Horticulturae

15 pages, 3618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of SNP and SSR Markers from Cymbidium goeringii and C. faberi for Their Potential Application in Breeding

by Mengya Cheng, Yingqi Liu, Chentai Jin, Xiao Jiang, Xiuming Chen, Fei Wang, Yanru Duan, Xiaokang Zhuo and Donghui Peng

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060622 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2025

Abstract

Chinese Cymbidium are prized for their ornamental beauty, ecological significance, and economic value. However, genomic resources crucial for breeding studies within this genus remain scarce, which has hindered the identification of key genes controlling economically important traits and posed challenges for conservation efforts. [...] Read more.

Chinese Cymbidium are prized for their ornamental beauty, ecological significance, and economic value. However, genomic resources crucial for breeding studies within this genus remain scarce, which has hindered the identification of key genes controlling economically important traits and posed challenges for conservation efforts. We performed a comprehensive identification of whole-genome simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers using the restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) on C. goeringii and C. faberi. A total of 49,640 SSR loci were identified across both species, with an average density of 12.7 SSRs/Mb. Among these, 17,637 SSRs were common to both C. goeringii and C. faber, while 17,676 and 14,329 SSRs were uniquely identified in C. goeringii and C. faberi, respectively. Additionally, we identified 405,416 SNPs and 26,870 InDels, with average densities of 105.2/Mb and 6.5/Mb. Furthermore, we validated two SSRs (located at Chr01:78857480-78860461 and Chr01:93382182-93384869) and developed an efficient method for identifying hybrids among the progeny resulting from crosses between C. goeringii and C. faberi. We also validated two SNP markers that showed a close association with the petal and lip length using Sanger sequencing. Our findings revealed that the Chr01_99657375 SNP achieved 73% predictive accuracy for identifying long-petal/lip phenotypes. The results are expected to greatly benefit marker-assisted breeding efforts in Cymbidium orchids and lay a solid foundation for the molecular breeding process of improving flower shape traits in orchid plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchids: Advances in Propagation, Cultivation and Breeding)

19 pages, 1288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CND and DRIS Methods for Nutritional Diagnosis in ‘Hass’ Avocado Production

by Marcelo Almeida de Oliveira Junior, Danilo Eduardo Rozane, Tatiana Cantuarias-Avilés and Simone Rodrigues da Silva

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060621 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2025

Abstract

The production of fruit crops plays a vital role in the agricultural sector, contributing significantly to the social and economic development of rural communities. In Brazil, fruit production is diverse due to favorable edaphoclimatic conditions, with avocado (Persea americana Mill.) emerging as [...] Read more.

The production of fruit crops plays a vital role in the agricultural sector, contributing significantly to the social and economic development of rural communities. In Brazil, fruit production is diverse due to favorable edaphoclimatic conditions, with avocado (Persea americana Mill.) emerging as an important crop. Its production continues to expand in both cultivated areas and yield, making it a key export to non-producing countries. However, despite its importance, nutritional management information, crucial for achieving high yields, remains limited. Current guidelines on nutrition monitoring are outdated, general, and based on data from other countries with different edaphoclimatic conditions, making them not directly applicable to Brazilian orchards. Furthermore, outdated nutritional information becomes less reliable over time, as climate change alters soil conditions and crop nutrient concentrations and requirements, reinforcing the need for the establishment of up-to-date and specific nutritional information. This study aimed to establish nutritional standards for ‘Hass’ avocado production using the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) and Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) methodologies, and to define sufficiency ranges (SRs) and Critical Levels (CLs) for both macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) and micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn). The analyses were based on yield (t ha⁻¹) and leaf nutrient content data from commercial orchards, with datasets divided into younger (4–9 years) and older (10–26 years) plant groups. The DRIS effectively established nutritional standards for younger plants, explaining 11% of yield variation through nutritional balance. CND, in turn, was effective for both groups, accounting for 14% of yield variation and outperforming DRIS in associating nutritional status with productivity. SRs and CLs for ‘Hass’ avocado production were defined using both DRIS and CND. Together, these indices and diagnostic parameters offer valuable tools for enhancing nutritional monitoring and fertilization strategies in Brazil. Notably, SRs and CLs varied according to plant age. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management Under Climate Change: 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 2906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Walls Are Thin 1 Family in Cucumis sativus and Functional Identification of CsWAT1-20 in Response to Podosphaera xanthii

by Jinghang Hong, Hongyan Zhao, Youmei Yuan, Jinming Wu, Yang Yu, Na Cui, Xiangnan Meng and Haiyan Fan

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060620 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2025

