to the broader understanding of confined masonry construction within the context of modernist architecture. By integrating historical research with advanced structural analysis, this work aims to bridge the gap between architectural heritage and contemporary engineering practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Environments and Environmental Buildings)

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18 pages, 3586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expressions of Arab Influence on the Brazilian Architecture: The Case of Solar Control Elements

by Egon Vettorazzi, Filipe Rebelo, António Figueiredo, Romeu Vicente, Marcelo Langner and Gabriel Feiertag

Buildings 2024, 14(1), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010194 - 12 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1388

Abstract

Over the centuries, architects have distanced themselves from the accumulated architectural knowledge, which often provided constructive solutions highly connected to the climatic context and cultural characteristics. With utmost expression from the 20th century on, building designers have assumed a somewhat negligent attitude towards the architectural project, essentially relying on active mechanical systems, to achieve indoor environmental comfort conditions. This paper overviews the current knowledge of solar control elements adopted and developed by Brazilian architecture, tracing its origin to the influence of Arab and Moorish architecture, with the objective of valuing passive solutions. Arab influence in Brazilian architecture began in the 17th century when Portuguese settlers felt the need to adapt the colonial buildings to the climatic constraints, particularly with regard to excessive solar radiation, leading to indoor thermal discomfort and excess natural light. Arab influence in Brazilian architecture remains present until the current day with the same objectives; however, it has been reinterpreted and appropriated by the Brazilian architectural school. Among the most used construction elements during the colonial period were the muxarabis, rótulas, and gelosias. Throughout the 20th century, these elements were culturally appropriated and served as inspiration for the development of the cobogó and the pioneering use of brise-soleis in Brazilian architecture. These elements have spread throughout global architecture, accompanied by the adoption of computer-controlled dynamic solar protection systems. Therefore, it is important to promote traditional solutions and encourage new architects to adopt passive approaches, aiming for energy efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Environments and Environmental Buildings)

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25 pages, 5352 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Post-Occupancy Evaluation of Brownfield Reuse Based on Sustainable Development: The Case of Beijing Shougang Park

by Shaojie Wang, Wei Duan and Xiaodong Zheng

Buildings 2023, 13(9), 2275; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092275 - 7 Sep 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1992

Abstract

Industrial heritage parks, an effective form of urban brownfield reuse, effectively mitigate pollution, improve the human living environment, and achieve sustainable development; industrial heritage parks, which add blue and green space to a city, also play an important role in presenting urban history and culture, promoting regional economic growth, and achieving human well-being. Exploring the user behavior use of industrial heritage parks and conducting post-occupancy evaluation of projects based on subjective human perceptions from the users’ perspective can contribute to improve the sustainable management, maintenance, and design of projects in the future. However, previous studies on post-occupancy evaluation have not been sufficiently studied for urban industrial heritage parks. This study takes Beijing Shougang Park, a representative industrial heritage park in China, as the research object, and distributes and collects nearly 150 questionnaires about user behavior and four significant evaluation items after the preliminary field research, analyzes the importance and satisfaction evaluation of the park design elements (place characteristics, natural environment characteristics, usability characteristics, and management characteristics), and uses a frequency analysis, an IPA analysis, an independent t-test, an analysis of variance, and a multiple regression analysis, and other methods are used, to quantitatively analyze the content of the questionnaire. The results of the study include the following: (1) The park is mainly used by people in their twenties to thirties and forties, and the usage rate of the sports plaza, which is the main facility, is the highest, while the usage rate of the renovation facility, the machine room, is the lowest. (2) While Shougang Park users were more satisfied with the natural environment features, Shougang Park users were found to be relatively less satisfied with the place and usability features. (3) The natural environment characteristics of Shougang Park had a positive effect on both overall satisfaction and recommendation intention. Finally, based on the questions and suggestions from users, a park renewal optimization strategy is proposed, hoping to provide suggestions for the renovation and design of similar industrial heritage parks in Chinese cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Environments and Environmental Buildings)

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19 pages, 15525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Damage Assessment of Pine Wood Facades in the First Years of Service for Sustainable Maintenance

by Joana Oliveira Almeida, Pedro Delgado, António Labrincha, Helena Parauta and Bruno Lima

Buildings 2023, 13(8), 1883; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081883 - 25 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1273

Abstract

The importance of the sustainability of wood buildings is increasing. The renewed attention highlights the need to assess the wood deterioration accurately, in the initial years of service, to optimize treatment during its lifetime and reduce maintenance costs. This study presents a methodology for inspecting and classifying damage of wood in service, relying on visual inspection and oriented to non-structural wooden components. This approach enables more affordable, widespread, and frequent monitoring of wooden elements in use, promoting their routine maintenance. The methodology was tested in the pine wood (Pinus sylvestris) facades with up to 5 years of service in a hotel building in northern Portugal. Despite its relatively brief period of operation, the building displays indications of both abiotic and biotic degradation of the wood across all its different facade orientations. Based on that, the study highlights the natural aging of Scots pine according to the building’s age, orientation, maintenance treatments, and exposure conditions. These findings provide insights into conservation plan optimization and emphasize the need for regular maintenance of wooden elements in outdoor environments, even in the early years of service. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Environments and Environmental Buildings)

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