Housing and Environment Control Systems in Poultry Production

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal System and Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 January 2023) | Viewed by 18003

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Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
Interests: agricultural building and environment control systems on animal production; animal welfare; animal and poultry production systems
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Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
Interests: agricultural engineering; rural buildings; animal welfare; environment control for animals; gas emissions in animal facilities
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Egg Industry Center, Iowa State University, 1020 NSRIC, 1029 N University Blvd, Ames, IA 50011-3611, USA
Interests: engineering for agricultural, animal and poultry production systems; instrumentation; precision livestock farming; post-harvest loss

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Agricultural Engineering and Food Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
Interests: environment control for animals; gas emissions in animal facilities; computational modelling in animal facilities
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Measure, Model, Manage Bio-Responses (M3-BIORES), Animal & Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
Interests: precision livestock farming (PLF); modelling and management of animal responses; animal health and welfare
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Agricultural Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora and ICAAM, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
Interests: energy efficiency; greenhouses; animal buildings; environmental control; circular economy
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Rural Engineering Department and MED, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
Interests: environmental control for livestock and poultry; precision livestock farming; animal waste management; circular economy
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Characterized by having one of the largest and most advanced technological collections in the agricultural sector, having a fast production cycle and relatively low production cost, among the sectors of animal food production the poultry industry is considered to be the most important in service to the food security of the growing global population. One of the poultry industry’s most pressing challenges is to always focus on the relentless pursuit of ever more efficient production transformation. In this context, aviaries must be designed and innovated in order to guarantee environmental sustainability, animal thermal comfort, the quality of the air and acoustic environment, animal productivity, and the well-being of birds. Additionally, aviaries must be compatible with different climatic and social characteristics, as well as the economy and market of each specific region of the world in which they are inserted.

To achieve these goals, it is essential to pay attention to the phases of architectural design of the poultry houses, in the choice of techniques and materials used in the built environments, and in the introduction and dimensioning of air-conditioning systems aiming at thermal, aerial and acoustic comfort. Additionally, projects that prioritize the correct handling, treatment, and use of waste generated by the activity must be executed, aiming at environmental preservation and the guarantee of survival of future generations, minimizing the energy, productive, and economic expenses, essential to the sustainability of the activity on the planet. The development of reliable mathematical systems and processes to assess breeding conditions, the welfare of farm animals, and good service conditions for the workers involved in the process should be highlighted. Finally, the issues of the health and nutritional quality of the product generated, food security, and compliance with the regulatory laws of the countries involved must be considered.

The main topics of this Special Issue are included in the following list, which does not aim at limiting the research horizon of the papers:

  • Poultry housing solutions for different climatic zones of the world.
  • Building design for resources and energy saving.
  • Different building typologies and environmental control systems as they influence environmental quality/thermal comfort and its effects on the behavior, welfare, health, hormonal, physiological, and productive poultry performance.
  • Natural and mechanical environment control systems (heating, cooling, and ventilation systems) in poultry housing.
  • Precision livestock farming (PLF) for poultry production systems—methodologies, mathematical processes, and updating of poultry index thermal comfort bands.
  • Air quality, gas emissions, impact of environmental factors, and climate change in poultry production systems.
  • Waste management and circular economy—mitigation of impacts and intervening factors in poultry production in different climate regions of the world.
  • The ergonomics of work in poultry production.
  • Implantation of life cycle assessment (LCA) as a sustainable methodology applied to poultry production systems.
  • Constructive typologies of poultry housing practiced around the world—directions for the advancement of installations. Where will we go next?

Prof. Dr. Ilda de Fátima Ferreira Tinôco
Dr. Fernanda Campos de Sousa
Prof. Dr. Richard S. Gates
Prof. Dr. Jairo Alexander Osório Saraz
Prof. Dr. Tomas Norton
Prof. Dr. Fátima Baptista
Dr. Vasco Fitas da Cruz
Guest Editors

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • environmental comfort for animals
  • thermal conditioning systems
  • ventilations systems
  • air quality
  • thermal comfort
  • animal buildings
  • animal welfare
  • climate change
  • sustainability
  • animal science
  • precision livestock farming (PLF)
  • life cycle assessment (LCA)
  • animal performance in different climates