Abstract

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is an economically important vegetable but powdery mildew (caused by Podosphaera xanthii) limits cucumber production. The WALLS ARE THIN1 (WAT1) gene is crucial for regulating secondary cell wall thickness and is pivotal in plant immune [...] Read more.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is an economically important vegetable but powdery mildew (caused by Podosphaera xanthii) limits cucumber production. The WALLS ARE THIN1 (WAT1) gene is crucial for regulating secondary cell wall thickness and is pivotal in plant immune responses. However, the role of WAT1 in cucumber defense against P. xanthii remains poorly characterized. In this study, we identified 47 CsWAT1 genes in the C. sativus genome and classified them into five clusters. Comprehensive analyses of the chromosome location, gene structure, and protein motifs revealed both conserved evolutionary and functional characteristics across plant species, as well as novel features specific to cucumber. Promoter analysis suggested that nine CsWAT1 genes may participate in the cucumber response to P. xanthii stress. Further expression profiling and functional analysis indicated that CsWAT1-20 positively regulates cucumber defense against P. xanthii stress. Our results provide fundamental insights into the characterization of CsWAT1 genes and the function of CsWAT1-20 in P. xanthii defense, laying the groundwork for further studies on the roles of the CsWAT1 gene family in cucumber plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Protected Horticulture Stress)

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18 pages, 5736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Analysis of the ATGs Family in Watermelon and the Involvement of ATG8s in Graft Union Formation

by Fei Ding, Siqi Cheng, Shaoshuai Fan, Xiulan Fan, Xiaonuan Chen, Jianan Zhang, Yixin Zhang, Yansu Li and Li Miao

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060619 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2025

Abstract

Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved process for cellular component degradation and recycling, occurs in yeasts, animals, and plants under both stress and normal conditions. However, the functions of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) remain uncharacterized. In this study, [...] Read more.

Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved process for cellular component degradation and recycling, occurs in yeasts, animals, and plants under both stress and normal conditions. However, the functions of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) remain uncharacterized. In this study, a phylogenetic analysis identified 27 ATGs belonging to 16 subfamilies in the watermelon genome. A promoter analysis revealed that all the ClaATGs contain multiple photo-responsive elements. Tissue-specific expression profiling showed diverse expression patterns of ClaATGs across different tissues, except for the constitutively expressed ClaATG6. Exogenous independent treatments with glucose, naphthalene acetic acid, and 6-benzylaminopurine induced the expression of most ClaATGs, particularly members of the ClaATG8 subfamily, in the graft unions of normal and etiolated seedlings. A sugar application significantly increased autophagosome numbers during the early stages of graft interface healing, accompanied by the upregulation of ClaATG6, ClaATG8b, ClaATG8i, and ClaTOR, as well as the downregulation of ClaSnRK1. These findings elucidate the roles of ATGs in watermelon graft union formation and provide novel insights into the complex functions of autophagy in plant development and stress responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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16 pages, 824 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Cassava Mosaic Disease and Assessment of Selected Agronomic Traits of Cassava (Manihot esculenta)

by Musa Decius Saffa, Alusaine Edward Samura, Mohamed Alieu Bah, Angela Obiageli Eni, Ezechiel Bionimian Tibiri, Sagnon Adama, Fidèle Tiendrébéogo, Justin Simon Pita, Prince Emmanuel Norman and Raymonda Adeline Bernardette Johnson

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060618 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2025

Abstract

A study was conducted in Sierra Leone to identify cassava plants that are asymptomatic and symptomatic to cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and collect planting materials for field trial establishment; determine the prevalence of CMD caused by African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East [...] Read more.

A study was conducted in Sierra Leone to identify cassava plants that are asymptomatic and symptomatic to cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and collect planting materials for field trial establishment; determine the prevalence of CMD caused by African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) using the Nuru App and virus indexing techniques; and assess selected agronomic traits in cassava. A total of 80 cassava farms spanning four provinces (Southern, Eastern, Northern, and North-West) were surveyed in April 2022. Findings showed that the cassava variants of the experiment and locations significantly (p < 0.001) affected CMD incidence, severity, growth, and fresh storage root yield traits. The CMD incidence (87.0%) and whitefly abundance (144.8) were highest, and the CMD severity was moderate (4.0) for the plants derived from cuttings obtained from symptomatic Cocoa mother plants, while plants derived from cuttings of improved mother plants exhibited no visible symptoms of the disease and the lowest population (45.1) of whiteflies. The Nuru app is inefficient for phenotypically detecting CMD at 3 months after planting (MAP), while at 6, 9 and 12 MAP, the app efficiently detected the disease using a molecular analysis technique. Resistant, non-diseased plants derived from cuttings obtained from SLICASS 4 mother plants produced the highest fresh storage root yield (54.9 t ha⁻¹). The highest storage root yield loss was recorded in the plants obtained from cuttings of symptomatic variety Cocoa mother plants harvested at Matotoka grassland ecology, Bombali District (90.2%), while those harvested from cuttings of asymptomatic variety Cocoa mother plants grown at the four test environments had a similar storage root yield loss ranging from 40.3 to 46.2%. Findings suggest the importance of genetic variability, environmental adaptation, utilization of diseased-free materials, and phytosanitation as disease management strategies for increased production. These findings provide important insights into the distribution, impact, and spread of CMD and whitefly abundance in the studied areas in Sierra Leone that could be exploited for cassava production, productivity, conservation, and population improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))

