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Atmosphere
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Radar Sensing Atmosphere: Modelling, Imaging and Prediction
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Radar Sensing Atmosphere: Modelling, Imaging and Prediction

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Atmospheric Techniques, Instruments, and Modeling".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 August 2022) | Viewed by 16200

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Xichao Dong

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Guest Editor
School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: synthetic aperture radar; weather radar; radar signal processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yuanhao Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: synthetic aperture radar; interferometric SAR (InSAR); radar altimeter; atmosphere sensing; remote sensing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Cheng Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
Interests: ionospheric sounding; radio propagation; synthetic aperture radar
Dr. Rui Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: weather radar; insect radar; radar signal processing
Dr. Lorenzo Iannini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
Interests: atmospheric delay estimation; synthetic aperture radar

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Radar is a powerful tool to monitor an atmospheric state, which can measure and sense the boundary layer, troposphere, and ionosphere to forecast future weather, even in space. Moreover, the obtained atmospheric data can also be used to correct atmospheric errors in remote sensing observations, communication, and navigation systems. Therefore, it is very important to measure and monitor the atmospheric state. At present, many radar sensing technical means for atmospheric state monitoring have been widely used, which includes direct measurements from radar instruments such as weather radars, cloud radars, and wind profile radars and indirect calculations of tropospheric liquid water content (LWC), ice water content (IWC), and ionospheric total electronic content (TEC) using ground radar data. The radar sensing platform can be implemented on the ground, in the air, in the near space, or even on a satellite. In addition, the utilized frequency is also extended from traditional microwave frequency bands to millimeter wave and terahertz, as well as P-band, high frequency (HF), and other long wave frequency bands. In short, the development of the technology and equipment in atmospheric radar detection has exciting prospects. This Special Issue focuses on the latest developments in atmospheric modeling, equipment, and detection methods using radar sensing.

Dr. Xichao Dong
Dr. Yuanhao Li
Dr. Cheng Wang
Dr. Rui Wang
Dr. Lorenzo Iannini
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ionospheric sounding
  • ionospheric effect and compensation for radar signals
  • tropospheric liquid/ice water content retrieval
  • radar measurement for severe weather
  • radar characteristic simulation of severe weather
  • artificial intelligence in weather monitoring, prediction and forecast

