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Animals
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Protecting Endangered Species
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Protecting Endangered Species

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Ecology and Conservation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2024) | Viewed by 20285

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Chunwang Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Interests: ecological adaptation, endocrine regulation and genetic evolution of animal behavior, and relate animal behavior to conservation biology of endangered species; monitor the biodiversity in many different regions and study the hotspots of biodiversity science

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Endangered animals need more attention due to their vulnerable and sensitive to environmental deterioration and human disturbance. The aim of this Special Issue is to provide knowledge in the field of conservation of endangered species and threatened animals in the form of original articles, reviews, case reports, short communications, etc. This Special Issue will facilitate researchers, students and wildlife managers throughout the world to share their best studies and experiences in protecting animals. This Special Issue covers all endangered and threatened animals in the world, which is a species listed as Near Threatened (NT), Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN), Critically Endangered (CR), and Extinct in the Wild (EW) in The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2022) or listed as an endangered species of a country or region. The scope of this Special Issue focuses on the endangered species themselves, the habitats they depend on, the influencing factors faced by endangered animals, the genetics issue of the protected animals, the theory and method of conservation, and the conservation policy. The disciplines relate to this Special Issue may include conservation biology, conservation behavior, conservation genetics, conservation physiology, conservation endocrinology, evolutionary conservation biology, etc.

Dr. Chunwang Li
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • endangered animals
  • threatened animals
  • recovered species
  • animal conservation
  • in situ conservation
  • ex situ conservation
  • habitat conservation
  • human disturbance
  • wildlife management
  • conservation policy

Published Papers (15 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

14 pages, 4263 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Potential Suitable Distribution Areas for an Endangered Salamander in China
by Jiacheng Tao, Yifeng Hu, Jianping Jiang, Wanji Yang, Tian Zhao and Shengqi Su
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091390 - 6 May 2024
Viewed by 310
Abstract
Climate change has been considered to pose critical threats for wildlife. During the past decade, species distribution models were widely used to assess the effects of climate change on the distribution of species’ suitable habitats. Among all the vertebrates, amphibians are most vulnerable [...] Read more.
Climate change has been considered to pose critical threats for wildlife. During the past decade, species distribution models were widely used to assess the effects of climate change on the distribution of species’ suitable habitats. Among all the vertebrates, amphibians are most vulnerable to climate change. This is especially true for salamanders, which possess some specific traits such as cutaneous respiration and low vagility. The Wushan salamander (Liua shihi) is a threatened and protected salamander in China, with its wild population decreasing continuously. The main objective of this study was to predict the distribution of suitable habitat for L. shihi using the ENMeval parameter-optimized MaxEnt model under current and future climate conditions. Our results showed that precipitation, cloud density, vegetation type, and ultraviolet radiation were the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of L. shihi. Currently, the suitable habitats for L. shihi are mainly concentrated in the Daba Mountains, including northeastern Chongqing and western Hubei Provinces. Under the future climate conditions, the area of suitable habitats increased, which mainly occurred in central Guizhou Province. This study provided important information for the conservation of L. shihi. Future studies can incorporate more species distribution models to better understand the effects of climate change on the distribution of L. shihi. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protecting Endangered Species)
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13 pages, 879 KiB  
Article
Mitochondrial Variation of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Canary Islands Suggests a Key Population for Conservation with High Connectivity within the North-East Atlantic Ocean
by Daniel A. Gómez-Lobo, Agustín P. Monteoliva, Antonio Fernandez, Manuel Arbelo, Jesús de la Fuente, Mónica Pérez-Gil, Nuria Varo-Cruz, Antonella Servidio, Enrique Pérez-Gil, Yaisel J. Borrell and Laura Miralles
Animals 2024, 14(6), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060901 - 14 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1178
Abstract
In recent decades, worldwide cetacean species have been protected, but they are still threatened. The bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is a vulnerable keystone species and a useful bioindicator of the health and balance of marine ecosystems in oceans all over the [...] Read more.
