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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Civil Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 May 2022) | Viewed by 29610

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Stojan Kravanja

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Transportation Engineering and Architecture, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
Interests: structural engineering; structural optimization; steel structures; composite structures

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

I kindly invite you to contribute to a Special Issue of Applied Sciences with the latest findings and modern trends in the field of buildings and construction. Submissions will highlight the recent development in design, optimization, production, and experimentation. I encourage the publication of all innovations in the fields of structural engineering, geotechnics, hydraulic engineering, building and transportation infrastructure, materials, construction management, and building architecture.

Submissions of research achievements in structural analysis, structural optimization, high-performance structures, structural safety, dynamics, seismic resistance, reliability-based design, and structural measurement are desirable. Contributions on special themes such as new materials, composite materials and structures, sustainability, energy-efficient buildings, green buildings, lifecycle cost calculation, and eco-cost calculation (footprint) are very welcome.

Submissions on design and process optimization are also highly welcome. This Special Issue will therefore also address the publication of new algorithms, new optimization techniques, new software, size, shape and topology optimization of structures, optimization of production, as well as the optimization of energy consumption in buildings.

Prof. Dr. Stojan Kravanja
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Keywords

structural analysis
structural dynamics
structural optimization
structural engineering
experimental measurements
reliability-based design
building and transportation infrastructures
sustainable buildings
energy-efficient buildings
green buildings

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 3215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interoperability of Infrastructure and Transportation Information Models: A Public Transport Case Study

by Nenad Čuš-Babič, Sara Filipa Guerra De Oliveira and Andrej Tibaut

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(12), 6234; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126234 - 19 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1540

Abstract

The duplication of semantic data modelled in different disciplines poses interoperability challenges. Information models that benefit from the application of standards that enable data reusability and prevent redundancy and misuse should be compatible, particularly when different systems are used in the same domain-specific area, as in the case of public transportation. Transportation information models, leading and providing reliable and robust public transport services, can nowadays be enriched with information found in building information models devoted to transportation infrastructure. Therefore, in the present paper, a mapping between the standards and technical specifications that support each modelling approach is explored, analysed, and aligned to maximise the best out of the current common practices used. The information from the Industry Foundation Classes IFC specification-based models complements the conceptual and physical transportation models, where Transmodel and NeTEx are well-established, with accurate (as-built) detailed characteristics of the transportation infrastructure (stop places, quays, entrances, access spaces and equipment as ramps, staircases, and escalators). The extraction of topological information stored in IFC models allows for navigation-network extraction, information about spaces, and passages between spaces. A specific public transport case study focused on a train station is detailed to better corroborate and illustrate the advantages and uses of compatible and complementing modelling approaches. As building-information-modelling awareness and use is growing, the validated mapping approach can benefit from the future application of automation procedures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Buildings and Construction)

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36 pages, 2539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The MINLP Approach to Topology, Shape and Discrete Sizing Optimization of Trusses

by Simon Šilih, Zdravko Kravanja and Stojan Kravanja

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 1459; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031459 - 29 Jan 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1404

Abstract

The paper presents the Mixed-Integer Non-linear Programming (MINLP) approach to the synthesis of trusses. The solution of continuous/discrete non-convex and non-linear optimization problems is discussed with respect to the simultaneous topology, shape and discrete sizing optimization of trusses. A truss MINLP superstructure of different topology and design alternatives has been generated, and a special MINLP model formulation for trusses has been developed. In the optimization model, a mass objective function of the structure has been defined and subjected to design, load and dimensioning constraints. The MINLP problems are solved using the Modified Outer-Approximation/Equality-Relaxation (OA/ER) algorithm. Multi-level MINLP strategies are introduced to accelerate the convergence of the algorithm. The Modified Two-Phase and the Sequential Two-Phase MINLP strategies are proposed in order to solve highly combinatorial topology, shape and discrete sizing optimization problems. The importance of local buckling constraints on topology optimization is also discussed. Some simple numerical examples are shown at the end of the paper to demonstrate the suitability and efficiency of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Buildings and Construction)

