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Bioengineering
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Electrospinning for Tissue Engineering
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Electrospinning for Tissue Engineering

A special issue of Bioengineering (ISSN 2306-5354).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (21 May 2021) | Viewed by 27178

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Nick Tucker

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Guest Editor
School of Engineering, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
Interests: electrospun fiber production and practical applications for electrospun fibers; the development of electro-spinning plants
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Scott Sell

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis University, St Louis, MO 63103, USA
Interests: tissue engineering; regenerative medicine; electrospinning; polymeric scaffolds; dermal regeneration; ligament repair
Prof. Dr. Gary L. Bowlin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, 119D Engineering Technology, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
Interests: tissue engineering; electrospinning; scaffolds; vascular tissue engineering; bone tissue engineering; in situ regeneration; angiogenesis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

This Special Issue of Bioengineering on Electrospinning for Tissue Engineering aims to promote the beneficial achievements and potential of the science and technology of electrospinning for tissue engineering by bringing together contributions from worldwide experts on electrospinning and fiber engineering, pharmaceutical and therapeutic materials development, and the scale-up and manufacturing of nano-fiber based medical materials.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nick Tucker
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Scott Sell
Prof. Dr. Gary L. Bowlin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Bioengineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

12 pages, 2492 KiB  
Article
Electrospun Microfibers Modulate Intracellular Amino Acids in Liver Cells via Integrin β1
by Tianjiao Huang, John A. Terrell, Jay H. Chung and Chengpeng Chen
Bioengineering 2021, 8(7), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8070088 - 22 Jun 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2711
Abstract
Although numerous recent studies have shown the importance of polymeric microfibrous extracellular matrices (ECMs) in maintaining cell behaviors and functions, the mechanistic nexus between ECMs and intracellular activities is largely unknown. Nevertheless, this knowledge will be critical in understanding and treating diseases with [...] Read more.
Although numerous recent studies have shown the importance of polymeric microfibrous extracellular matrices (ECMs) in maintaining cell behaviors and functions, the mechanistic nexus between ECMs and intracellular activities is largely unknown. Nevertheless, this knowledge will be critical in understanding and treating diseases with ECM remodeling. Therefore, we present our findings that ECM microstructures could regulate intracellular amino acid levels in liver cells mechanistically through integrin β1. Amino acids were studied because they are the fundamental blocks for protein synthesis and metabolism, two vital functions of liver cells. Two ECM conditions, flat and microfibrous, were prepared and studied. In addition to characterizing cell growth, albumin production, urea synthesis, and cytochrome p450 activity, we found that the microfibrous ECM generally upregulated the intracellular amino acid levels. Further explorations showed that cells on the flat substrate expressed more integrin β1 than cells on the microfibers. Moreover, after partially blocking integrin β1 in cells on the flat substrate, the intracellular amino acid levels were restored, strongly supporting integrin β1 as the linking mechanism. This is the first study to report that a non-biological polymer matrix could regulate intracellular amino acid patterns through integrin. The results will help with future therapy development for liver diseases with ECM changes (e.g., fibrosis). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospinning for Tissue Engineering)
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18 pages, 4664 KiB  
Article
Biocompatible Electrospun Polycaprolactone-Polyaniline Scaffold Treated with Atmospheric Plasma to Improve Hydrophilicity
by Michela Licciardello, Gianluca Ciardelli and Chiara Tonda-Turo
Bioengineering 2021, 8(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8020024 - 13 Feb 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3378
Abstract
Conductive polymers (CPs) have recently been applied in the development of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications in attempt to induce additional cues able to enhance tissue growth. Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the most widely studied CPs, but it requires to be blended [...] Read more.
Conductive polymers (CPs) have recently been applied in the development of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications in attempt to induce additional cues able to enhance tissue growth. Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the most widely studied CPs, but it requires to be blended with other polymers in order to be processed through conventional technologies. Here, we propose the fabrication of nanofibers based on a polycaprolactone (PCL)-PANI blend obtained using electrospinning technology. An extracellular matrix-like fibrous substrate was obtained showing a good stability in the physiological environment (37 °C in PBS solution up 7 days). However, since the high hydrophobicity of the PCL-PANI mats (133.5 ± 2.2°) could negatively affect the biological response, a treatment with atmospheric plasma was applied on the nanofibrous mats, obtaining a hydrophilic surface (67.1 ± 2°). In vitro tests were performed to confirm the viability and the physiological-like morphology of human foreskin fibroblast (HFF-1) cells cultured on the plasma treated PCL-PANI nanofibrous scaffolds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospinning for Tissue Engineering)
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11 pages, 1670 KiB  
Article
Use of Stacked Layers of Electrospun L-Lactide/Glycolide Co-Polymer Fibers for Rapid Construction of Skin Sheets
by Mervyn Merrilees, Neil Buunk, Ning Zuo, Nigel Larsen, Samaneh Karimi and Nick Tucker