In recent decades, worldwide cetacean species have been protected, but they are still threatened. The bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is a vulnerable keystone species and a useful bioindicator of the health and balance of marine ecosystems in oceans all over the world. The genetic structure of the species is shaped by their niche specialization (along with other factors), leading to the classification of two ecotypes: coastal and pelagic. In this study, the genetic diversity, population structure, and ecotypes of bottlenose dolphins from the Canary Islands were assessed through the analysis of 49 new samples from biopsies and from stranded animals using the 636 bp portion of the mitochondrial control region and 343 individuals from databases (n = 392). The results reveal high genetic diversity in Canarian bottlenose dolphins (Hd = 0.969 and π = 0.0165) and the apparent lack of population genetic structure within this archipelago. High genetic structure (Fst, Φst) was found between the Canary Islands and coastal populations, while little to no structure was found with the pelagic populations. These results suggest that Canarian bottlenose dolphins are part of pelagic ecotype populations in the North Atlantic. The studied Special Areas of Conservation in the Canary Islands may correspond to a hotspot of genetic diversity of the species and could be a strategic area for the conservation of the oceanic ecotype of bottlenose dolphins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protecting Endangered Species)
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14 pages, 5812 KiB  
Article
Habitat Suitability, Distribution Modelling and GAP Analysis of Przewalski’s Gazelle Conservation
by Dongni Liang and Chunwang Li
Animals 2024, 14(1), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14010149 - 2 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1115
Abstract
Although the population of Przewalski’s gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) has increased, this species is still threatened by a variety of risk factors, such as habitat loss and fragmentation, grassland fencing, grazing conflict, the segmentation of different populations, and declines in population genetic [...] Read more.
Although the population of Przewalski’s gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) has increased, this species is still threatened by a variety of risk factors, such as habitat loss and fragmentation, grassland fencing, grazing conflict, the segmentation of different populations, and declines in population genetic diversity. In order to determine the potential suitable habitat of Przewalski’s gazelle and find a new suitable location for its conservation translocation, we used the MaxEnt model to predict the suitable habitats in Qinghai Province, Gansu Province, and the Ordos Plateau in Inner Mongolia and other regions with historical distribution records. On the basis of the MaxEnt model’s prediction of the potential suitable habitat of Przewalski’s gazelle, we used GAP analysis to determine the existing protection gaps and provide a new reference for the future protection of Przewalski’s gazelle. We found that altitude, temperature, vegetation type, and distance from roads were the main environmental factors affecting the geographical distribution of Przewalski’s gazelle. Most of the suitable habitat of Przewalski’s gazelle is confined around Qinghai Lake. GAP analysis revealed that most of the suitable habitats of Przewalski’s gazelle are not included in the established reserves, and Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve only covers a small area around Qinghai Lake. The whole reserve only accounts for 7.11% of the area of the suitable habitat for Przewalski’s gazelle and 15.79% of the area of the highly suitable habitat for Przewalski’s gazelle. We suggest that conservation translocation for Przewalski’s gazelle should be put on the agenda. It is necessary to consider reintroducing these gazelles into their potential suitable habitats as a feasible way of establishing new populations and saving this species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protecting Endangered Species)
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14 pages, 697 KiB  
Article
Conservation Genetics of the Loggerhead Sea Turtle, Caretta caretta, from the Central Mediterranean: An Insight into the Species’ Reproductive Behaviour in Maltese Waters
by Adriana Vella and Noel Vella
Animals 2024, 14(1), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14010137 - 30 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1182
Abstract
Loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758), nestlings were investigated through specimens found dead either after hatching or unhatched (n = 120) from eight nests around the Maltese islands (Central Mediterranean). Molecular genetics was used to conduct maternity and paternity tests of [...] Read more.
Loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758), nestlings were investigated through specimens found dead either after hatching or unhatched (n = 120) from eight nests around the Maltese islands (Central Mediterranean). Molecular genetics was used to conduct maternity and paternity tests of the collected specimens utilizing expanded mitochondrial DNA sequences from the control region (858 bp) and 25 microsatellite loci (12 dinucleotide loci and 13 tetranucleotide loci). Mitochondrial data produced two haplotypes, CC-A2.1 and CC-A3.1, with the most common haplotype being present in seven nests. Microsatellite data revealed the identity of six different females that were involved in the deposition of the eggs in the eight turtle nests analysed. This confirms that two females laid multiple nests. Additionally, microsatellite data allowed for the determination of multiple paternity, with one clutch being sired by two fathers. These results are useful for monitoring the genetic diversity of loggerhead sea turtle nestlings and of the turtle mothers and fathers contributing to future turtle offspring, which rely on Maltese sandy beaches for their successful start to life. Effective conservation management benefits from merging scientific knowledge with effective measures at potential nesting sites to avoid losses of nestlings caused by human negligence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protecting Endangered Species)
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13 pages, 4798 KiB  
Article
Finless Porpoise Bycatch and Stranding along the Shandong Peninsula, China, Based on Public Reports from 2000 to 2018
by Tao Zuo, Yongtao Li, Zhaolong Cheng, Jun Wang, Jianqiang Sun, Wei Yuan and Mingxiang Niu
Animals 2023, 13(24), 3868; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13243868 - 15 Dec 2023
Viewed by 837
Abstract
The Shandong Peninsula is located on the western coast of the Pacific and is adjacent to the Bohai Sea (BS) and the Yellow Sea (YS) to the east. The East Asian finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri, a subspecies of the narrow-ridged finless [...] Read more.
The Shandong Peninsula is located on the western coast of the Pacific and is adjacent to the Bohai Sea (BS) and the Yellow Sea (YS) to the east. The East Asian finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri, a subspecies of the narrow-ridged finless porpoise N. asiaeorientalis, is the dominant cetacean resident along the Shandong Peninsula. However, there is insufficient monitoring data to determine the status of the cetacean species in this region. Based on the publicly available literature, media, and internet social website, this study investigated the spatial–temporal distribution of porpoise stranding and bycatch along the coast of the Shandong Peninsula. Data on over five hundred porpoises from two hundred reports between 2000 and 2018 were compiled and analyzed. Results showed that the bycatch and stranding of porpoises occurred widely across the peninsula throughout all months and increased rapidly between 2010 and 2017. The incidents were more frequent in the area where the BS and YS converged during the spring and early summer than in other seasons. The mean body length of bycaught porpoises was smaller than that of those found stranded. Fishing activities could be the principal cause of local finless porpoise incidents. However, limited data hindered a quantitative evaluation of the living conditions of finless porpoises in this area. Establishing a comprehensive monitoring system, which includes standardized reporting, rescue operations, and scientific research, is essential to finless porpoise protection along the Shandong Peninsula. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protecting Endangered Species)
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14 pages, 5812 KiB  
Article
Predicting the Potential Distribution of the Szechwan Rat Snake (Euprepiophis perlacea) and Its Response to Climate Change in the Yingjing Area of the Giant Panda National Park
by Xinqiang Song, Ying Jiang, Li Zhao, Long Jin, Chengzhi Yan and Wenbo Liao
Animals 2023, 13(24), 3828; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13243828 - 12 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 840
Abstract
Climate change is a significant driver of changes in the distribution patterns of species and poses a threat to biodiversity, potentially resulting in species extinctions. Investigating the potential distribution of rare and endangered species is crucial for understanding their responses to climate change [...] Read more.
Climate change is a significant driver of changes in the distribution patterns of species and poses a threat to biodiversity, potentially resulting in species extinctions. Investigating the potential distribution of rare and endangered species is crucial for understanding their responses to climate change and for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem management. The Szechwan rat snake (Euprepiophis perlacea) is an endemic and endangered species co-distributed with giant pandas, and studying its potential distribution contributes to a better understanding of the distribution pattern of endangered species. In this study, we confirmed seven presence points of this species in the Yingjing Area of the Giant Panda National Park, and selected eleven key factors to predict the potential distribution of E. perlacea under current and future scenarios using MaxEnt models. Our study consistently achieved AUC values exceeding 0.79, meeting the precision requirements of the models. The results indicated that the high potential distribution area of E. perlacea is mainly located near Yunwu mountain and the giant panda rewilding and reintroduction base, accounting for approximately 12% of the protected area. Moreover, we identified the primary environmental factors influencing the distribution of E. perlacea as the distance from streams and the slope degree, with their contribution rates exceeding 41% and 31%, respectively. In comparison to the current scenario, the potential habitat range for E. perlacea did not show an overall reduction in the context of future climate scenarios. To ensure the long-term preservation of E. perlacea, it is advisable to validate its actual distribution based on the models’ results. Particular attention should be given to safeguarding its core distribution areas and raising awareness among residents within the potential distribution range about the conservation of E. perlacea. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protecting Endangered Species)
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17 pages, 1585 KiB  
Article
Russian Biodiversity Collections: A Professional Opinion Survey
by Elena V. Alpeeva, Natalia P. Sharova, Konstantin S. Sharov and Ekaterina A. Vorotelyak
Animals 2023, 13(24), 3777; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13243777 - 7 Dec 2023
Viewed by 763
Abstract
Biodiversity collections are important vehicles for protecting endangered wildlife in situations of adverse anthropogenic influence. In Russia, there are currently a number of institution- and museum-based biological collections, but there are no nation-wide centres of biodiversity collections. In this paper, we report on [...] Read more.