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17 pages, 22530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Behavior of Some Perennial Flowering Species Used in Vertical Systems for Green Facades in Eastern European Climate

by Mirela Cojocariu, Elena Liliana Chelariu and Ciprian Chiruţă

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010474 - 4 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1498

Abstract

The negative effects of urbanization such as urban overheating, pollution, high population density and so on are being experienced by city inhabitants more than ever, thus motivating a high number of researchers to find viable solutions to mitigate these effects. The present paper aims to identify an assortment of ornamental plants appropriate to be successfully used in various facade covering systems for buildings located in Eastern European countries. For this purpose, throughout a vegetation season, the project’s team thoroughly monitored the percentage of survival, the coverage degree, and the behavior (biometric aspects and visual quality) of ten flowering species planted vertically and being oriented towards all four cardinal points. At the same time, the team conducted a thorough monitoring of some parameters of the soil (pH, humidity, and temperature) and of the outside environment (light intensity and temperature). Two experimental structures were built, insulated on the inside and covered at the top with thermal insulating panels, to simulate the same conditions of an insulated and unheated construction. The monitoring results showed that Heuchera x hybrida ‘Fire Alarm’, Heuchera x hybrida ‘Marmalade’ and Festuca galuca had a healthy appearance throughout the year, regardless of the cardinal orientation while providing a good coverage of the vertical surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Buildings and Construction)

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12 pages, 7053 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of Signal Processing Methods for Contactless Geodetic Monitoring

by Samo Lubej and Boštjan Kovačič

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11276; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311276 - 28 Nov 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1483

Abstract

Building structures are subject to various deformations caused by external and internal factors. Deformations are determined by various methods in the form of monitoring. It is very important to monitor the dynamic vibration response on bridge structures since these measurements allow us to identify any possible damage over time and take appropriate action. Our experiment, described in this article, is based on the use of non-contact methods, among which we used a geodetic instrument RTS (Robotic Total Station) and a seismograph to measure vibrations. The purpose and novelty of our work are reflected in the use of geodetic instruments to determine the dynamic response and synchronization of the obtained results. When using RTS technology, we increased data acquisition from 9 to 26 measurements per second. Comparative analysis of the measured signals was performed using FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) and LSP (Lomb–Scargle Periodogram), based on LSSA (Least-Squares Spectral Analysis). The results showed us that when using the RTS geodetic instrument, it is possible to achieve frequency spectra comparable to those measured with a seismograph instrument. By increasing the number of measurements, the RTS method can be used to obtain more continuous data, which are essential for dynamic analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Buildings and Construction)

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16 pages, 1640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Beam Finite Element for Static Bending Analysis of Slender Transversely Cracked Beams on Two-Parametric Soils

by Matjaž Skrinar, Mojmir Uranjek, Iztok Peruš and Denis Imamović

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(22), 10939; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112210939 - 19 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1579

Abstract

This paper derives an original finite element for the static bending analysis of a transversely cracked uniform beam resting on a two-parametric elastic foundation. In the simplified computational model based on the Euler–Bernoulli theory of small displacements, the crack is represented by a linear rotational spring connecting two elastic members. The derivations of approximate transverse displacement functions, stiffness matrix coefficients, and the load vector for a linearly distributed load along the entire beam element are based on novel cubic polynomial interpolation functions, including the second soil parameter. Moreover, all derived expressions are obtained in closed forms, which allow easy implementation in existing finite element software. Two numerical examples are presented in order to substantiate the discussed approach. They cover both possible analytical solution forms that may occur (depending on the problem parameters) from the same governing differential equation of the considered problem. Therefore, several response parameters are studied for each example (with additional emphasis on their convergence) and compared with the corresponding analytical solution, thus proving the quality of the obtained finite element. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Buildings and Construction)

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23 pages, 9680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mass, Direct Cost and Energy Life-Cycle Cost Optimization of Steel-Concrete Composite Floor Structures

by Stojan Kravanja, Uroš Klanšek and Tomaž Žula

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10316; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112110316 - 3 Nov 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1723