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19 pages, 901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strawberry Nectar Colour Stability and Aroma: Influence of Cultivar, Harvest Time and Ripening Stage

by Helen Murray, Walter Brandes, Sezer Sari, Phillip Eder, Claudia Dietl-Schuller, Marlene Lindner, Christian Philipp, Heidi Halbwirth, Christian Haselmair-Gosch and Manfred Gössinger

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060617 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the impact of cultivar, harvest time, and ripening stage of strawberries on their aroma concentration and profile, and colour stability of nectars produced from these strawberries. Purees from 12 different cultivars from two countries, collected at different ripening stages and [...] Read more.

This study investigated the impact of cultivar, harvest time, and ripening stage of strawberries on their aroma concentration and profile, and colour stability of nectars produced from these strawberries. Purees from 12 different cultivars from two countries, collected at different ripening stages and harvest times, were analysed. Furaneol and mesifuran content was analysed using a gas chromatography–flame ionisation detector (GC-FID), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the content of 12 aroma compounds, including esters, C6 compounds, and lactones. Nectars produced from these purees had their colour stability measured over 12 weeks. Both the colour and aroma were greatly influenced by strawberry cultivar. Within cultivars, nectars produced from strawberries that had been harvested overripe showed higher colour stability and higher concentrations of aroma compounds than those harvested ripe from an earlier harvest, although some cultivars were more affected by harvest time than ripening stage. Aroma compounds that correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with a good colour after storage included furaneol, ethyl butanoate, hexanal, γ-decalactone and γ-dodecalactone, as well as the total concentration of aroma compounds. Only γ-decalactone concentrations correlated significantly with overall nectar colour stability, although this could be due to cultivar effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)

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14 pages, 3920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expression Analysis of Citrate Metabolism-Related Genes Reveals New Insights into High Citrate Accumulation in a Bingtang Orange Bud Mutant (Citrus sinensis cv. Jinyan)

by Lingxia Guo, Syed Bilal Hussain, Lei Tang, Jian Han, Wei Liao, Tie Zhou, Fei Liu, Congtian Wang, Yuanyuan Xu and Peng Chen

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060616 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2025

Abstract

Understanding the molecular regulation of citric acid accumulation in citrus fruits is crucial, as acidity directly influences fruit flavor, consumer preference, and commercial value. Citric acid is the predominant organic acid in citrus, and its levels are shaped by several factors, including genetic [...] Read more.

Understanding the molecular regulation of citric acid accumulation in citrus fruits is crucial, as acidity directly influences fruit flavor, consumer preference, and commercial value. Citric acid is the predominant organic acid in citrus, and its levels are shaped by several factors, including genetic and developmental factors. ‘Jinyan’ Bingtang orange (Citrus sinensis cv. Jinyan) is a novel mutant derived from ‘Jinhong’ Bingtang orange (C. sinensis cv. Jinhong) that has a noticeably sour taste. However, the molecular basis of the increased citrate content in ‘Jinyan’ fruits remains unclear. This study compared the organic acid profiles and expression of citric acid metabolism-related genes between ‘Jinyan’ and ‘Jinhong’ fruit juice sacs throughout fruit development. The trend of citric acid content in both cultivars was similar; however, ‘Jinyan’ consistently presented significantly higher levels than ‘Jinhong’ did from 95 to 215 days after flowering (DAF). After 155 DAF, the transcript levels of citrate biosynthesis-related genes (PEPC1, PEPC2, PEPC3, CS1, and CS2) and citrate transport-related genes (V₁-E1, V₁-E2, V₀-a2, V₀-d, VHP1, VHP2, and CsPH8) were significantly greater in ‘Jinyan’ than in ‘Jinhong’. In contrast, citrate degradation-related genes (NAD-IDH2 and NAD-IDH3) were expressed at lower levels than in ‘Jinhong’. Notably, the expression patterns of V₁-E2 and CsPH8 closely matched the changes in citrate content in both cultivars. These results indicate that, compared with ‘Jinhong’, high citric acid accumulation in the juice sacs of ‘Jinyan’ fruit is likely due to increased citrate synthesis (via upregulated PEPCs and CSs) and increased vacuolar citrate sequestration (via upregulated proton pumps and transporters), coupled with reduced citrate degradation (lower NAD-IDH2/3). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Citrus Plant Growth and Fruit Quality)

