applsci-logo

Journal Browser

Journal Browser

Gamma and X-Ray Technologies for Medical Research: Image Analysis, Disease Discovered and Detection Techniques

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Physics General".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 August 2026 | Viewed by 2297

Special Issue Editor


E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
Interests: radiation detection; Monte Carlo simulation; radiation; ionizing radiation; radiation protection; radiation dosimetry; radiation physics; C++; radioactivity emission
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Today, medical imaging is an essential component of healthcare. Technologies that use X-rays are of particular importance due to their dynamic development. One example of such a technology is computed tomography (CT). Technological advances in CT have made it possible to increase the scanning speed, to reduce the thickness of the imaged layers, to reduce the radiation dose absorbed in tissues, and to improve image quality. Perfusion scanning is used in medical imaging to enable the detection and quantification of cerebral stroke. The combination of CT perfusion and CT angiography has revolutionized the world of stroke therapy. Another technology that is utilized is cardiac CT with coronary CT angiography (CTA); this method displays the anatomical detail of blood vessels more precisely than magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound (US). Today, it is well known that exposure to ionizing radiation from CT and other diagnostic methods increases the risk of malignant tumors. Therefore, one of the challenges of modern radiology is to minimize the dose without compromising the quality of the obtained images. The future of computed tomography, including radiation dose reduction, is in the hands of spectral (multi-energy) tomography. Spectral CT uses single acquisitions that are performed at multiple energies in order to extract more information about tissue differentiation based on the difference in absorption of photons with different energies in different tissues. Another promising achievement is the combination of CT and US, MRI, or positron emission tomography (PET), where different scans obtained by the different methods based on various physical processes are jointly recorded. Such a fusion makes it possible to obtain complete diagnostic information. The new concept is known as theranostics, which is a combination of diagnostics and therapy, consisting of the creation of a single technology that both locates and treats cancers. Advances in medical imaging in recent decades has been possible not only due to the technological advances, but also as a result of the digital revolution, including advances in software and hardware. It became possible to process huge amounts of data and create multi-plane and three-dimensional image reconstructions. An innovative solution is the use of advanced computational methods in relation to the analysis and interpretation of images, based on Monte Carlo simulations or artificial intelligence algorithms.

Prof. Dr. Adam Konefał
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • X-rays
  • computed tomography
  • CT perfusion
  • coronary CT angiography
  • medical imaging
  • radiology
  • theranostics
  • deep learning
  • Monte Carlo modeling
  • gamma ray

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • Reprint: MDPI Books provides the opportunity to republish successful Special Issues in book format, both online and in print.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (4 papers)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