Bioengineering 2021, 8(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8010007 - 07 Jan 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2400
Abstract
This paper describes a novel method for the rapid construction of skin, using multiple layers of aligned electrospun fibers as starting scaffolds. Scaffolds were spun from biodegradable L-lactide/glycolide (molar ratio 10:90) with predominantly parallel arrays of fibers attached peripherally to thin 304 stainless [...] Read more.
This paper describes a novel method for the rapid construction of skin, using multiple layers of aligned electrospun fibers as starting scaffolds. Scaffolds were spun from biodegradable L-lactide/glycolide (molar ratio 10:90) with predominantly parallel arrays of fibers attached peripherally to thin 304 stainless steel layer frames. Each layer frame was held between two thicker support frames. Human skin cells were seeded onto multiple (three–nine) scaffolds. Dermal fibroblasts were seeded on both sides of each scaffold except for one on which keratinocytes were seeded on one side only. Following 48 h of culture, the scaffolds and layer frames were unmounted from their support frames, stacked, with keratinocytes uppermost, and securely held in place by upper and lower support frames to instantly form a multilayered “dermis” and a nascent epidermis. The stack was cultured for a further 5 days during which time the cells proliferated and then adhered to form, in association with the spun fibers, a mechanically coherent tissue. Fibroblasts preferentially elongated in the dominant fiber direction and a two-dimensional weave of alternating fiber and cell alignments could be constructed by selected placement of the layer frames during stacking. Histology of the 7-day tissue stacks showed the organized layers of fibroblasts and keratinocytes immuno-positive for keratin. Electron microscopy showed attachment of fibroblasts to the lactide/glycolide fibers and small-diameter collagen fibers in the extracellular space. This novel approach could be used to engineer a range of tissues for grafting where rapid construction of tissues with aligned or woven layers would be beneficial. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospinning for Tissue Engineering)
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16 pages, 4288 KiB  
Article
Breast Cancer Cell Cultures on Electrospun Poly(ε-Caprolactone) as a Potential Tool for Preclinical Studies on Anticancer Treatments
by Bianca Bazzolo, Elisabetta Sieni, Annj Zamuner, Martina Roso, Teresa Russo, Antonio Gloria, Monica Dettin and Maria Teresa Conconi
Bioengineering 2021, 8(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8010001 - 22 Dec 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3160
Abstract
During anticancer drug development, most compounds selected by in vitro screening are ineffective in in vivo studies and clinical trials due to the unreliability of two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cultures that are unable to mimic the cancer microenvironment. Herein, HCC1954 cell cultures on [...] Read more.
During anticancer drug development, most compounds selected by in vitro screening are ineffective in in vivo studies and clinical trials due to the unreliability of two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cultures that are unable to mimic the cancer microenvironment. Herein, HCC1954 cell cultures on electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) were characterized by morphological analysis, cell viability assays, histochemical staining, immunofluorescence, and RT-PCR. Our data showed that electrospun PCL allows the in vitro formation of cultures characterized by mucopolysaccharide production and increased cancer stem cell population. Moreover, PCL-based cultures were less sensitive to doxorubicin and electroporation/bleomycin than those grown on polystyrene plates. Collectively, our data indicate that PCL-based cultures may be promising tools for preclinical studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospinning for Tissue Engineering)
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15 pages, 8077 KiB  
Article
Manipulating Air-Gap Electrospinning to Create Aligned Polymer Nanofiber-Wrapped Glass Microfibers for Cortical Bone Tissue Engineering
by Houston R. Linder, Austin A. Glass, Delbert E. Day and Scott A. Sell
Bioengineering 2020, 7(4), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7040165 - 20 Dec 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2712
Abstract
Osteons are the repeating unit throughout cortical bone, consisting of canals filled with blood and nerve vessels surrounded by concentric lamella of hydroxyapatite-containing collagen fibers, providing mechanical strength. Creating a biodegradable scaffold that mimics the osteon structure is crucial for optimizing cellular infiltration [...] Read more.
Osteons are the repeating unit throughout cortical bone, consisting of canals filled with blood and nerve vessels surrounded by concentric lamella of hydroxyapatite-containing collagen fibers, providing mechanical strength. Creating a biodegradable scaffold that mimics the osteon structure is crucial for optimizing cellular infiltration and ultimately the replacement of the scaffold with native cortical bone. In this study, a modified air-gap electrospinning setup was exploited to continuously wrap highly aligned polycaprolactone polymer nanofibers around individual 1393 bioactive glass microfibers, resulting in a synthetic structure similar to osteons. By varying the parameters of the device, scaffolds with polymer fibers wrapped at angles between 5–20° to the glass fiber were chosen. The scaffold indicated increased cell migration by demonstrating unidirectional cell orientation along the fibers, similar to recent work regarding aligned nerve and muscle regeneration. The wrapping decreased the porosity from 90% to 80%, which was sufficient for glass conversion through ion exchange validated by inductively coupled plasma. Scaffold degradation was not cytotoxic. Encapsulating the glass with polymer nanofibers caused viscoelastic deformation during three-point bending, preventing typical brittle glass fracture, while maintaining cell migration. This scaffold design structurally mimics the osteon, with the intent to replace its material compositions for better regeneration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospinning for Tissue Engineering)
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Review

