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Atmosphere
Special Issues
Water Environment of Coastal Areas under Current and Future Climate
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Water Environment of Coastal Areas under Current and Future Climate

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosphere/Hydrosphere/Land–Atmosphere Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 21100

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Halina Kowalewska-Kalkowska

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Adama Mickiewicza 18, 70-383 Szczecin, Poland
Interests: estuarine hydrology; hydroclimatology; coastal oceanography; storm surges; sea surface temperature; coastal upwelling; wind forcing; low-pressure systems; statistical and numerical modelling
Dr. Anna Cedro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Marine & Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Adama Mickiewicza 16, 70-383 Szczecin, Poland
Interests: dendrochronology; dendroecology; dendrohydrology; dendroclimatology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue on “Water Environment of Coastal Areas under Current and Future Climate” of the journal Atmosphere is devoted to coastal zones of seas and oceans, coastal lagoons, and estuaries. On the one hand, hydrodynamic processes occurring in those often shallow waters are largely driven by meteorological factors, such as wind speed and direction, a type of air circulation, air temperature, precipitation, as well as the NAO and AO indices. On the other hand, coastal waters are strongly affected by anthropogenic activities. The ongoing climate changes affecting coastal zones and lagoons as well as estuaries may in future have significant impacts on the intensification of extreme events there and cause serious problems for densely populated low-lying areas. In order to recognize and describe the complex climatological and hydrological setting of the water environment of coastal areas under current and future climate conditions, different statistical and numerical methods may be employed. This Special Issue is open to all publications dealing with weather- and climate-related impacts on hydrodynamic processes in coastal waters, including storm surges, upwelling, downwelling, mixing of fresh and saline waters, water ice regime or wind-driven water backflow in rivers. Contributions focusing on projected climate change impacts on coastal waters, particularly in response to projected threat to coastal societies, are of interest as well.

Dr. Halina Kowalewska-Kalkowska
Dr. Anna Cedro
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • weather- and climate-related impacts on coastal waters
  • weather and water extremes
  • low-pressure systems
  • extreme winds
  • storm surges and waves
  • up-welling and down-welling
  • sea level rise
  • future trends under climate change
  • statistical and numerical modeling
  • coastal areas
  • estuaries