Biodiversity collections are important vehicles for protecting endangered wildlife in situations of adverse anthropogenic influence. In Russia, there are currently a number of institution- and museum-based biological collections, but there are no nation-wide centres of biodiversity collections. In this paper, we report on the results of our survey of 324 bioconservation, big-data, and ecology specialists from different regions of Russia in regard to the necessity to create several large national biodiversity centres of wildlife protection. The survey revealed specific goals that have to be fulfilled during the development of these centres for the protection and restoration of endangered wildlife species. The top three problems/tasks (topics) are the following: (1) the necessity to create large national centres for different types of specimens; (2) the full sequencing and creation of different “omic” (genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, etc.) databases; (3) full digitisation of a biodiversity collection/centre. These goals may constitute a guideline for the future of biodiversity collections in Russia that would be targeted at protecting and restoring endangered species. With the due network service level, the translation of the website into English, and permission from the regulator (Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russian Federation), it can also become an international project. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protecting Endangered Species)
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16 pages, 2920 KiB  
Article
Estimating the Spatial Distribution and Future Conservation Requirements of the Spotted Seal in the North Pacific
by Leyu Yang, Hongfei Zhuang, Shenghao Liu, Bailin Cong, Wenhao Huang, Tingting Li, Kaiyu Liu and Linlin Zhao
Animals 2023, 13(20), 3260; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203260 - 19 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1517
Abstract
Local adaptation has been increasingly involved in the designation of species conservation strategies to response to climate change. Marine mammals, as apex predators, are climatechange sensitive, and their spatial distribution and conservation requirements are critically significant for designing protection strategies. In this study, [...] Read more.
Local adaptation has been increasingly involved in the designation of species conservation strategies to response to climate change. Marine mammals, as apex predators, are climatechange sensitive, and their spatial distribution and conservation requirements are critically significant for designing protection strategies. In this study, we focused on an ice-breeding marine mammal, the spotted seal (Phoca largha), which exhibits distinct morphological and genetic variations across its range. Our objectives were to quantify the ecological niches of three spotted seal populations, construct the species-level model and population-level models that represent different regions in the Bering population (BDPS), Okhotsk population (ODPS) and southern population (SDPS), and conduct a conservation gap analysis. Our findings unequivocally demonstrated a clear niche divergence among the three populations. We predicted habitat contraction for the BDPS and ODPS driven by climate change; in particular, the spotted seals inhabiting Liaodong Bay may face breeding habitat loss. However, most spotted seal habitats are not represented in existing marine protected areas. Drawing upon these outcomes, we propose appropriate conservation policies to effectively protect the habitat of the different geographical populations of spotted seals. Our research addresses the importance of incorporating local adaptation into species distribution modeling to inform conservation and management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protecting Endangered Species)
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20 pages, 5408 KiB  
Article
Initial Post-Release Performance of Cultured Cyprinus chilia Juveniles in a Shallow Lake in Southwestern China
by Tingbing Zhu, Deguo Yang, Jinling Gong, Chunyong Wang, Xiangjun Miao, Yongben Liang and Xuemei Li
Animals 2023, 13(20), 3196; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203196 - 13 Oct 2023
Viewed by 691
Abstract
The post-release performance of cultured fish is crucial for understanding the viability of cultured fish and assessing the effects of stock enhancement programs. This study aimed to investigate the initial post-release performance of cultured Cyprinus chilia juveniles by examining their movement, spatial distribution, [...] Read more.