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22 pages, 1796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Exogenous Trehalose on Plant Growth, Physiological and Biochemical Responses in Gardenia Jasminoides Seedlings During Cold Stress

by Dejian Zhang, Jianhao Zheng and Qingping Yi

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060615 - 30 May 2025

Abstract

In order to explore the effect and mechanism of trehalose (Tre) on the growth and cold resistance of gardenia jasminoides Ellis under low-temperature stress, 15 mmol/L of Tre was used on gardenia seedlings under different degrees of low-temperature stress. The results show that [...] Read more.

In order to explore the effect and mechanism of trehalose (Tre) on the growth and cold resistance of gardenia jasminoides Ellis under low-temperature stress, 15 mmol/L of Tre was used on gardenia seedlings under different degrees of low-temperature stress. The results show that −3 °C (low-temperature stress) significantly inhibited the growth of gardenia, while Tre at 15 mmol/L restored the plant height, number of leaves, total plant weight, and fresh weight of above ground and underground parts to 88.10%, 81.05%, 98%, 87.61% and 96.68% at 20 °C (normal temperature conditions). The total length of the root, number of lateral roots, total root surface area and root volume recovered to 88.48%, 74.08%, 104.03% and 83.77% under normal temperature at 20 °C. The chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic intensity parameters in the leaves of gardenia jasminoides were significantly decreased under low-temperature stress at −3 °C, while the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were significantly increased under 15 mmol/L Tre treatment. Meanwhile, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (φPSII, Fv’/Fm’ and qP increased by 18.60%, 73.17% and 81.82%, respectively) and photosynthetic intensity parameters (Pn, Gs, Ci and Tr increased by 33.33%, 70.86%, 14.83% and 116.50%, respectively) were also increased. At −3 °C, Tre treatment significantly increased the activities of SOD, POD and CAT in roots, and reduced the content of reactive oxygen species (H₂O₂ and superoxide anion). At the same time, the contents of root osmotic regulatory substances (proline and malondialdehyde) were decreased by 15.16% and 12.65%, respectively. At −3 °C, Tre significantly increased the root auxin content and significantly decreased the trans-zeanoside content, but had no significant effects on gibberellin and abscisic acid. Tre can also regulate the content of root respiratory metabolites under low-temperature stress, increase the malic acid content by 96.77% under −3 °C, and decrease the succinic acid content by 56.34%. In conclusion, Tre reduces the content of ROS and its damage by improving the antioxidant capacity in roots and enhances the osmoregulation and stability of cell membranes by reducing the content of osmoregulation substances, hormones and aerobic respiratory metabolites in the root, thus enhancing the cold resistance of gardenia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tolerance and Response of Ornamental Plants to Abiotic Stress—2nd Edition)

22 pages, 1660 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Genetic Breeding to Improve Freeze Tolerance in Blueberries, a Review

by Ye Chu, Josh Clevenger, Kendall Lee, Jing Zhang and Changying Li

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060614 - 30 May 2025

Abstract

The abiotic stresses associated with spring/fall freezes and extreme winter cold cause significant economic losses in blueberry production. These problems are exacerbated by climate change and increasingly erratic weather patterns. Developing freeze-tolerant blueberry cultivars with optimized cold hardiness, chilling requirement, and flowering and [...] Read more.

The abiotic stresses associated with spring/fall freezes and extreme winter cold cause significant economic losses in blueberry production. These problems are exacerbated by climate change and increasingly erratic weather patterns. Developing freeze-tolerant blueberry cultivars with optimized cold hardiness, chilling requirement, and flowering and fruiting phenology holds promise for mitigating the risk of these weather-related damages. These weather-resilient cultivars will ensure the long-term productivity and sustainability of the blueberry industry. The focus of this review is to present the current understanding of the major components of genetic breeding for blueberry freeze tolerance, i.e., phenotyping, genotyping, genetic association analysis, and marker development. The advancement in gene regulation and corresponding proteomic changes upon cold acclimation, dormancy, de-acclamation, and flowering and fruiting aids in the understanding of the adaptive stress response in blueberries. A wide range of genetic diversity in freeze tolerance and phenological traits has been identified among cultivated and wild blueberry relatives. Significant efforts have been made to phenotype freeze tolerance, chilling requirement, and flower and fruit development in both field and controlled environmental conditions. Recent studies emphasize the need for high-throughput, image-based phenotyping of blueberry flower development to improve the precision and efficiency of selecting freeze-resilient genotypes. In addition, advancements in blueberry genomics and pangenome resources expanded the potential of variant calling and high-density linkage map construction. Genetic association studies have identified QTL regions linked to freeze tolerance in blueberries, providing valuable targets for selection. The implementation of these advanced genomic tools and high-throughput phenotyping methodology will accelerate the development of weather-resilient blueberry cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