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 3824 KiB  
Article
Determining Extreme Still Water Levels for Design and Planning Purposes Incorporating Sea Level Rise: Sydney, Australia
by Phil J. Watson
Atmosphere 2022, 13(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010095 - 7 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3049
Abstract
This paper provides an Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) of the hourly water level record at Fort Denison dating back to 1915 to understand the statistical likelihood of the combination of high predicted tides and the more dynamic influences that can drive ocean water [...] Read more.
This paper provides an Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) of the hourly water level record at Fort Denison dating back to 1915 to understand the statistical likelihood of the combination of high predicted tides and the more dynamic influences that can drive ocean water levels higher at the coast. The analysis is based on the Peaks-Over-Threshold (POT) method using a fitted Generalised Pareto Distribution (GPD) function to estimate extreme hourly heights above mean sea level. The analysis highlights the impact of the 1974 East Coast Low event and rarity of the associated measured water level above mean sea level at Sydney, with an estimated return period exceeding 1000 years. Extreme hourly predictions are integrated with future projections of sea level rise to provide estimates of relevant still water levels at 2050, 2070 and 2100 for a range of return periods (1 to 1000 years) for use in coastal zone management, design, and sea level rise adaptation planning along the NSW coastline. The analytical procedures described provide a step-by-step guide for practitioners on how to develop similar baseline information from any long tide gauge record and the associated limitations and key sensitivities that must be understood and appreciated in applying EVA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment of Coastal Areas under Current and Future Climate)
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24 pages, 10857 KiB  
Article
Characteristics and Long-Term Variability of Occurrences of Storm Surges in the Baltic Sea
by Tomasz Wolski and Bernard Wiśniewski
Atmosphere 2021, 12(12), 1679; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121679 - 14 Dec 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3340
Abstract
Understanding the characteristics of storm surges is especially important in the context of ongoing climate changes, which often lead to catastrophic events in the coastal zones of seas and oceans. For this reason, this paper presents the characteristics of the Baltic Sea storm [...] Read more.
Understanding the characteristics of storm surges is especially important in the context of ongoing climate changes, which often lead to catastrophic events in the coastal zones of seas and oceans. For this reason, this paper presents the characteristics of the Baltic Sea storm surges and trends in their occurrences through the past 60 years. The study material was based on hourly sea level readings, spanning the years 1961–2020, retrieved from 45 Baltic Sea tide gauges, as well as air pressure and wind field data. Owing to the analysis and visualization of storm situations, two main types of storm surges were identified and characterized: a surge driven by wind and a surge driven by subpressure associated with an active low pressure area. This paper also discusses a third, mixed type of storm surge. Further analyses have indicated that through the past 60 years in the Baltic Sea, the duration of high sea level has increased by 1/3, the average number of storm surges has increased from 3.1 to 5.5 per year, and the maximum annual sea levels have increased—with a trend value of 0.28 cm/year. These processes, also observed in other marine basins, provide strong evidence for contemporary climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment of Coastal Areas under Current and Future Climate)
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27 pages, 4908 KiB  
Article
Storm-Surge Induced Water Level Changes in the Odra River Mouth Area (Southern Baltic Coast)
by Halina Kowalewska-Kalkowska
Atmosphere 2021, 12(12), 1559; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121559 - 25 Nov 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2110
Abstract
The Odra River mouth area is a region of the Southern Baltic coastal zone especially prone to the influence of storm surges. In the present study, the height and extent of the Baltic storm surges, and temporal offsets of the respective maximum water [...] Read more.
The Odra River mouth area is a region of the Southern Baltic coastal zone especially prone to the influence of storm surges. In the present study, the height and extent of the Baltic storm surges, and temporal offsets of the respective maximum water level occurrences in the Odra River mouth area were explored using cross-correlation, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The analyses were based on hourly water level readings retrieved from water gauging stations located along the lower Odra reaches and at the coasts of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Pomeranian Bay during storm surge years 2008/2009–2019/2020. The analysis of mutual relationships between water levels during storm surges indicated that the extent of marine influence on the lower Odra River and within the Szczecin Lagoon was variable during the studied surge events, and dependent on meteorological conditions (the strongest during the sustained occurrence of wind blowing from the northern sector), discharge from the Odra River catchment (the strongest at low discharge), ice conditions on the lower Odra (suppressing the storm surge propagation upstream), and general sea level in the Pomeranian Bay (stronger at high sea levels). The strongest correlation between sea levels at Świnoujście and water levels in the Szczecin Lagoon and the lower Odra was found at a 6–7 h offset. The extent of storm surges usually reached 100 km up the lower Odra channels, less frequently reaching 130 km away from the sea. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment of Coastal Areas under Current and Future Climate)
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20 pages, 4507 KiB  
Article
Relationship between Air Temperature Change and Southern Baltic Coastal Lagoons Ice Conditions
by Józef Piotr Girjatowicz and Małgorzata Świątek
Atmosphere 2021, 12(8), 931; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12080931 - 21 Jul 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2174
Abstract