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

25 pages, 7448 KiB  
Article
Identification of Concurrent Clear-Air and Precipitation Doppler Profiles for VHF Radar and an Incorporating Study of Strongly Convective Precipitation with Dual-Polarized Microwave Radiometer
by Shih-Chiao Tsai, Yen-Hsyang Chu and Jenn-Shyong Chen
Atmosphere 2022, 13(4), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040557 - 30 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2098
Abstract
Two approaches were designed to identify the echoes of clear air and precipitation when both coexist in the very-high-frequency (VHF) radar spectra: contour-based and peak-finding methods. The contour-based approach was used to model a 2D Doppler spectra to determine the locations of multiple [...] Read more.
Two approaches were designed to identify the echoes of clear air and precipitation when both coexist in the very-high-frequency (VHF) radar spectra: contour-based and peak-finding methods. The contour-based approach was used to model a 2D Doppler spectra to determine the locations of multiple spectral humps, and the peak-finding approach was used to find the spectral peaks on request. Grouping, sifting, and Gaussian fitting were performed further for such obtained contour centres and spectral peaks to yield Doppler velocities and spectral widths. In general, the two approaches resulted in corresponding outcomes and can be complementary to find the spectral peaks as fully as possible. The Doppler velocities retrieved from the two approaches were cooperatively used to develop an effective process of Doppler profiling for treating a great amount of radar data, which was validated with the radar data collected during a rainy and strongly convective atmosphere. As an application of Doppler profiling results, the hydrometeor parameters measured by a dual-polarized microwave radiometer were investigated jointly with radar observation, showing that a strong updraft air could bring the liquid water to a height above the melting layer and then the Bergeron effect and coalescence processes on formation of ice crystals and graupel particles occur accordingly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radar Sensing Atmosphere: Modelling, Imaging and Prediction)
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12 pages, 10515 KiB  
Article
Ionospheric Sounding Based on Spaceborne PolSAR in P-Band
by Wulong Guo, Cheng Wang, Haisheng Zhao, Shaodong Zhang, Le Cao, Peng Xiao, Lu Liu, Liang Chen and Yuanyuan Zhang
Atmosphere 2022, 13(4), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040524 - 25 Mar 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1703
Abstract
The signal of spaceborne low-frequency full-polarization synthetic aperture radar (full-pol SAR) contains abundant ionospheric information. Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) working in the L-band has been verified as an emerging ionospheric sounding technology. Aiming for a future P-band SAR system, this [...] Read more.
The signal of spaceborne low-frequency full-polarization synthetic aperture radar (full-pol SAR) contains abundant ionospheric information. Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) working in the L-band has been verified as an emerging ionospheric sounding technology. Aiming for a future P-band SAR system, this paper investigates the ability of the P-band SAR system in ionospheric one-dimensional and two-dimensional detection. First, considering different systematic error levels, the total electron content (TEC) retrieval in L/P-band is studied by using three typical full-pol SAR data sets based on a circular polarization algorithm. Second, the TEC data retrieved by SAR are fused with the ionosonde, and the joint retrieval of ionospheric electron density is performed. Results show that the P-band TEC retrieval is approximately twice as accurate as the L-band retrieval under the same conditions, and possesses excellent robustness. In addition, the TEC obtained by L/P-band SAR can be used to correct the electron density of the topside on the ionosonde. Results also show that compared with the topside correction accuracy of L-band SAR, that of the P-band SAR is improved by more than 20%. SAR has natural high-resolution characteristics and the P-band signal contains more obvious ionospheric information than the L-band signal. Therefore, future spaceborne P-band SAR has many advantages in two-dimensional fine ionospheric observation and one-dimensional electron density retrieval. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radar Sensing Atmosphere: Modelling, Imaging and Prediction)
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17 pages, 7487 KiB  
Article
A Hybrid MPI/OpenMP Parallelization Scheme Based on Nested FDTD for Parametric Decay Instability
by Linglei He, Jing Chen, Jie Lu, Yubo Yan, Jutao Yang, Guang Yuan, Shuji Hao and Qingliang Li
Atmosphere 2022, 13(3), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13030472 - 14 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1835
Abstract
Parametric decay instability (PDI) generated in milliseconds is an important physical phenomenon in ionospheric heating. Usually, numerical simulations are used to study PDI mechanisms. They can intuitively investigate the generation and development process of PDI, which is necessary in experimental studies. When simulating [...] Read more.
