Function and Regulation of Hyaluronan and Hyalectins in Disease

A special issue of Biomolecules (ISSN 2218-273X). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2026 | Viewed by 2993

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
Interests: endocytosis; scavenger receptor; ligand; sinusoidal endothelium; receptor turnover; clearance; glycosaminoglycan
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Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
Interests: hyaluronan; regeneration; inflammation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hyaluronan and its interacting proteins (hyalectins) are increasingly recognized as important molecules for homeostasis and disease. The simplicity of hyaluronan, which is a polymer of alternating sugars glucuronate and N-acetylglucosamine, is also one of the largest molecules in mammals. It contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties including a net negative charge that allows it to interact with a variety of proteins and receptors that influence a host of physiological functions. These physiological functions include inflammation, intercellular structure, cellular development and differentiation, cellular signaling, cancer, and metabolism. 

In this Special Issue of Biomolecules, we would like to highlight the recent discoveries of the importance of hyaluronan in our general well-being, in diseases when it goes awry and its role in medical devices and cosmetics. We also invite a rigorous discussion of how novel advances in hyaluronan research would improve therapeutic outcomes from cancer to arthritis to pulmonary diseases. Both research papers (in particular) and reviews (both focused or general) are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Edward N. Harris
Prof. Dr. Michele T. Pritchard
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • hyaluonan
  • glycosaminoglycan
  • hyalectan
  • cancer
  • extracellular matrix
  • cellular signaling

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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23 pages, 7330 KB  
Article
Hyaluronan Regulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Osteogenic Differentiation and Vascular Calcification
by Shrea Roy, Jamie Kane, Irina Grigorieva, Dylan Roche-Dugmore, Sacha Moore, Robert Steadman, Anne-Catherine Raby, Lily Jakulj, Leon Schurgers, Esther Lutgens, Etto C. Eringa, Marc Vervloet, Donald Fraser and Soma Meran
Biomolecules 2026, 16(5), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16050729 (registering DOI) - 15 May 2026
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Abstract
Vascular calcification is a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality and lacks effective treatment. The transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into osteoblast-like phenotypes is a key driver of calcification. This study identifies a regulatory role for Hyaluronan (HA) in VSMC osteogenic differentiation [...] Read more.
Vascular calcification is a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality and lacks effective treatment. The transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into osteoblast-like phenotypes is a key driver of calcification. This study identifies a regulatory role for Hyaluronan (HA) in VSMC osteogenic differentiation and arterial calcification. Human aortic VSMCs stimulated with high phosphate and/or pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL6 and TGF-β1) exhibited increased RUNX2, alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin expression, along with reduced contractility and elevated calcium deposition. This corresponded with reduced HA deposition and downregulation of HA synthase enzymes (HAS1, HAS2), Hyaluronidase enzymes (Hyal1), and HA binding proteins (CD44, TSG-6), whilst HAS3 and versican were upregulated. Comparable alterations in HA and protein expression were observed in an in vivo model of arterial calcification using vitamin K-deficient warfarin-fed mice. Pharmacological inhibition of HA synthesis, enzyme-mediated HA degradation and siRNA/plasmid modulation of HAS isoenzymes demonstrated a possible functional link between HA regulation and VSMC osteogenic differentiation. This study establishes HA and its associated binding proteins as key regulators of arterial calcification, highlighting a novel pathway for potential therapeutic intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Function and Regulation of Hyaluronan and Hyalectins in Disease)
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23 pages, 3868 KB  
Article
A Novel Role of Hyaluronan and Its Membrane Receptors, CD44 and RHAMM, in Obesity-Related Kidney Pathology
by Bingxue Qi, Vishal Musale, Xiong Weng, Ayman K. Banah, Alexander Lawlor, Colin E. Murdoch, Abigail C. Lay, Kate J. Heesom, Richard J. M. Coward, Christopher L. O’Connor, Wenjun Ju, Markus Bitzer, Claire E. Hills, Yang Chen and Li Kang
Biomolecules 2025, 15(11), 1598; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15111598 - 14 Nov 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1416
Abstract
Obesity-related kidney pathology (ORKP) is a major global issue that contributes to diabetic nephropathy and kidney cancer and leads to chronic/end-stage kidney disease. Current treatments for ORKP are limited because of the incomplete understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Here, we identified a novel [...] Read more.
Obesity-related kidney pathology (ORKP) is a major global issue that contributes to diabetic nephropathy and kidney cancer and leads to chronic/end-stage kidney disease. Current treatments for ORKP are limited because of the incomplete understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Here, we identified a novel role for hyaluronan (HA) and its membrane receptors, CD44 and RHAMM, in this condition. Obesity-induced increases in HA deposition and CD44 and RHAMM expression are detrimental to the kidney via activation of the TGF-β1/Smad2/3, P38/JNK MAPK, and ROCK/ERK pathways, leading to glomerulopathy, tubular injury, inflammation, albuminuria, and elevated serum creatinine concentrations. Either pharmacological or genetic ablation of HA, CD44, or RHAMM reverses these obesity-driven pathologies in vivo. We further established a mechanistic link between renal insulin resistance and ECM remodelling using human kidney cells in vitro, providing insight into the cell type-specific role of HA, CD44, and RHAMM in the pathogenesis of ORKP. Finally, analysis of glomerular and tubular fractions of human kidney biopsy samples revealed increased expression of CD44 and RHAMM in chronic kidney disease and diabetic nephropathy, and their expression correlated with markers of kidney dysfunction. Our findings provide evidence for HA-CD44/RHAMM as a potential therapeutic target in ORKP and subsequent prevention of chronic kidney disease. While previous studies have implicated CD44 and RHAMM in renal disease and fibrosis, our work for the first time provides an integrated analysis of both receptors in the context of ORKP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Function and Regulation of Hyaluronan and Hyalectins in Disease)
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Review

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18 pages, 1397 KB  
Review
Microbial Hyaluronidases: From Obscure Virulence Factors to Promising Therapeutic Targets
by Hannah A. Nonoguchi, George Y. Liu and Irshad A. Hajam
Biomolecules 2026, 16(4), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16040516 - 31 Mar 2026
Viewed by 720
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a major extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan essential for tissue integrity, immune homeostasis, and host defense. Many microbial pathogens exploit host HA by producing hyaluronidases (Hyls), enzymes that degrade HA to promote tissue invasion, nutrient acquisition, immune modulation, and biofilm formation. Unlike [...] Read more.
Hyaluronan (HA) is a major extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan essential for tissue integrity, immune homeostasis, and host defense. Many microbial pathogens exploit host HA by producing hyaluronidases (Hyls), enzymes that degrade HA to promote tissue invasion, nutrient acquisition, immune modulation, and biofilm formation. Unlike mammalian Hyls, microbial Hyls predominantly function as β-elimination lyases, generating unsaturated disaccharides and oligosaccharides with distinct biological activities. Recent mechanistic and structural insights reveal that distinct microbial Hyl variants uniquely shape host–microbe interactions and disease outcomes. This review focuses on microbial Hyls, specifically bacterial Hyls, emphasizing their roles in host immune regulation and inflammatory diseases, particularly in Cutibacterium acnes-mediated acne pathogenesis. We also discuss emerging therapeutic strategies targeting the HA-Hyl axis to modulate inflammation, highlighting their potential as a foundation for novel human therapeutics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Function and Regulation of Hyaluronan and Hyalectins in Disease)
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