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Animals
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Animal Waste and Wastewater Management
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Animal Waste and Wastewater Management

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal System and Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2020) | Viewed by 16808

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Changsix Ra

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Bio-resources and Environmental Engineering Lab, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Republic of Korea
Interests: livestock manure management; wastewater treatment; resource recovery and recycling; odor control; nutrient budgeting and management; energy production and utilization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Anthony Lau

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z, Canada

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The livestock industry with its worldwide rapid expansion has been continuously spotlighted because of an increase in demand for animal products and by-products. Livestock farms are now focusing on modern intensive livestock practices and exerting an increment of waste and wastewater production. The discharge of the untreated waste and wastewater generated by the farms causes numerous environmental hazards, including eutrophication, greenhouse gas emission, soil acidification, and nutrient accumulation. Intensive farming practices are becoming a concern for developing and developed countries, where policy and strict rules are generally lacking. However, such waste materials could be utilized as valuable resources if managed properly. Animal waste and wastewater management is therefore now a topic of global interest. During the last two decades, many studies have been conducted on developing technologies for animal waste and wastewater management, and it is important to track the progress as different treatment methods are proposed and tested.

Original manuscripts that address any aspects of animal waste and wastewater management are invited for this Special Issue. Topics of special interest are the management and treatment of animal waste streams, including manure and wastewater treatment, which is relevant to bioprocesses with biological, chemical, and physical treatment; wastewater treatment; useful resource recovery; composting; energy production and utilization; and so on.