Parametric decay instability (PDI) generated in milliseconds is an important physical phenomenon in ionospheric heating. Usually, numerical simulations are used to study PDI mechanisms. They can intuitively investigate the generation and development process of PDI, which is necessary in experimental studies. When simulating the PDI phenomenon through the explicit finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), the spatial scale spans from kilometers to centimeters, and the time scale needs to meet the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition. Simulating the PDI phenomenon is time-consuming and difficult due to the high spatial resolution and strict restriction on the discrete time step. Although a nested mesh technique can boost the computational efficiency, the application of a parallel strategy is imperative to further improve it. In this study, we present a hybrid Message Passing Interface (MPI)/OpenMP parallelization scheme to solve the above-mentioned problems. This scheme can achieve an adaptive calculation and automatic allocation of MPI tasks and OpenMP threads, proving its flexibility and portability. Under the EISCAT background parameters, the PDI phenomenon was simulated. The results of the wave mode conversion and intense localized turbulence were identical to those of the serial program. Furthermore, a new simulation example and the effect of the cavity depth on electrostatic waves and negative ion density cavity were investigated. By utilizing the proposed parallelization scheme, the simulation time can be reduced from 70 h for the serial program to 3.6 h. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radar Sensing Atmosphere: Modelling, Imaging and Prediction)
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17 pages, 9378 KiB  
Article
Signal Simulation of Dual-Polarization Weather Radar and Its Application in Range Ambiguity Mitigation
by Shaojun Dai, Xuehua Li, Zhichao Bu, Yajun Chen, Jianxin He, Minghua Li and Maojie Xiong
Atmosphere 2022, 13(3), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13030432 - 8 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2810
Abstract
In this paper, a dual-polarization weather radar echo signal simulation method is proposed for the evaluation of the performance enhancement of dual-polarization weather radar systems, the optimization of signal processing algorithms and the improvement of scanning strategies. The actual weather radar base data [...] Read more.
In this paper, a dual-polarization weather radar echo signal simulation method is proposed for the evaluation of the performance enhancement of dual-polarization weather radar systems, the optimization of signal processing algorithms and the improvement of scanning strategies. The actual weather radar base data are used in the simulation as the reference weather scene, which avoids using a complex algorithm for weather modeling. Moreover, based on radar weather equations, the radar system parameters are added into the radar echo signal modeling to establish the relationship between the simulated echo signal and radar system. As a result, the final simulated echo signal not only shows both the time and frequency domain characteristics of the weather target, but also includes the effects of the important performance of the dual-polarization weather radar system. In addition, to evaluate the performance of range ambiguity mitigation using phase coding and batch working modes, two different simulation methods for the radar signal are established on the method above; one is for batch working mode with long-PRT (pulse repetition time) and short-PRT transmission and receiving, and the other is for phase-coded mode with phase-coded transmission and phase-uncoded receiving. Under the same weather scene, the observation of these two different methods of range ambiguity mitigation are simulated and compared. Results show that the performance of the phase coding mode for mitigating range ambiguity is better than that of the batch mode. Obviously, the simulation method can be used to directly show the observation of different algorithms for mitigation range ambiguity under the same weather process, and quickly compare and evaluate the algorithm’s performance, which is not possible for real radars. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radar Sensing Atmosphere: Modelling, Imaging and Prediction)
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14 pages, 3642 KiB  
Article
Weight Loss Function for the Cooperative Inversion of Atmospheric Duct Parameters
by Jie Han, Jia-Ji Wu, Hong-Guang Wang, Qing-Lin Zhu, Li-Jun Zhang, Chao Zhang, Qian-Nan Wang and Hui Zhao
Atmosphere 2022, 13(2), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020338 - 17 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1595
Abstract
Low-altitude atmospheric ducts are abnormal atmospheric phenomena in the troposphere, impacting the operation of microwave or ultrashort wave radio systems. Therefore, the real-time acquisition of low-altitude atmospheric duct parameters is essential to ensure the successful operation of radio systems. Remote sensing methods based [...] Read more.
