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Trends and Perspectives in Bacterial Biofilms

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2026 | Viewed by 2059

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
Interests: microbiology; multidrug resistance; essential oils; bacterial biofilm; bacteriocin and probiotics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
Interests: antibacterial activity; microbiology; infectious disease; epidemiology; public health; antimicrobials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Bacterial biofilms are complex aggregates of single or multiple bacterial species residing in an exopolysaccharide matrix that adhere to biotic or abiotic surfaces.

Adherent cells are well known for their resistance to various antimicrobial agents and environmental stresses.

Therefore, biofilms pose significant challenges when pathogenic bacteria or fungi adhere to medical devices and wounds, causing chronic infections that are difficult and sometimes impossible to treat.

Bacterial biofilms pose a significant hazard not only in the medical field but also in other fields such as food safety and water quality.

For this reason, improvements in microbiological control are needed to facilitate the use of novel, rapid, and easy-to-use methods to detect and eradicate microbial biofilms.

This Special Issue welcomes original research and reviews that address, but are not limited to, biofilm formation and strategies to control and eradicate microbial biofilms.

Dr. Ramona Iseppi
Dr. Patrizia Messi
Dr. Carla Sabia
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • biofilm
  • dry biofilm
  • pathogens
  • microbial communities
  • eradication
  • prevention
  • new methods

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 1519 KB  
Article
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Individual Cleaning Steps of a CIP Protocol in Membrane Biofilm Removal Under Dynamic Conditions
by Diwakar Singh and Sanjeev Anand
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9477; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179477 - 29 Aug 2025
Viewed by 617
Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of individual clean-in-place (CIP) steps in removing biofilms from reverse osmosis (RO) membranes under dynamic flow conditions using the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) biofilm reactor. Biofilms were developed in the laboratory under continuous flow, using mixed-species bacterial [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of individual clean-in-place (CIP) steps in removing biofilms from reverse osmosis (RO) membranes under dynamic flow conditions using the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) biofilm reactor. Biofilms were developed in the laboratory under continuous flow, using mixed-species bacterial isolates obtained from 10-month-old RO membrane biofilms from a commercial facility. Individual CIP chemicals, representative of those used in commercial protocols, were tested against 24 h-old biofilms. Additionally, a complete six-step sequential CIP process was conducted under dynamic conditions, consisting of treatments with alkali, surfactant, acid, enzyme, a secondary surfactant, and sanitizer. All experiments were performed in quadruplicate, and data were subjected to statistical analysis. Among individual treatments, the acid step was the most effective, significantly outperforming the other CIP cleaning steps by reducing bacterial counts from 5.62 to 4.10 log units, a 96.98% reduction. The full six-step CIP protocol reduced counts to 2.24 log units, indicating the persistence of resistant cells. The presence of viable cells post-treatment highlights the limited efficacy of the tested CIP chemicals in fully eradicating mature biofilms. Additionally, skipping any step in the membrane cleaning can significantly compromise the efficiency and performance during production. These findings suggest that biofilms grown in vitro under dynamic conditions using the CDC reactor exhibit a more robust assessment of the CIP treatments in accomplishing the biofilm control. This study highlights the need for optimized, scientifically validated CIP protocols targeting biofilms to improve cleaning efficacy and food safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Perspectives in Bacterial Biofilms)
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16 pages, 5181 KB  
Article
Bioactive Glass Preloaded with Antibiotics for Delivery of Long-Term Localized Drug Release Exhibiting Inherent Antimicrobial Activity
by Dana Almasri and Yaser Dahman
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5363; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105363 - 11 May 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 888
Abstract
Bacterial infections caused by biofilms are often difficult to treat due to the resistant nature of the latter, which require high concentrations of antibiotics to be applied for prolonged periods to achieve complete eradication. This study aimed to design a new drug delivery [...] Read more.
Bacterial infections caused by biofilms are often difficult to treat due to the resistant nature of the latter, which require high concentrations of antibiotics to be applied for prolonged periods to achieve complete eradication. This study aimed to design a new drug delivery system for long-term drug release for the treatment of bacterial infections. Specifically, bioactive glass preloaded with vancomycin (BG-V) and synthesized without any thermal treatment was designed to load higher percentages of the drug and release it slowly over time. In this study, BG-V was-synthesized using a solution containing vancomycin, with glass being formed around it by adding metal precursors to this solution. The BG-V was then left to dry at room temperature to form a white powder with vancomycin trapped in the structure. The successful synthesis of BG-V was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning emission microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis. The results showed that BG-V was successfully developed using FTIR, showing vancomycin within the BG-V structure. After the drug release, BG-V showed great bioactivity, as indicated by the XRD and bacterial studies. The result shows that drug release is controlled by a combination of diffusion through the matrix and the gradual erosion of the delivery system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Perspectives in Bacterial Biofilms)
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