21 pages, 2518 KB  
Article
Energy-Resolved CNR Performance in Dense-Breast and Implant X-Ray Mammography Using a CdTe Photon-Counting Detector: A Monte Carlo Study
by Gerardo Roque, Maria Laura Pérez-Lara, Steven Cely, Juan Sebastián Useche Parra, Jesús David Bermúdez, Michael K. Schütz, Michael Fiederle, Carlos Ávila and Simon Procz
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(7), 3550; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16073550 - 5 Apr 2026
Viewed by 375
Abstract
X-ray imaging of dense breasts and breast implants often suffers from reduced lesion visibility because strong attenuation lowers contrast, while conventional rhodium (Rh) K-edge filtering suppresses part of the high-energy spectral tail. This study presents a Monte Carlo framework for spectroscopic mammography using [...] Read more.
X-ray imaging of dense breasts and breast implants often suffers from reduced lesion visibility because strong attenuation lowers contrast, while conventional rhodium (Rh) K-edge filtering suppresses part of the high-energy spectral tail. This study presents a Monte Carlo framework for spectroscopic mammography using a voxelated 1 mm thick cadmium telluride (CdTe) sensor and a first-order detector interaction model to evaluate energy-dependent image quality. The model reproduces fluorescence and inter-voxel energy redistribution in CdTe, but not the full detector chain, and remains idealized with respect to charge transport, carrier collection, threshold dispersion, and pile-up. Energy-resolved simulations in the 10–50 keV range were used to compute spectroscopic contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) curves and to form integrated-spectrum (IS) images for four tested spectra. For the dense-breast calcium hydroxyapatite (HA) speck detection task considered here, and under the present simulation assumptions, replacing the standard 28 kVp + 50 μm Rh spectrum with 28 kVp + 1 mm Al increased the simulated IS image CNR by 23.11%, with an approximately 5% increase in estimated primary-incident air kerma at the phantom entrance plane. Preliminary experimental implant-phantom images were included as a qualitative feasibility check, showing a trend consistent with simulations. Within the limits of this task-specific simulation, the results suggest that preserving the transmitted high-energy tail can improve HA speck visibility for the present 1 mm CdTe photon-counting detector, with the 28 kVp + 1 mm Al spectrum outperforming the other tested cases. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 5758 KB  
Article
The Effect of Scatter Radiation on Image Resolution in Gridless Portable X-Ray Imaging: A Monte Carlo Study
by Ilias Anagnostou, Panagiotis Liaparinos, Christos Michail, Ioannis Valais, George Fountos, Ioannis Kandarakis and Nektarios Kalyvas
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(7), 3152; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16073152 - 25 Mar 2026
Viewed by 564
Abstract
In X-ray imaging, tissue scattering is an important factor that degrades image clarity, especially using a portable gridless X-ray imaging device. This study focuses on using Monte Carlo simulation to quantify the effect of scatter radiation on image resolution, by analyzing the point [...] Read more.
In X-ray imaging, tissue scattering is an important factor that degrades image clarity, especially using a portable gridless X-ray imaging device. This study focuses on using Monte Carlo simulation to quantify the effect of scatter radiation on image resolution, by analyzing the point spread function (PSF) and the corresponding modulation transfer function (MTF). Lateral energy absorption profiles in tissue and a cesium iodide (CsI) scintillator were calculated at different X-ray tube voltages (70–90 kV) and filter configurations. Results showed that 85.7% of the total scattered radiation is concentrated at a distance of 4 cm from the central axis for the tissue and 67.37% for the CsI scintillator. The MTF remained high at low spatial frequencies (23% at 0.04 cycles/cm) but dropped at mid frequencies (0.015–0.025 at 0.3–0.6 cycles/cm) and was almost zero at high frequencies (0.004 at 0.8 cycles/cm), indicating loss of detail due to scattering. Increasing the thickness of the filter or adding a copper (Cu) filter reduced the contrast at low spatial frequencies (from 23% to 21%). The study quantitatively investigated the MTF degradation in portable X-ray imaging devices without grid, due to scatter. These results may aid in the development of scatter correction algorithms to improve image quality without the need for an anti-scatter grid. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2228 KB  
Article
In Silico Investigation of an Innovative Cone-Beam CT Configuration for Quantitative Imaging
by Antonio Sarno, Ivan Veronese, Paolo Mauriello, Immacolata Vanore, Antonio Minopoli, Carlos Maximiliano Mollo, Silvio Pardi, Gianfranco Paternò, Mariagabriella Pugliese, Riccardo de Asmundis and Paolo Cardarelli
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1404; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031404 - 29 Jan 2026
Viewed by 377
Abstract
Quantitative evaluations in 3D images acquired via Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) are limited by the scatter abundance and cone-beam artifacts. This work investigates benefits in using an innovative scanning geometry in CBCT (eCT), which replaces each projection of the conventional scanning protocol with [...] Read more.
Quantitative evaluations in 3D images acquired via Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) are limited by the scatter abundance and cone-beam artifacts. This work investigates benefits in using an innovative scanning geometry in CBCT (eCT), which replaces each projection of the conventional scanning protocol with a series of collimated projections (Np) acquired over an oscillating trajectory, realized either with an oscillating source or a multi-spot array. In silico tests employed a cylindrical water phantom embodying inserts of four biological materials. 1 mm-thick bone slabs were sandwiched between 9 mm water slabs to evaluate the image conspicuity. eCT improved the Hounsfield Unit (HU) accuracy, with a direct relation with Np. eCT with Np = 10 reduced the bias of the estimated HU more than two times when compared to CBCT. Increasing the Np presented a large impact on the image conspicuity for portions of the field of view (FOV) distant from the central axial plane, with the signal-to-noise ratio between water and bone slabs increasing by a factor of 18 for Np = 10 compared to CBCT. The proposed eCT configuration is expected to be adopted in applications without strict demand for scanning time and projection number, such as dentomaxillofacial and intrasurgical imaging, imaging of the extremities, and image-guided radiotherapy. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 7658 KB  
Article
Modeling a 6 MV FFF Beam from the CyberKnife M6 to Produce Data for Training Artificial Neural Networks
by Justyna Rostocka, Joanna Prażmowska, Adam Konefał, Agnieszka Kapłon, Andrzej Orlef and Maria Sokół
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 13262; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152413262 - 18 Dec 2025
Viewed by 558
Abstract
A Monte Carlo-based model of the CyberKnife M6 6 MV Flattening Filter-Free (FFF) beam was developed to produce the data that can be used to train artificial neural networks. The data include the energy spectra of the beam, its average energy, the spatial [...] Read more.
A Monte Carlo-based model of the CyberKnife M6 6 MV Flattening Filter-Free (FFF) beam was developed to produce the data that can be used to train artificial neural networks. The data include the energy spectra of the beam, its average energy, the spatial distributions of the beam, and the distributions of the photon propagation directions for two selected radiation fields—a large one with a diameter of 60 mm, and a small one with a diameter of 15 mm. The GEANT4 code was used to develop the beam model. The developed model was verified by comparing the depth-dose distributions along the beam axis and the profiles obtained in both simulations and measurements. The data included in this paper, intended for training neural networks, will be made available via Google Drive. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Back to TopTop