Abstract

This paper presents a study showing the optimization of the mass, direct (self-manufacturing) costs, and energy life-cycle costs of composite floor structures composed of a reinforced concrete slab and steel I-beams. In a multi-parametric study, mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) optimizations are carried out for different design parameters, such as different loads, spans, concrete and steel classes, welded, IPE and HEA steel profiles, and different energy consumption cases. Different objective functions of the composite structure are defined for optimization, such as mass, direct cost, and energy life-cycle cost objective functions. Moreover, three different energy consumption cases are proposed for the energy life-cycle cost objective: an energy efficient case (50 kWh/m²), an energy inefficient case (100 kWh/m²), and a high energy consumption case (200 kWh/m²). In each optimization, the objective function of the structure is subjected to the design, load, resistance, and deflection (in)equality constraints defined in accordance with Eurocode specifications. The optimal results calculated with different criteria are then compared to obtain competitive composite designs. Comparative diagrams have been developed to determine the competitive spans of composite floor structures with three different types of steel I beam: those made of welded sections and those made of IPE or HEA sections, respectively. The paper also answers the question of how different objective functions affect the amount of the calculated costs and masses of the structures. It has been established that the higher (more wasteful) the energy consumption case is, the lower the obtained masses of the composite floor structures are. In cases with higher energy consumption, the energy life-cycle costs are several times higher than the costs determined in direct cost optimization. At the end of the paper, a recommended optimal design for a composite floor system is presented that has been developed on the multi-parametric energy life-cycle cost optimization, where the energy efficient case is considered. An engineer or researcher can use the recommendations presented here to find a suitable optimal composite structure design for a desired span and uniformly imposed load. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Buildings and Construction)

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16 pages, 3482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fragility Curves for Material Characteristics and Damage Index for Brick Masonry Exposed to Freeze–Thaw Action

by Mojmir Uranjek, Matjaž Skrinar, Denis Imamović and Iztok Peruš

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10027; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112110027 - 26 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 8173

Abstract

In regions exposed to floods followed by cold weather, brick masonry as a structural basis of the building envelope can be damaged due to the accompanying phenomenon of freezing and thawing. The main purpose of the article is the development of a mathematical model able to predict the chosen mechanical parameters and damage index of brick wallets for a given number of freeze-thaw cycles. For this, a statistical model derived from experimental data is used. As a result, regression curves for Young’s modulus and ductility for two types of mortar are obtained. Furthermore, fragility curves for ductility and also the damage index, which is based on displacement ductility, are presented. The obtained results enable probabilistic risk assessments in the case of deteriorated ductility and increased damage on brick masonry due to freeze–thaw cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Buildings and Construction)

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19 pages, 14338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Applicability and Analysis of the Results of Non-Contact Methods in Determining the Vertical Displacements of Timber Beams

by Boštjan Kovačič, Luka Štraus, Mateja Držečnik and Zoran Pučko

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 8936; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11198936 - 25 Sep 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2123

Abstract

Determining the displacements and consequent deformations of structures is a demanding branch of engineering. Displacements are most often determined by geodetic methods, among which high-precision non-contact methods have recently taken the lead. Engineering geodesy is an indispensable part of construction projects. In the desire for efficient and fast measurements, the technology of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and the use of robotic total station (RTS) and other geodetic methods are becoming more and more useful for engineers. In the presented study, we focused on the measurement and comparison of vertical displacements with various mentioned equipment and the determination of the influence of meteorological conditions on the displacements of timber beams that we used to perform the experiment. Measurements were performed both in the laboratory and outdoors. A novelty in the work was the use of a TLS scanner to determine the evaluation of small value displacements and the analysis of the usability of geodetic measuring equipment. In the Materials and Methods section, we describe the equipment used and the characteristics of the beams. The Results section describes the experimental outcomes, which include the performance of experimental analysis of vertical displacements of timber beams under different meteorological conditions. Altogether, the results consist of geodetic measurements and the processing of measured data. The results of measurements of vertical displacements with a terrestrial laser scanner were compared with the results obtained with a robotic total station were evaluated and compared with the displacements calculated from static analysis and the results of other methods used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Buildings and Construction)

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18 pages, 3743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling of Evenness of Runways as an Element of Sustainable Airport Maintenance

by Drago Sever, Damjan Doler and Boštjan Kovačič

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(18), 8697; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188697 - 18 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1908