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 6338 KiB  
Article
Potential for Ammonia Generation and Emission in Broiler Production Facilities in Brazil
by Fernanda Campos de Sousa, Ilda de Fátima Ferreira Tinôco, Vasco Fitas Cruz, Matteo Barbari, Jairo Alexander Osorio Saraz, Alex Lopes da Silva, Diogo José de Rezende Coelho and Fatima Baptista
Animals 2023, 13(4), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040675 - 15 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1358
Abstract
Air quality is one of the main factors that must be guaranteed in animal production. However, the measurement of pollutants is still a problem in several countries because the available methods are costly and do not always apply to the reality of the [...] Read more.
Air quality is one of the main factors that must be guaranteed in animal production. However, the measurement of pollutants is still a problem in several countries because the available methods are costly and do not always apply to the reality of the constructive typology adopted, as in countries with a hot climate, which adopt predominantly open facilities. Thus, the objective of the present study was to develop predictive models for the potential generation and emission of ammonia in the production of broiler chickens with different types of litter, different reuse cycles and under different climatic conditions. Samples of poultry litter from thirty commercial aviaries submitted to different air temperatures were analyzed. The experiment was conducted and analyzed in a completely randomized design, following a factorial scheme. Models were developed to predict the potential for generation and emission of ammonia, which can be applied in facilities with ambient conditions of air temperature between 25 and 40 °C and with wood shaving bed with up to four reuse cycles and coffee husks bed with up to six reuse cycles. The developed and validated models showed high accuracy indicating that they can be used to estimate the potential for ammonia generation and emission. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Housing and Environment Control Systems in Poultry Production)
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13 pages, 948 KiB  
Article
Effects of LED Lights with Defined Spectral Proportion on Growth and Reproduction of Indigenous Beijing-You Chickens
by Yanyan Sun, Yunlei Li, Shumei Ma, Lei Shi, Chao Chen, Dongli Li, Jiangpeng Guo, Hui Ma, Jingwei Yuan and Jilan Chen
Animals 2023, 13(4), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040616 - 9 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1474
Abstract
Light presents an important exogenous factor for poultry. This study examined effects of LED lights with different defined spectrums on growth and reproduction of indigenous Beijing-You chickens. A total of 576 one-day old female chicks were divided into 16 rooms, and each were [...] Read more.
Light presents an important exogenous factor for poultry. This study examined effects of LED lights with different defined spectrums on growth and reproduction of indigenous Beijing-You chickens. A total of 576 one-day old female chicks were divided into 16 rooms, and each were exposed to four different lights: LED A (21% green light, 30% blue light, 24% yellow light, and 25% red light), B (35%, 35%, 18%, and 12%), C (27%, 30%, 22%, and 21%), or compact fluorescent lamps (CFL, 15%, 28%, 41%, and 16%). Results showed that feed intake and feed conversion ratio were comparable among treatments throughout the 17 week rearing period (p > 0.05). LED C showed similar body weight gain with CFL, but higher than LED A and B. The CFL birds start to lay on 132.25 d, while LED B did not lay until 148.25 d. The age at 50% egg production did not vary among groups (p = 0.12). Total egg number until 43 week of LED B was higher than others (p < 0.05). Therefore, LED lights with defined spectral proportion have different effects on chickens’ growth and reproduction. The LED C promotes the prepubertal growth, and the LED B provides proper sexual maturation age and better egg-laying persistence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Housing and Environment Control Systems in Poultry Production)
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16 pages, 1006 KiB  
Article
Influence of Using Perforated Plastic Flooring Beneath the Waterline on Growth Performance, Litter Quality, and Footpad Health of Broiler Chickens: A Field Study
by Sylvan-Justin Sonnabend, Fabian Spieß, Bernd Reckels, Marwa F. E. Ahmed, Amr Abd El-Wahab, Christian Sürie, Jan Berend Lingens and Christian Visscher
Animals 2022, 12(14), 1749; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12141749 - 7 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2449
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of slatted flooring beneath waterlines in broiler barns on litter quality and, subsequently, footpad health. The hypothesis tested was that installing slatted flooring underneath waterlines helps to improve litter quality and thus reduces [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of slatted flooring beneath waterlines in broiler barns on litter quality and, subsequently, footpad health. The hypothesis tested was that installing slatted flooring underneath waterlines helps to improve litter quality and thus reduces footpad diseases, enhancing animal welfare as a result. Five experimental runs with two groups were conducted. Each run was defined as one fattening period of 32 days and consisted of 15,000 broiler Ross 308 of both sexes. Every barn was divided into three areas (drinkers, feeders, and comfort area) for weekly sampling. No influence on growth performance was noted. The slatted flooring influenced the litter quality by preventing the litter in the experimental group (EG = 690 ± 167 g/kg DM) from becoming moisture until day 14 of the fattening period compared to the control group (CON = 636 ± 198 g/kg DM). The footpad health was also influenced by using slatted flooring, with lower camera-based footpad scores in the EG (8.80) compared to CON (22.0) at the slaughterhouse (p = 0.0258). Installing slatted flooring beneath the waterline reduced the moisture of the litter compared to the control barn in the first two weeks of age and showed a positive effect on the footpad health of the broilers at the end of fattening, which indicates an improvement in animal welfare. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Housing and Environment Control Systems in Poultry Production)
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17 pages, 3712 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Airborne Disease Spread in Cage-Free Hen Housing with Multiple Ventilation Options
by Long Chen, Eileen E. Fabian-Wheeler, John M. Cimbala, Daniel Hofstetter and Paul Patterson
Animals 2022, 12(12), 1516; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121516 - 10 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2423
Abstract
The current ventilation designs of poultry barns have been present deficiencies with respect to the capacity to protect against disease exposure, especially during epidemic events. An evolution of ventilation options is needed in the egg industry to keep pace with the advancing transition [...] Read more.