The relationship between air temperature (mainly winter, December-March) in Świnoujście, Gdynia, and Elbląg and ice parameters (dates of the first ice and disappearance of the last ice, the length of the ice season, number of days with ice, maximum ice height) of southern [...] Read more.
The relationship between air temperature (mainly winter, December-March) in Świnoujście, Gdynia, and Elbląg and ice parameters (dates of the first ice and disappearance of the last ice, the length of the ice season, number of days with ice, maximum ice height) of southern Baltic coastal lagoons (Szczecin, Puck, and Vistula) was investigated. Trends in these parameters were determined, too. The observation material comes from the archives of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management and spanned the winters from 1950/51 through to 2019/20. Relationships between the selected ice parameters for the study basins and the values of air temperature were examined using correlation and regression methods. The regression equations and trends, as well as their correlation and determination coefficients, were determined. The statistical significance of these relationships was examined using the Fisher-Snedecor test. Strong correlations between ice parameters values and air temperature were obtained, characterized by high values of both correlation coefficients and statistical significance. All trends of ice parameters indicate mitigation of ice conditions. An acceleration in both temperature and ice condition mildening occurred in the late 1980s, and especially in the last years of the study period. These trends, except the first ice date, are statistically significant, some even at α < 0.001. The length of the ice season becomes significantly shorter, the number of days with ice and the maximum thickness is smaller, and the last ice is disappearing early. An increase in the correlation and determination coefficients and a characterized trend of ice parameters values towards the East was found. It shows the increased impact of a warming climate in this direction on the southern Baltic coast. Strong correlations and trends may be of prognostic significance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment of Coastal Areas under Current and Future Climate)
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24 pages, 19126 KiB  
Article
Co-Occurrence of Marine Extremes Induced by Tropical Storms and an Ocean Eddy in Summer 2016: Anomalous Hydrographic Conditions in the Pacific Shelf Waters off Southeast Hokkaido, Japan
by Hiroshi Kuroda, Yukiko Taniuchi, Hiromi Kasai, Takuya Nakanowatari and Takashi Setou
Atmosphere 2021, 12(7), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070888 - 8 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2991
Abstract
This study proposes an analysis methodology to address how very rare marine extremes can be understood using limited data. In summer 2016, extreme weather and marine events occurred simultaneously around the Pacific shelf off southeastern Hokkaido, Japan. Six successive tropical storms brought extreme [...] Read more.
This study proposes an analysis methodology to address how very rare marine extremes can be understood using limited data. In summer 2016, extreme weather and marine events occurred simultaneously around the Pacific shelf off southeastern Hokkaido, Japan. Six successive tropical storms brought extreme precipitation and an anticyclonic mesoscale eddy of subtropical Kuroshio water closely approached the coast, locally causing marine heat waves. We examined how these compound extremes affected oceanographic conditions on the coastal shelf by analyzing data from ship surveys in October 2016 on the Pacific shelf and outputs from a realistic ocean model. Climatologically, warm, high-salinity (33.0–33.7) subtropical water from the Okhotsk Sea (modified Soya Warm Current water) is distributed near the sea surface on the Pacific shelf in October and transported by the along-shelf boundary current. In 2016, however, a vertically well-mixed low-salinity (<33.0) layer associated with the heavy rainfall was observed at 0–50 m depth on the shelf, salinity maxima (≥33.7) associated with Kuroshio water from the mesoscale eddy occurred at 50–150 m depth on the slope, and baroclinic jets formed along the salinity front near the shelfbreak. These observed salinity structures were reproduced by a 1/50° ocean model. Particle-tracking experiments revealed that the low-salinity water originated mainly off eastern Hokkaido, where heavy rainfall events occurred in August, and was modified by mixing with Soya Warm Current water before transport to the Pacific shelf. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment of Coastal Areas under Current and Future Climate)
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12 pages, 4381 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Rip Current Characteristics Using Dye Tracking Method
by Hyun Dong Kim and Kyu-Han Kim
Atmosphere 2021, 12(6), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060719 - 3 Jun 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6100
Abstract
Rip currents are strong water channels flowing away from the shoreline. They can occur on any shore with breaking waves. Rip currents play a significant role in changing the topography of shallow water regions by transporting large amounts of bed material offshore. Moreover, [...] Read more.
Rip currents are strong water channels flowing away from the shoreline. They can occur on any shore with breaking waves. Rip currents play a significant role in changing the topography of shallow water regions by transporting large amounts of bed material offshore. Moreover, they pose a significant danger for people living in nearshore zones and surfers and cause hundreds of deaths annually worldwide. Therefore, rip current generation characteristics have been investigated to prevent casualties. In this study, a GPS drifter survey was chosen as the investigation method; however, a few drawbacks were discovered, such as low accuracy due to the GPS drifter becoming trapped in the surf zone. Therefore, drones and dyes were used to overcome the drawbacks of drifter methods. The results of dye tracking and the 3D wave-induced current numerical simulation were compared; the velocity and formation of the rip current were found to be relatively similar. With the technological advancements and invention of new survey equipment, the survey techniques also evolve, and this paper shows that the disadvantages of the GPS-based Lagrangian method can be overcome using a dye-mounted drone, which observes the rip current easily and accurately. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment of Coastal Areas under Current and Future Climate)
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