Low-altitude atmospheric ducts are abnormal atmospheric phenomena in the troposphere, impacting the operation of microwave or ultrashort wave radio systems. Therefore, the real-time acquisition of low-altitude atmospheric duct parameters is essential to ensure the successful operation of radio systems. Remote sensing methods based on deep learning are, presently, the most important tools to infer duct parameters. In a traditional deep learning loss function, different duct parameters adopt the same weight coefficient. This study establishes a weight loss function and proposes a method for determining the weight coefficient based on the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test method. Based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) occultation signals, the cooperative inversion model of atmospheric duct parameters is established. Test results show that our proposed loss function was feasible, effective, and yielded a higher inversion accuracy than the traditional loss function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radar Sensing Atmosphere: Modelling, Imaging and Prediction)
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12 pages, 5608 KiB  
Article
ELF/VLF Wave Radiation Experiment by Modulated Ionospheric Heating Based on Multi-Source Observations at EISCAT
by Jing Chen, Jutao Yang, Qingliang Li, Yubo Yan, Shuji Hao, Cheng Wang, Jian Wu, Bin Xu, Tong Xu, Haiqin Che and Linglei He
Atmosphere 2022, 13(2), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020228 - 29 Jan 2022
Viewed by 2879
Abstract
Ground-based high-frequency modulated waves can periodically heat the ionosphere and create “virtual antennas”, which can radiate extremely low frequency (ELF, 0.3–3 kHz) or very low frequency (VLF, 3–30 kHz) waves for long-distance communication. Ionospheric X-mode and O-mode heating experiments using amplitude and beat-wave [...] Read more.
Ground-based high-frequency modulated waves can periodically heat the ionosphere and create “virtual antennas”, which can radiate extremely low frequency (ELF, 0.3–3 kHz) or very low frequency (VLF, 3–30 kHz) waves for long-distance communication. Ionospheric X-mode and O-mode heating experiments using amplitude and beat-wave (BW) modulations were conducted on 21 November 2019. Experimental results were analyzed from multiple perspectives based on data from Dynasonde, a magnetometer, stimulated electromagnetic emissions, an ELF/VLF signal receiver, and ultra-high-frequency radar. The strongest excited ELF/VLF signals in previous BW modulation heating experiments were around 8–12 kHz; however, in this experiment, no signal excited in this frequency range was observed, and the signal with the highest signal/noise ratio was at the frequency of 3517 Hz, which will aid in understanding the best communication frequency under different ionospheric backgrounds. It is well-accepted that the electron temperature changes periodically with the modulation frequency. However, we noted that the electron temperature had insufficient cooling during the O-mode modulated heating process and then increased again, resulting in a continuous electron temperature increase. We found that this was related to the change in ion composition after analyzing ion-line spectra, which will be helpful in studying the effect of modulation heating on the ionosphere background. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radar Sensing Atmosphere: Modelling, Imaging and Prediction)
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12 pages, 1850 KiB  
Article
Integrated High-Accuracy Correction Technology of Radio-Wave Refraction for Deep-Space (High-Orbit) Targets
by Kun Liu, Zhigang Yuan, Chen Zhou, Qinglin Zhu, Haining Wang, Dongsheng Sheng and Xiang Dong
Atmosphere 2021, 12(9), 1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091151 - 7 Sep 2021
Viewed by 1518
Abstract
The radio-wave refraction error caused by the troposphere and ionosphere badly affects accuracy in terms of the navigation, positioning, measurement, and control of a target; it is the main source of errors in high-accuracy measurement and control systems. The high-accuracy technology needed for [...] Read more.
The radio-wave refraction error caused by the troposphere and ionosphere badly affects accuracy in terms of the navigation, positioning, measurement, and control of a target; it is the main source of errors in high-accuracy measurement and control systems. The high-accuracy technology needed for radio-wave refraction error correction (mainly in the troposphere and ionosphere) has been the focus of research for a long time. At present, the correction methods used for radio-wave refraction errors have a low accuracy. For an S-band radio-wave signal, the accuracy of refraction error correction can generally only reach m-level (elevation angle of 15° and above), and thus has difficulty meeting the requirements of dm-level accuracy refraction error correction for deep-space and high-orbit targets. To improve the accuracy of radio-wave refraction error correction for deep-space and high-orbit targets, a novel correction method for tropospheric and ionospheric range error due to refraction is proposed in this study, on the basis of the measured data from a water vapor radiometer and dual-frequency Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The comprehensive calibration test is conducted in combination with the Chinese Area Positioning System (CAPS) in Kunming. Results show that this method can effectively correct the range error due to refraction that is caused by the troposphere and ionosphere. For an S-band radio-wave signal, the accuracy of refraction error correction can reach dm-level accuracy (elevation angle of 15° and above), which is 50% higher than that achieved with traditional methods. This work provides an effective support system for major projects, such as lunar exploration and Mars exploration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radar Sensing Atmosphere: Modelling, Imaging and Prediction)
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