The post-release performance of cultured fish is crucial for understanding the viability of cultured fish and assessing the effects of stock enhancement programs. This study aimed to investigate the initial post-release performance of cultured Cyprinus chilia juveniles by examining their movement, spatial distribution, gut fullness, and gut microbiota in nature. In July 2022, a total of 20,000 C. chilia juveniles, tagged with visible implant fluorescence (VIE), were released into Qilu Lake, a shallow lake in southwestern China. Subsequently, continuous recapture was conducted at fixed recapture sites using trap nets during the first 7 days, one month and three months after release. Out of the released fish, 512 were recaptured, resulting in a recapture rate of 2.56%. The recaptured fish had a 100% tag retention rate. The majority (98.05%) of the recaptured fish were found in the recapture sites located on the eastern or western lakeshore, while only 10 fish were recaptured from the recapture sites in the northern lake area. The water depth range where the recaptured fish were found ranged from 190 to 350 cm, with most fish preferring depths less than 300 cm. The majority of the released fish migrated towards the eastern and western lakeshore, with long-distance movement (greater than 100 m) primarily occurring within the first four days after release. The level of gut fullness in the released fish initially decreased and then increased over time following release. Regarding gut microbiota, the dominant phyla observed in most samples were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Fusobacteria. Furthermore, significant variations in the dominant genera were observed across different samples. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) revealed clear separation between the microbial communities of pre-release and post-release C. chilia juveniles. This study demonstrated that VIE tagging was a suitable method for short-term marking of C. chilia juveniles. Lakeshores with water depths less than 300 cm were identified as preferred habitats for C. chilia juveniles. The primary adaptation period for cultured C. chilia juveniles released into the natural environment was found to be approximately 4–5 days. These findings contribute to our understanding of the post-release performance of cultured fish and may provide guidance for the management and evaluation of relevant stock enhancement programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protecting Endangered Species)
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15 pages, 3086 KiB  
Article
The Food Niche Overlap and Interspecific Relationship between the Sympatric Tibetan Macaque and Grey Snub-Nosed Monkey
by Li Yue, Cheng Wang, Bingshun Meng, Bo Xie, Heqin Cao, Haijun Su and Mingming Zhang
Animals 2023, 13(15), 2536; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152536 - 6 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1228
Abstract
Assessing the trophic niche and interspecific relationships between related species and determining how the species maintain differences in nutritional niches while coexisting in the same area are important topics in ecological research. Therefore, exploring the mechanism of food resource utilization, competition and coexistence [...] Read more.
Assessing the trophic niche and interspecific relationships between related species and determining how the species maintain differences in nutritional niches while coexisting in the same area are important topics in ecological research. Therefore, exploring the mechanism of food resource utilization, competition and coexistence among species distributed in the same region is important. In this study, we used fecal samples and metagenome sequencing technology to study the plant feeding habits and coexistence mechanisms of Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) and grey snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus brelichi) within the same area. In the winter of 2020, we collected a total of 40 fecal samples from Tibetan macaques and grey snub-nosed monkeys; of those, 29 samples were considered valid and were analyzed using DNA metabarcoding. The results showed that in winter, Tibetan macaques consumed plants from 117 families and 184 genera, whereas grey snub-nosed monkeys consumed plants from 109 families and 165 genera. Diversity analysis revealed that there was a significant difference in the food composition of Tibetan macaques and grey snub-nosed monkeys. Tibetan macaques had a broader food niche width than grey snub-nosed monkeys at the family and genus levels. In winter, the food niches of Tibetan macaques and grey snub-nosed monkeys almost entirely overlapped (0.99). Our research provides detailed dietary data for Tibetan macaques and grey snub-nosed monkeys and valuable information that can aid in conservation efforts targeting these species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protecting Endangered Species)
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11 pages, 1669 KiB  
Article
Time to Step Up Conservation: Climate Change Will Further Reduce the Suitable Habitats for the Vulnerable Species Marbled Polecat (Vormela peregusna)
by Xiaotian Cheng, Yamin Han, Jun Lin, Fan Jiang, Qi Cai, Yong Shi, Dongyang Cui and Xuanye Wen
Animals 2023, 13(14), 2341; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13142341 - 18 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1196
Abstract
Habitat loss and human threats are putting the marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna) on the brink of extinction. Numerous recent studies have found that climate change will further deteriorate the living environment of endangered species, leading to their eventual extinction. In this study, [...] Read more.