The current ventilation designs of poultry barns have been present deficiencies with respect to the capacity to protect against disease exposure, especially during epidemic events. An evolution of ventilation options is needed in the egg industry to keep pace with the advancing transition to cage-free production. In this study, we analyzed the performances of four ventilation schemes for constraining airborne disease spread in a commercial cage-free hen house using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. In total, four three-dimensional models were developed to compare a standard ventilation configuration (top-wall inlet sidewall exhaust, TISE) with three alternative designs, all with mid-wall inlet and a central vertical exhaust. A one-eighth scale commercial floor-raised hen house with 2365 hens served as the model. Each ventilation configuration simulated airflow and surrogate airborne virus particle spread, assuming the initial virus was introduced from upwind inlets. Simulation outputs predicted the MICE and MIAE models maintained a reduced average bird level at 47% and 24%, respectively, of the standard TISE model, although the MIRE model predicted comparable virus mass fraction levels with TISE. These numerical differences unveiled the critical role of centrally located vertical exhaust in removing contaminated, virus-laden air from the birds housing environment. Moreover, the auxiliary attic space in the MIAE model was beneficial for keeping virus particles above the bird-occupied floor area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Housing and Environment Control Systems in Poultry Production)
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10 pages, 2006 KiB  
Article
Three-Dimensional Simulation of the Temperature Distribution in a Commercial Broiler House
by Patrícia Ferreira Ponciano Ferraz, Ednilton Tavares de Andrade, Regina Batista Vilas Boas, Renan Pereira Rezende, Tadayuki Yanagi Junior and Matteo Barbari
Animals 2022, 12(10), 1278; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12101278 - 17 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1834
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to analyze, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), a heating system in a commercial broiler house. Data were collected in a broiler house located in the western mesoregion of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The data were collected at 10 [...] Read more.
The aim of this paper was to analyze, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), a heating system in a commercial broiler house. Data were collected in a broiler house located in the western mesoregion of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The data were collected at 10 a.m. on the seventh day of chicks’ life in 16 points inside the house. A tetrahedral mesh was adopted for the simulation, and testing of the mesh yielded a geometry of 485,691 nodes. The proposed model was developed in a permanent state condition to simulate the temperature air inside the broiler house, and all other input variables were considered constant. The applied CFD technique resulted in satisfactory fitting of the air temperature variable along the broiler facility as a function of the input data. The results indicated that the model predicted the environmental conditions inside the broiler house very accurately. The mean error of the CFD model was 1.49%, indicating that the model is effective and therefore that it can be used in other applications. The results showed that the heating system provided favorable thermoneutral conditions for chicks in the biggest part of the broiler house. However, there were some areas with air temperature above and below the thermoneutral zone Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Housing and Environment Control Systems in Poultry Production)
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18 pages, 659 KiB  
Article
Efficacy of a Biocidal Paint in Controlling Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Improving the Quality of Air and Litter in Poultry Houses
by Sara Dzik, Tomasz Mituniewicz and Ariphzan Beisenov
Animals 2022, 12(10), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12101264 - 14 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1852
Abstract
Effective disinfection and disinsection are the keys to successful operation of modern poultry farms and the safety of poultry products. The cleaning and disinfection of poultry houses are important aspects of farm hygiene management. The correct execution of all steps of cleaning, disinfection, [...] Read more.
Effective disinfection and disinsection are the keys to successful operation of modern poultry farms and the safety of poultry products. The cleaning and disinfection of poultry houses are important aspects of farm hygiene management. The correct execution of all steps of cleaning, disinfection, and disinsection procedures and the use of appropriate products are crucial for the prevention and control of zoonotic and animal diseases. In this study it was assumed that a water-based slow-release biocidal paint could be useful in controlling insect pests such as Alphitobius diaperinus and reducing microbiological contamination of air and litter in poultry houses and have a beneficial effect on microclimate in poultry houses. Therefore, the locations of A. diaperinus in the poultry houses, the microbiological contamination of air and litter, as well as the microclimatic conditions in the houses and the physicochemical parameters of the litter were evaluated. The results suggest that the tested biocidal paint could be an effective alternative to other insecticides and disinfectants. Additionally, the research is of a practical nature and may be very useful for poultry producers in controlling A. diaperinus populations and maintaining proper hygiene in poultry houses. Further research is needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Housing and Environment Control Systems in Poultry Production)
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16 pages, 4586 KiB  
Article
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of a Broiler House Microclimate in Summer and Winter
by Erdem Küçüktopcu, Bilal Cemek, Halis Simsek and Ji-Qin Ni
Animals 2022, 12(7), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12070867 - 29 Mar 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2481
Abstract
Appropriate microclimate conditions in broiler housing are critical for optimizing poultry production and ensuring the health and welfare of the birds. In this study, spatial variabilities of the microclimate in summer and winter seasons in a mechanically ventilated broiler house were modeled using [...] Read more.
Appropriate microclimate conditions in broiler housing are critical for optimizing poultry production and ensuring the health and welfare of the birds. In this study, spatial variabilities of the microclimate in summer and winter seasons in a mechanically ventilated broiler house were modeled using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. Field measurements of temperature, relative humidity, and airspeeds were conducted in the house to compare the simulated results. The study identified two problems of high temperature in summer, which could result in bird heat stress and stagnant zones in winter, and simulated possible alternative solutions. In summer, if an evaporative cooling pad system was used, a decrease in temperature of approximately 3 °C could be achieved when the mean air temperature rose above 25 °C in the house. In winter, adding four 500-mm circulation fans of 20-m spacing inside the house could eliminate the accumulation of hot and humid air in the stagnant zones in the house. This study demonstrated that CFD is a valuable tool for adequate heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system design in poultry buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Housing and Environment Control Systems in Poultry Production)
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Review