14 pages, 1249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sweet Chestnut Wood Distillate’s Role in Reducing Helicoverpa armigera Damage and Enhancing Chickpea Performance: Evidence from Field Trial

by Pablo Carril, Ilaria Colzi, Riccardo Fedeli, Cristina Gonnelli and Stefano Loppi

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060613 - 30 May 2025

Abstract

The moth Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), better known as the pod borer, poses significant threats to chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production. Therefore, effective and sustainable crop management strategies are required to mitigate the impact of this cosmopolitan pest. The present study aimed [...] Read more.

The moth Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), better known as the pod borer, poses significant threats to chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production. Therefore, effective and sustainable crop management strategies are required to mitigate the impact of this cosmopolitan pest. The present study aimed at investigating the potential of wood distillate (WD), a liquid byproduct of the pyrolysis of waste lignocellulosic biomass, to both reduce H. armigera pest incidence and to enhance crop yields in field-grown chickpea. The application of WD as a foliar spray effectively reduced the number of damaged pods by 35% during the plant´s reproductive stage compared with water-sprayed plants (~16 vs. 24 bored pods plant⁻¹, respectively) and increased the number of healthy pods (~16 vs. 10 pods plant⁻¹, respectively). Moreover, the lower pest incidence was accompanied by an improvement of both the seed yield and the quality at the plant´s full maturity stage. Specifically, WD-treated plants increased both the number and weight of seeds by ~80% compared to water-sprayed plants (~23 vs. 13 and 5.5 vs. 3 plant⁻¹, respectively) which further showed a remarkable improvement in their nutritional value, with the concentration of total polyphenols, flavonoids, starch, calcium, and magnesium increasing by 17%, 56%, 43%, 23%, and 15%, respectively. These results underscore the potential of WD to both improve chickpea performance and to reduce H. armigera damage to sustainably improve the productivity of this critical legume crop, aligning with the principles of the circular economy and offering an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pest Diagnosis and Control Strategies for Fruit and Vegetable Plants)

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13 pages, 2466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancement of Phenolic and Polyacetylene Accumulation in Lobelia chinensis (Chinese lobelia) Plantlet Cultures Through Yeast Extract and Salicylic Acid Elicitation

by Xinlei Bai, Han-Sol Lee, Jong-Eun Han, Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy and So-Young Park

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060612 - 30 May 2025

Abstract

Lobelia chinensis (Lour.) is a medicinal plant that contains phytochemicals, such as phenolics and polyacetylene compounds, with beneficial biological activities. In vitro cultures are typically employed for biomass generation and plant multiplication. However, the current biotechnological approaches for producing these chemicals are ineffective, [...] Read more.

Lobelia chinensis (Lour.) is a medicinal plant that contains phytochemicals, such as phenolics and polyacetylene compounds, with beneficial biological activities. In vitro cultures are typically employed for biomass generation and plant multiplication. However, the current biotechnological approaches for producing these chemicals are ineffective, which is why bioelicitors are being used to boost synthesis of these molecules. Plantlet cultures were established in vitro using Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 3% sucrose (w/v). Following 4 weeks of culture initiation, the plantlet cultures were treated with 0, 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg L⁻¹ of yeast extract (YE) or with 0, 25, 50, 100, or 200 µM of salicylic acid (SA) for 1 week to boost the synthesis of bioactive compounds. The amounts of total phenolics, total flavonoids, specific phenolics including catechin, phloretic acid, linarin, and polyacetylenes, including lobetyolinin and lobetylin, were considerably elevated in the plantlet cultures treated with 50 mg L⁻¹ YE and/or 25 µM SA. The 2,2 Diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethybenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were performed to assess the antioxidant properties of the plantlets. The elicitor-treated plantlets were found to have higher antioxidant activity. Thus, plantlet biomass produced in vitro can be used as a raw material to produce medicinal and nutraceutical products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro Culture of Crops: Bridging Heritage and Innovation)

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20 pages, 3282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

IPM Adoption in Common Beans in Brazil

by Amanda Lopes Ferreira, Alcido Elenor Wander and Patricia Valle Pinheiro

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060611 - 29 May 2025

Abstract

Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are an important source of protein for the Brazilian population. They are cultivated all over the country, in three cropping seasons/year, totaling 2.7 million tons, mostly for domestic consumption. Pest management is a big challenge and is [...] Read more.

Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are an important source of protein for the Brazilian population. They are cultivated all over the country, in three cropping seasons/year, totaling 2.7 million tons, mostly for domestic consumption. Pest management is a big challenge and is mostly carried out with the intensive use of pesticides. Integrated pest management (IPM) is essential for sustainability. This technology is based on applying insecticides only when the pest population reaches the Economic Threshold. For that, it is necessary to monitor the crop for the occurrence of pests and beneficial arthropods. Although the concept of IPM and its benefits have long been known and widespread, it is not clear whether bean producers adopt the technology, since informal reports suggest that preventive insecticide applications are still highly used in the crop. The objective of this study was to survey the level of IPM adoption among bean producers in different regions of Brazil, using a questionnaire, applied to 103 producers/consultants. The results show that the estimated rate of IPM adoption by common bean producers in Brazil is 46.6%. The main causes of the low adoption are a lack of understanding of IPM concepts, high confidence in the efficiency of pesticides, and high costs of crop monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest Management)

21 pages, 2131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Sun to Snack: Different Drying Methods and Their Impact on Crispiness and Consumer Acceptance of Royal Gala Apple Snacks

by Lisete Fernandes, Pedro B. Tavares and Carla Gonçalves

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060610 - 29 May 2025

Abstract

This study explores the acoustic, mechanical and sensory characteristics of Royal Gala dried apples, with a special focus on the potential of solar drying as a sustainable processing method. Apple samples were subjected to different drying techniques, being solar dried (SDA) or oven [...] Read more.

This study explores the acoustic, mechanical and sensory characteristics of Royal Gala dried apples, with a special focus on the potential of solar drying as a sustainable processing method. Apple samples were subjected to different drying techniques, being solar dried (SDA) or oven dried (ODA), with two industrially processed commercial products (CCA—commercial apples C and CFA—commercial apples F) included. The samples were analyzed using acoustic measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and sensory evaluation to assess textural properties and consumer perception. Acoustic analysis revealed that crispier samples produced louder and higher-frequency sounds upon fracture, showing strong alignment with sensory assessments. X-ray diffraction indicated an increase in crystallinity during dehydration, with a shift in the amorphous peak toward lower angles, and reduced intensity, reflecting progressive water removal. Sensory evaluation showed varying degrees of crispiness among the samples, in the following order: CFA > SDA > CCA > ODA. Consumer testing highlighted greater acceptance and consensus for SDA and ODA samples in terms of texture and overall appeal, whereas CCA and CFA received more polarized opinions. These findings demonstrate how different drying methods influence the structural and textural properties of dried apples. Solar drying was shown to be a promising sustainable alternative; as it uses a renewable energy source, it has a low operating cost and simple maintenance. It allows farmers and small producers to process their own food, adding value and reducing post-harvest losses, preserving desirable textural attributes and achieving high consumer acceptance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sustainable Practices in Horticultural Crops Postharvest Treatment and Processing)

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20 pages, 4858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Genome-Wide Characterization of the Xyloglucan Endotransglucosylase/Hydrolase Family Genes and Their Functions in the Shell Formation of Pecan

by Mengyun Wen, Zekun Zhou, Jing Sun, Fanqing Meng, Xueliang Xi, Aizhong Liu and Anmin Yu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060609 - 29 May 2025

Abstract

Xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases (XTHs) are key enzymes involved in cell wall remodeling by modifying xyloglucan–cellulose networks, thereby influencing plant growth, development, and secondary cell wall formation. While the roles of XTHs have been extensively studied in primary and secondary growth, their functions in the [...] Read more.

Xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases (XTHs) are key enzymes involved in cell wall remodeling by modifying xyloglucan–cellulose networks, thereby influencing plant growth, development, and secondary cell wall formation. While the roles of XTHs have been extensively studied in primary and secondary growth, their functions in the formation and thickening of lignified nut shells remain largely unknown. Pecan (Carya illinoinensis), an economically important nut crop, develops a hard, lignified shell that protects the seed during fruit maturation. In this study, we performed a comprehensive genome-wide characterization of the XTH gene family in pecan and identified 38 XTH genes, which were categorized into four distinct phylogenetic groups. Structural analyses of the deduced proteins revealed conserved catalytic residues alongside divergent loop regions, suggesting functional diversification. Expression profiling across various tissues and among pecan cultivars with contrasting shell phenotypes indicated that specific XTH genes may play critical roles in shell structure formation. Moreover, gene regulatory networks in thin- and thick-shelled pecans provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying shell development and thickness regulation. These findings lay a foundation for future genetic improvement strategies targeting nut shell traits in woody perennials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

17 pages, 4028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Behavior of Electrostatic Droplets After Impacting Pepper Leaves

by Kaiyuan Wang, Xiaoya Dong, Song Wang, Liang Dong, Zhouming Gao, Tao Wang, Xiaolong Wang, Xin Lu and Baijing Qiu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060608 - 29 May 2025

Abstract

Electrostatic droplets can enhance deposition on target leaves. To comprehensively investigate the main factors affecting droplet adhesion and splashing after electrostatic droplet impact on pepper leaves, a specialized experimental platform was developed to capture the impact behavior of charged droplets on pepper leaves. [...] Read more.