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35 pages, 2462 KiB  
Review
Electrospun Fiber Scaffolds for Engineering Glial Cell Behavior to Promote Neural Regeneration
by Devan L. Puhl, Jessica L. Funnell, Derek W. Nelson, Manoj K. Gottipati and Ryan J. Gilbert
Bioengineering 2021, 8(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8010004 - 29 Dec 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6165
Abstract
Electrospinning is a fabrication technique used to produce nano- or micro- diameter fibers to generate biocompatible, biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Electrospun fiber scaffolds are advantageous for neural regeneration because they mimic the structure of the nervous system extracellular matrix and provide [...] Read more.
Electrospinning is a fabrication technique used to produce nano- or micro- diameter fibers to generate biocompatible, biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Electrospun fiber scaffolds are advantageous for neural regeneration because they mimic the structure of the nervous system extracellular matrix and provide contact guidance for regenerating axons. Glia are non-neuronal regulatory cells that maintain homeostasis in the healthy nervous system and regulate regeneration in the injured nervous system. Electrospun fiber scaffolds offer a wide range of characteristics, such as fiber alignment, diameter, surface nanotopography, and surface chemistry that can be engineered to achieve a desired glial cell response to injury. Further, electrospun fibers can be loaded with drugs, nucleic acids, or proteins to provide the local, sustained release of such therapeutics to alter glial cell phenotype to better support regeneration. This review provides the first comprehensive overview of how electrospun fiber alignment, diameter, surface nanotopography, surface functionalization, and therapeutic delivery affect Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in the central nervous system both in vitro and in vivo. The information presented can be used to design and optimize electrospun fiber scaffolds to target glial cell response to mitigate nervous system injury and improve regeneration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospinning for Tissue Engineering)
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24 pages, 2489 KiB  
Review
Mechanical Considerations of Electrospun Scaffolds for Myocardial Tissue and Regenerative Engineering
by Michael Nguyen-Truong, Yan Vivian Li and Zhijie Wang
Bioengineering 2020, 7(4), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7040122 - 03 Oct 2020
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5576
Abstract
Biomaterials to facilitate the restoration of cardiac tissue is of emerging importance. While there are many aspects to consider in the design of biomaterials, mechanical properties can be of particular importance in this dynamically remodeling tissue. This review focuses on one specific processing [...] Read more.
Biomaterials to facilitate the restoration of cardiac tissue is of emerging importance. While there are many aspects to consider in the design of biomaterials, mechanical properties can be of particular importance in this dynamically remodeling tissue. This review focuses on one specific processing method, electrospinning, that is employed to generate materials with a fibrous microstructure that can be combined with material properties to achieve the desired mechanical behavior. Current methods used to fabricate mechanically relevant micro-/nanofibrous scaffolds, in vivo studies using these scaffolds as therapeutics, and common techniques to characterize the mechanical properties of the scaffolds are covered. We also discuss the discrepancies in the reported elastic modulus for physiological and pathological myocardium in the literature, as well as the emerging area of in vitro mechanobiology studies to investigate the mechanical regulation in cardiac tissue engineering. Lastly, future perspectives and recommendations are offered in order to enhance the understanding of cardiac mechanobiology and foster therapeutic development in myocardial regenerative medicine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospinning for Tissue Engineering)
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