Prof. Dr. Changsix Ra
Dr. Anthony Lau
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 6361 KiB  
Article
Development of a Real-Time Controlled Bio-Liquor Circulation System for Swine Farms: A Lab-Scale Study
by Seungsoo Kim, Arif Reza, Soomin Shim, Seunggun Won and Changsix Ra
Animals 2021, 11(2), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020311 - 26 Jan 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1863
Abstract
In this study, an attempt was made to develop a real-time control strategy using oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) and pH (mV) time profiles for the efficient operation of bio-liquor circulation system (BCS) in swine farms and its effectiveness in reducing odor emission through improving [...] Read more.
In this study, an attempt was made to develop a real-time control strategy using oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) and pH (mV) time profiles for the efficient operation of bio-liquor circulation system (BCS) in swine farms and its effectiveness in reducing odor emission through improving manure properties in the slurry pit was evaluated. The lab-scale BCS used in this study comprised a bioreactor and a slurry pit. The bioreactor was operated in a sequence of inflow of swine manure → anoxic phase → aerobic phase → circulation to the slurry pit. The improvement in swine manure properties was elucidated by comparing the results of the BCS slurry pit (circulation type, CT) and conventional slurry pit (non-circulation type, NCT). The results revealed that the ORP time profile successfully detected the nitrate knee point (NKP) in the anoxic phase. However, it was less stable in detecting the nitrogen break point (NBP) in the aerobic phase. The pH (mV) time profile showed a more efficient detection of NBP. Compared to the NCT slurry pit, concentrations of ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) and soluble total organic carbon (STOC) and other analyzed swine manure properties were much lower in the CT slurry pit. In the aspect of odor reduction, around 98.3% of NH3 was removed in the CT slurry pit. The real-time controlled BCS can overcome the drawbacks of fixed time-based BCS operation and therefore can be considered as a useful tool to reduce odor emission from intensive swine farming operations. However, further studies and refinement in control algorithms might be required prior to its large-scale application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Waste and Wastewater Management)
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20 pages, 5597 KiB  
Article
Simultaneous Removal of Pollutants and Recovery of Nutrients from High-Strength Swine Wastewater Using a Novel Integrated Treatment Process
by Soomin Shim, Arif Reza, Seungsoo Kim, Naveed Ahmed, Seunggun Won and Changsix Ra
Animals 2020, 10(5), 835; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050835 - 12 May 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2939
Abstract
In this study, a novel treatment approach combining biological treatment, struvite crystallization, and electrochemical treatment was developed and its efficiency for the simultaneous removal of pollutants and recovery of nutrients from high strength swine wastewater (SWW) was verified. For all the parameters, maximum [...] Read more.
In this study, a novel treatment approach combining biological treatment, struvite crystallization, and electrochemical treatment was developed and its efficiency for the simultaneous removal of pollutants and recovery of nutrients from high strength swine wastewater (SWW) was verified. For all the parameters, maximum removal efficiencies in the lab-scale test were obtained in the range of 93.0–98.7% except for total solids (TS) (79.4%). Farm-scale process showed overall removal efficiencies for total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), soluble total organic carbon (sTOC), and color as 94.5%, 67.0%, 96.1%, and 98.9%, respectively, while TS, suspended solids (SS), ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), and ortho-phosphate (O-P) concentrations were reduced by 91.5%, 99.6%, 98.6%, and 91.9%, respectively. Moreover, the struvite recovered from SWW showed heavy metal concentrations within the range of the Korean standard for fertilizers and feedstocks and thus, suggesting its potential application as fertilizer and in animal feed production. Using the proposed process, the SWW was converted to liquid compost as a quick-acting fertilizer, struvite as a slow-release fertilizer, and the decolorized and disinfected effluent after electrochemical treatment was safe for discharge according to Korean standard. Therefore, the novel integrated treatment process used in this study can be considered as a solution for SWW management and for the simultaneous removal and recycling of nutrients (N and P). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Waste and Wastewater Management)
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21 pages, 4000 KiB  
Article
Dynamics of Different Buffer Systems in Slurries Based on Time and Temperature of Storage and Their Visualization by a New Mathematical Tool
by Veronika Overmeyer, Felix Holtkamp, Joachim Clemens, Wolfgang Büscher and Manfred Trimborn
Animals 2020, 10(4), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040724 - 21 Apr 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3943
Abstract
Slurry treatments such as acidification and alkalization have proven to be promising solutions to reduce gaseous emission produced by farm animals. The optimization of these technologies requires detailed knowledge of how and to what extent the buffer capacities in slurries will change during [...] Read more.
Slurry treatments such as acidification and alkalization have proven to be promising solutions to reduce gaseous emission produced by farm animals. The optimization of these technologies requires detailed knowledge of how and to what extent the buffer capacities in slurries will change during storage under the influence of different temperatures, as this may save resources needed to adjust a targeted pH value. Fresh slurries from dairy cows, fattening pigs and sows were collected and stored for 12 weeks under either cold (4.7 ± 1.1 °C) or warm (23.6 ± 2.1 °C) conditions to perform titrations in acidic and alkaline milieu at regular intervals. Based on these results, we successfully verified a new mathematical tool that we have developed to be able to calculate and visualize the most important buffer systems found in the analyzed slurries. Our experimental results showed a strong correlation between the degradation of the volatile fatty acid (VFA) buffer and the emergence of the carbonate buffers, i.e., the HCO3− and the CO32− buffer. Furthermore, a drop in the pH value caused by enhanced microbial production of VFAs can be mitigated by the presence of the NH3 buffer. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the buffers cannot be considered individually but must be interpreted as a complex and interacting system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Waste and Wastewater Management)
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14 pages, 4445 KiB  
Article
Biodiesel Production by Acid Methanolysis of Slaughterhouse Sludge Cake
by Jung-Jeng Su and Yu-Chun Chou
Animals 2019, 9(12), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9121029 - 25 Nov 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2643
Abstract
Biosludge is a normal form of accumulating microbial populations inside the sewage or wastewater treatment facilities. Excessive sludge in the wastewater treatment basins has to be removed periodically to ensure good water quality of the effluent. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility [...] Read more.
Biosludge is a normal form of accumulating microbial populations inside the sewage or wastewater treatment facilities. Excessive sludge in the wastewater treatment basins has to be removed periodically to ensure good water quality of the effluent. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of biodiesel production by transesterification of slaughterhouse sludge cake. The sludge cake was collected from a selected commercial slaughterhouse and transesterified with methanol, n-hexane, and acids (e.g., sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid) at 55 °C. Three acid concentrations (2%, 4%, and 8%, v/v) in methanol under four reaction time periods (4, 8, 16, and 24 h) were applied. Results showed that the highest accumulated fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yields of 2.51 ± 0.08% and 2.27 ± 0.09% were achieved when 8% (v/v) of H2SO4 or HCl were added in a 4 h reaction time, respectively. Methyl esters of palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), stearic acid (C18:0), and oleic acid (C18:1n9c) were the major components of biodiesel from acid methanolysis of slaughterhouse sludge cake. Experimental and analytical results of acid methanolysis of slaughterhouse sludge cake showed that acid methanolysis of sludge cake was one of the feasible and practical options to recycle sludge waste and produce renewable energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Waste and Wastewater Management)
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17 pages, 2415 KiB  
Article
Biogas Production by Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Dairy Wastewater with the Crude Glycerol from Slaughterhouse Sludge Cake Transesterification
by Yu-Chun Chou and Jung-Jeng Su
Animals 2019, 9(9), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090618 - 28 Aug 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4123
Abstract
Excessive sludge in the wastewater treatment basins has to be removed periodically and collected as the form of sludge cake for promising good water quality of the effluent. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of biogas production by anaerobic co-digestion of dairy [...] Read more.
Excessive sludge in the wastewater treatment basins has to be removed periodically and collected as the form of sludge cake for promising good water quality of the effluent. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of biogas production by anaerobic co-digestion of dairy cattle wastewater and crude glycerol from transesterification of sludge cake. Different ratios of crude glycerol, i.e., 2, 4, and 8% (v/v), from the previous experiment were mixed with dairy cattle wastewater and inoculated with anaerobic sludge in cap-sealed 1-L serum bottles as anaerobic digesters. Although the 8% crude glycerol set showed the highest total biogas and methane production, low pH from volatile fatty acid accumulation decreased the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, and suspended solids after a 14-d incubation period. The experimental sets with 2 and 4% of crude glycerol increased total methane production up to 177 and 226% compared to the control set, respectively. We found that addition of crude glycerol decreased removal efficiency of total solids and volatile solids. In our study, we proved that slaughterhouse sludge cake is a feasible feedstock for producing biogas through transesterification and anaerobic co-digestion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Waste and Wastewater Management)
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