Electrostatic droplets can enhance deposition on target leaves. To comprehensively investigate the main factors affecting droplet adhesion and splashing after electrostatic droplet impact on pepper leaves, a specialized experimental platform was developed to capture the impact behavior of charged droplets on pepper leaves. The following four variables were examined: the applied voltage of the electrode ring, droplet size, impact velocity, and the relative distance from the impact point to the leaf tip (expressed as a percentage of the total leaf length). The results showed that all four factors had significant effects on droplet adhesion. The effect sizes (partial η²) of the four factors, in descending order, were impact velocity (0.935), applied voltage (0.907), impact position (0.895), and droplet size (0.505). Compared with non-electrostatic droplets, the increase in the maximum spreading factor of charged droplets was positively correlated with droplet size, impact velocity, and applied voltage but showed no significant correlation with the relative distance to the leaf tip. The critical velocity for splashing of electrostatic droplets decreased to a certain extent but increased with higher applied voltages. The influence of the four factors on droplet splashing decreases in the following order: impact velocity (odds ratio ≫ 1), charging voltage (odds ratio = 1.246), droplet size (odds ratio = 1.023), and impact position (odds ratio < 1). Among these, impact velocity has the most significant effect on splashing behavior. This study reveals the adhesion and splashing mechanisms of electrostatic droplets on flexible pepper leaves, providing theoretical support for the design of electrostatic spraying systems and the selection of operational parameters. The findings offer a scientific basis for optimizing droplet deposition, minimizing splash losses, and improving application efficiency in precision spraying. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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18 pages, 4090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spice Defense: Resistance, Capsaicin, and Photosynthesis in Diverse Capsicum Genotypes Under Root-Knot Nematode Stress

by Kansiree Jindapunnapat, Pornthip Sroisai, Nichaphat Auangaree, Nawarat Pornsopin, Suchila Techawongstien and Tanyarat Tarinta

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060607 - 29 May 2025

Abstract

Meloidogyne enterolobii is an aggressive root-knot nematode that poses a significant threat to global chili (Capsicum spp.) production. This study evaluated the resistance levels, physiological responses, and capsaicin accumulation patterns of diverse Capsicum genotypes—including C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens [...] Read more.

Meloidogyne enterolobii is an aggressive root-knot nematode that poses a significant threat to global chili (Capsicum spp.) production. This study evaluated the resistance levels, physiological responses, and capsaicin accumulation patterns of diverse Capsicum genotypes—including C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, and C. baccatum—under nematode-infested and non-infested conditions. Resistance was assessed using the gall index (GI), egg per g of root, and reproductive factor (Rf). Among these evaluated parameters, Rf and egg count consistently reflected nematode reproductive success, whereas the GI proved less reliable for resistance classification. Several genotypes—notably from C. chinense and C. frutescens—exhibited strong resistance (Rf < 1), suggesting their potential for nematode-infection cultivar development. Physiological assessments revealed variable photosynthetic responses, with some genotypes showing increased photosynthetic rates of post-infection, indicating potential compensatory mechanisms. In contrast, capsaicin accumulation was influenced by nematode stress and genetic background, indicating their roles in capsaicin biosynthesis. These findings highlight the genotype-specific biochemical and physiological responses of Capsicum species to M. enterolobii infection and underscore the value of integrating physiological, biochemical, and molecular data in breeding programs. Future research should focus on dissecting hormonal signaling pathways and post-infection metabolic shifts to accelerate the development of robust, high-yielding cultivars with durable resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))

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15 pages, 981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation, Path-Coefficient, and Economic Heterosis Studies in CMS-Based Cabbage Hybrids over Different Environments

by Shipra Singh Parmar, Ramesh Kumar, Amit Vikram, Rajesh Kumar Dogra, Meenu Gupta, Abhishek Singh, Karen Ghazaryan, Rupesh Kumar Singh and João Ricardo Sousa

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060606 - 29 May 2025

Abstract

Securing food for an expanding population in the face of climate change necessitates a transformation of global food systems towards sustainability, emphasizing nutritional quality and environmental consequences. This research assessed eight cytoplasmic male sterility-based cabbage hybrids and two controls across nine environments from [...] Read more.