Abstract

The elevation of airport runways is specified in the operations manuals and in globally accepted design guidelines. Airport runways are constantly exposed to various physical and weather factors. However, these factors can deteriorate the condition of the runway to the point where it becomes unusable. Monitoring and the continuous inspection of runway evenness is an important element of a sustainable airport maintenance system. An important element of a sustainable airport maintenance system is a runway evenness detection and modelling system. The investigation of the use of various available methods for modelling runway evenness was conducted based on measurements of the actual condition of the existing runway at Edvard Rusjan Airport in Maribor, Slovenia. During the measurements of the runway condition, our own measurement equipment was used, which ensures the geodetic accuracy of the measurements. The novelty of the article is a comparison between five different approaches to modelling runway evenness: approximation with regression plane, inverse distance weighted interpolation (IWD) with a weighting factor of 1, 2, and 10, and interpolation based on a triangulated irregular network (TIN)–linear and cubic. In the methodology section, the advantages and disadvantages of the mentioned methods were described. The selected models were evaluated by required processor time, by the file size resulting from the modelling, and by the values of the descriptive statistics of the model deviation at the average uniform slope. It was found that the modelling method using linear triangular irregular network interpolation provided the most useful results. The results of the conducted analysis can be easily used in any runway management models at airport thet allow for professionally based actions aimed at ensuring the safety and efficiency of runway operations, especially at smaller, regional airports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Buildings and Construction)

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15 pages, 36687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiparametric Analysis of a Gravity Retaining Wall

by Rok Varga, Bojan Žlender and Primož Jelušič

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(13), 6233; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11136233 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4537

Abstract

The design of a gravity retaining wall should be simple to construct, quick to build and the best economic solution to a problem. This can be achieved by using advanced optimization methods. Since geotechnical engineers are not always able to determine the exact soil properties and other project data, an optimal design of a gravity retaining wall should also be determined for a wide range of input parameters. Therefore, a multiparametric analysis of an optimal designed gravity retaining wall was carried out. Optimum designs of gravity retaining walls were obtained for 567 combinations of different design parameters. Diagrams were developed to help engineers determine the optimum section of the wall, based on construction costs. An exhaustive search was carried out within the available parameters (project data). The parameters were ranked according to which had the most influence on the optimum cost of the gravity retaining wall and the utilization of multiple constraints. The most important parameter for the optimal cost of a gravity retaining wall is the height of the retained ground, followed by the shear angle of the soil, the soil–wall interaction coefficient, the slope angle and the variable surcharge load. The shear angle of the soil is most relevant to the bearing capacity and eccentricity condition, while the soil–wall interaction coefficient is most relevant to the sliding condition. Since European countries apply different load, material and resistance safety factors, the optimization model was developed in a general form, where different design approaches and unit prices could be applied. The case study provides an improved optimization model for selecting the optimal design of gravity walls, for engineers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Buildings and Construction)

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Review

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16 pages, 522 KiB

Open AccessReview

Siting of Healthcare Care Facilities Based on the Purpose of Their Operation, Demographic Changes, Environmental Characteristics, and the Impact on Public Health

by Marko Jausovec, Nande Korpnik, Branko Gabrovec and Vanja Skalicky Klemencic

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010379 - 31 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1783

Abstract

A contemporary approach to the spatial design of healthcare care facilities faces numerous challenges at the crossroads of multidisciplinary topics of architecture and urbanism, healthcare, security, and organisational sciences. Due to the unique combination of uses, users and architectural expression, they are defined as urban nodes. With their inclusion, architects facilitate a better placing of healthcare facilities, indirectly improving human health. The purpose of the article is to seek guidelines for the siting of healthcare facilities to provide suitable and equal healthcare to different social structures, and for the optimal and fair spatial distribution of healthcare services. The descriptive method was used to review literature on the siting of healthcare facilities based on the purpose of their operation, demographic changes, environmental characteristics, and the impact on public health. This method was selected as it facilitates data acquisition from various sources and a comprehensive understanding of the topic discussed. The results of the research show how important the impact of the healthcare care facilities siting on human health and the wider social significance of the topic discussed is. The findings may provide guidelines and proposals for future spatial decisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Buildings and Construction)

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