Habitat loss and human threats are putting the marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna) on the brink of extinction. Numerous recent studies have found that climate change will further deteriorate the living environment of endangered species, leading to their eventual extinction. In this study, we used the results of infrared camera surveys in China and worldwide distribution data to construct an ensemble model consisting of 10 commonly used ecological niche models to specify potential suitable habitat areas for V. peregusna under current conditions with similar environments to the sighting record sites. Changes in the suitable habitat for V. peregusna under future climate change scenarios were simulated using mid-century (2050s) and the end of the century (2090s) climate scenarios provided by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). We evaluated the accuracy of the model to obtain the environmental probability values (cutoff) of the V. peregusna distribution, the current distribution of suitable habitats, and future changes in moderately and highly suitable habitat areas. The results showed that the general linear model (GLM) was the best single model for predicting suitable habitats for V. peregusna, and the kappa coefficient, area under the curve (AUC), and true skill statistic (TSS) of the ensemble model all exceeded 0.9, reflecting greater accuracy and stability than single models. Under the current conditions, the area of suitable habitat for V. peregusna reached 3935.92 × 104 km2, suggesting a wide distribution range. In the future, climate change is predicted to severely affect the distribution of V. peregusna and substantially reduce the area of suitable habitats for the species, with 11.91 to 33.55% of moderately and highly suitable habitat areas no longer suitable for the survival of V. peregusna. This shift poses an extremely serious challenge to the conservation of this species. We suggest that attention be given to this problem in Europe, especially the countries surrounding the Black Sea, Asia, China, and Mongolia, and that measures be taken, such as regular monitoring and designating protected areas for the conservation of vulnerable animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protecting Endangered Species)
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14 pages, 4577 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiota between Wild and Captive Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys
by Yunting Wang, Xuanyi Yang, Mingyi Zhang and Huijuan Pan
Animals 2023, 13(10), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13101625 - 12 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1972
Abstract
Environmental shifts and dietary habits could directly affect the gut microbiota of animals. In this study, we investigated the gut microbiota of golden snub-nosed monkeys under two different conditions: captive and wild. Our study adopted a non-invasive sampling method, using full-length 16S rRNA [...] Read more.
Environmental shifts and dietary habits could directly affect the gut microbiota of animals. In this study, we investigated the gut microbiota of golden snub-nosed monkeys under two different conditions: captive and wild. Our study adopted a non-invasive sampling method, using full-length 16S rRNA Pacbio SMAT sequencing technology to compare the gut microbiota of wild and captive golden snub-nosed monkeys. The results showed that the captive populations had higher alpha diversity than the wild populations, and there were also significant differences in beta diversity. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis showed 39 distinctly different taxonomic units. At the phylum level, the most dominant bacteria under captive and wild conditions were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. This study revealed that the different fiber intake between wild and captive populations might be the main reason for the difference in the gut microbiota. We found that captive golden snub-nosed monkeys had less beneficial bacteria and more potentially pathogenic bacteria than wild ones. Functional predictions showed that the most significant functional pathway at the second level between the captive and wild monkeys was carbohydrate metabolism. Therefore, our results indicate that diet changes caused by captivity could be the main reason impacting the gut microbiota of captive golden snub-nosed monkeys. We further highlight the potential impact of diet changes on the health of captive golden snub-nosed monkeys and offer some suggestions for the feeding of captive golden snub-nosed monkeys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protecting Endangered Species)
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9 pages, 1842 KiB  
Communication
Acoustic Presence of Cetaceans in the Miaodao Archipelago, China
by Zhaolong Cheng, Yongtao Li, Matthew Keith Pine, Xiaoling Wan, Tao Zuo, Mingxiang Niu and Jun Wang
Animals 2023, 13(8), 1306; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13081306 - 11 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1396
Abstract
Once an important cetacean habitat, the Miaodao Archipelago has been altered by human-induced disturbances over several decades. While cetacean diversity is known to have decreased, no recent data on species diversity around Miaodao are known to exist. Capitalizing on the high vocal activity [...] Read more.