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17 pages, 3003 KiB  
Review
Life Cycle Assessment Project for the Brazilian Egg Industry
by Fabiane de Fátima Maciel, Richard Stephen Gates, Ilda de Fátima Ferreira Tinôco, Fernanda Campos de Sousa, Nathan Pelletier, Maro A. Ibarburu-Blanc and Carlos Eduardo Alves Oliveira
Animals 2023, 13(9), 1479; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13091479 - 27 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2007
Abstract
Brazil is among the ten largest egg producers in the world. The domestic consumption of Brazilian eggs is 99.6%, the rest being exported to more than 82 countries, with an expectation of growth in the foreign market. The Brazilian egg industry has evolved [...] Read more.
Brazil is among the ten largest egg producers in the world. The domestic consumption of Brazilian eggs is 99.6%, the rest being exported to more than 82 countries, with an expectation of growth in the foreign market. The Brazilian egg industry has evolved considerably in recent decades, incorporating new technologies and smart practices. However, there is no assessment of how production could become more sustainable over the years. The LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) approach aims to recognize the polluting potential, identify the environmental impacts generated and reduce these impacts throughout production. On a global scale, researchers approach LCA as a constructive and quantitative technique, and there is great interest in implementing an LCA for the Brazilian egg production sector. With the aim of introducing the LCA methodology to the Brazilian egg industry, this review presents the concept and accounting structure of LCA through LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) and LCIA (Life Cycle Impact Assessment), based on the ISO 14040 and 14044:2006 standards, to quantify the environmental performance of production and identify areas for future improvement, thus promoting the environmental footprint of the Brazilian egg industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Housing and Environment Control Systems in Poultry Production)
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