Once an important cetacean habitat, the Miaodao Archipelago has been altered by human-induced disturbances over several decades. While cetacean diversity is known to have decreased, no recent data on species diversity around Miaodao are known to exist. Capitalizing on the high vocal activity of cetaceans, three passive acoustic surveys, including towed and stationary types, were undertaken to detect the presence of species-specific vocalizations in May 2021, October 2021, and July 2022, as most cetacean sightings occurred during May and August in recent years. The results revealed that the East Asian finless porpoise is the sole cetacean species that can be reliably observed around the archipelago, as no other species were detected. The acoustic data also revealed potentially clumped distributions of finless porpoises with some seasonal variation. While not acoustically detected during any of the surveys, humpback whales, minke whales, and killer whales have been visually sighted in the region. The lack of acoustic detection of these species suggests that they are likely to be temporary visitors to the region, or at least exhibit strong seasonality in their presence within the region. These new data provide the latest snapshot of cetacean presence around the Miaodao Archipelago that can help inform future research and conservation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protecting Endangered Species)
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Review

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12 pages, 921 KiB  
Review
The Science Underlying Giant Panda Conservation Translocations
by Yue Wang, Wei Wei, Feiyun Yuan, Dandan Cao and Zejun Zhang
Animals 2023, 13(21), 3332; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13213332 - 26 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2330
Abstract
The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is the flagship species of animal conservation worldwide, and the number of captive pandas reached 673 in 2021. According to the Fourth National Survey Report on the Giant Panda, there are 1864 wild pandas, segregated into [...] Read more.
The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is the flagship species of animal conservation worldwide, and the number of captive pandas reached 673 in 2021. According to the Fourth National Survey Report on the Giant Panda, there are 1864 wild pandas, segregated into 33 local populations, and 25 of these populations are too small to be self-sustaining. In addition to the conservation and restoration of panda habitats, conservation translocations, an approach that has been shown to be effective in slowing or reversing biodiversity loss, are highly desirable for panda conservation. The captive-bred panda population has grown rapidly, laying the foundation for releasing captive-bred pandas into the wild. This paper reviews the scientific advances in conservation translocations of pandas. Studies have shown that before translocation conservation programs are implemented, we should determine what factors are causing the depletion of the original population at the release site. The selection of suitable release sites and individuals will help to improve the survival rate of released individuals in the wild. Pre-release training and post-release monitoring are essential to ensure successful releases. We also see the great potential for increasing applications of Adaptive Management to improve the success of giant panda conservation translocation programs. This review provides theoretical guidance for improvement of the success rate in conservation translocations for captive pandas, and uses the panda as a model species to provide a global reference for the conservation translocations of rare and endangered species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protecting Endangered Species)
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18 pages, 649 KiB  
Review
Lessons Learned for Pre-Emptive Capture Management as a Tool for Wildlife Conservation during Oil Spills and Eradication Events
by B. Louise Chilvers and Pete J. McClelland
Animals 2023, 13(5), 833; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13050833 - 24 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1476
Abstract
Pre-emptive capture or translocation of wildlife during oil spills and prior to pest eradication poison applications are very specific conservation goals within the field of conservation translocation/reintroduction. Protection of wildlife from contamination events occurs during either planned operations such as pest eradication poison [...] Read more.
Pre-emptive capture or translocation of wildlife during oil spills and prior to pest eradication poison applications are very specific conservation goals within the field of conservation translocation/reintroduction. Protection of wildlife from contamination events occurs during either planned operations such as pest eradication poison applications, or unplanned events such as pollution or oil spills. The aim in both incidences is to protect at-risk wildlife species, ensuring the survival of a threatened regional population or entire species, by excluding wildlife from entering affected areas and therefore preventing impacts on the protected wildlife. If pre-emptive capture does not occur, wildlife may unintentionally be affected and could either die or will need capture, cleaning, and/or medical care and rehabilitation before being released back into a cleared environment. This paper reviews information from pre-emptive captures and translocations of threatened wildlife undertaken during past oil spills and island pest eradications, to assess criteria for species captured, techniques used, outcomes of responses, and lessons learned. From these case studies, the considerations and planning needs for pre-emptive capture are described and recommendations made to allow better use and preparedness for pre-emptive capture as a preventative wildlife conservation tool. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protecting Endangered Species)
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