Securing food for an expanding population in the face of climate change necessitates a transformation of global food systems towards sustainability, emphasizing nutritional quality and environmental consequences. This research assessed eight cytoplasmic male sterility-based cabbage hybrids and two controls across nine environments from 2020 to 2022 to improve cabbage output and sustainability. Essential characteristics, including head weight, compactness, and yield, were examined, revealing considerable heterogeneity and elevated heritability for features such as ascorbic acid content (98.41%) and net head weight (86.12%). Yield had a favorable correlation with characteristics such as net head weight and harvest index. Path coefficient research revealed that gross and net head weight have the most significant direct effects on yield. Heterosis research indicated UHF-CAB-HYB-1 had the highest significant positive heterosis in yield compared to the standard checks, Pusa Hybrid-81 and Pusa Cabbage-1, across all nine conditions. The results underscore the need to identify essential characteristics for the creation of high-yield, hardy cabbage hybrids, in accordance with sustainable agriculture and food security objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tissue Culture Techniques and Molecular Markers of Horticultural Plants)

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19 pages, 7395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insights into the Underlying Mechanism of the Piriformospora indica-Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Blueberry

by Yongyan Zhang, Pengyan Qu, Junke Zhang, Ruide Li, Rui Liu and Chunzhen Cheng

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060605 - 29 May 2025

Abstract

Piriformospora/Serendipita indica has been frequently proved to play a crucial role in enhancing plant adaptation to environmental stresses. However, its influence on blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) drought tolerance has not yet been studied. Here, we reported that P. indica colonization can significantly enhance [...] Read more.

Piriformospora/Serendipita indica has been frequently proved to play a crucial role in enhancing plant adaptation to environmental stresses. However, its influence on blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) drought tolerance has not yet been studied. Here, we reported that P. indica colonization can significantly enhance the drought tolerance of blueberry. Physio-biochemical parameter determination results showed that, compared to non-colonized controls (CK), P. indica-colonized (PI) plants exhibited higher leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids contents, photosynthetic capacity, biomass and root antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase and catalase), while also exhibiting lower root malondialdehyde content under drought stress (DS). To explore the underlying mechanism, comparative root transcriptome analysis of well-watered (WW) and DS-treated CK and PI blueberry plants was conducted. In total, we identified 14,587 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across CK-WW vs. CK-DS, PI-WW vs. PI-DS, CK-WW vs. PI-WW and CK-DS vs. PI-DS comparisons. Under DS, stress-, metabolism- and regulation-related DEGs were overwhelmingly upregulated in PI, while being downregulated in CK. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis categorized DEGs into four modules. Of them, the MEblack module was significantly correlated with the PI-DS group, with DEGs enriched in the cell wall macromolecule catabolic process, carbohydrate metabolic process, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and so on. Several defense-related genes, including four thaumatin family proteins, were identified as hub genes of this module. DEGs in the MEblue module were expressed at the highest level in CK-DS, followed by in PI-DS. Hub genes of the MEblue module included DEG-encoding lipid transfer protein, abscisic stress ripening protein, and so on. This study demonstrates that P. indica enhances blueberry drought tolerance by enhancing antioxidant ability and mediating the expression of genes related to stress, carbohydrate and secondary metabolism, and cell wall metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Protected Horticulture Stress)

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19 pages, 3126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization and Expression Analysis of PUB Gene Family Involved in Drought Stress Response in Trifoliate Orange (Poncirus trifoliata)

by Bobo Song, Sanpeng Jin, Xuchen Gong, Yong Liu, Dechun Liu, Li Yang, Wei Hu, Liuqing Kuang and Jie Song

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060604 - 29 May 2025

Abstract

The U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase (PUB) gene family plays an important role in regulating plant responses to abiotic stress. Poncirus trifoliata (trifoliate orange), a citrus rootstock with notable cold, drought, and salt tolerance, serves as an excellent model for studying stress-responsive genes. In [...] Read more.

The U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase (PUB) gene family plays an important role in regulating plant responses to abiotic stress. Poncirus trifoliata (trifoliate orange), a citrus rootstock with notable cold, drought, and salt tolerance, serves as an excellent model for studying stress-responsive genes. In this study, a total of 47 PUB genes (PtrPUBs) were identified in the trifoliate orange genome. Chromosomal distribution analysis indicated that PtrPUB genes were unevenly distributed across nine trifoliate orange chromosomes. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that 170 PUB proteins from trifoliate orange, Arabidopsis thaliana, and tomato were clustered into five subfamilies. Gene structure, conserved domain, and motif analyses revealed diverse exon–intron and motif organizations of PtrPUB genes, suggesting potential functional differentiation among PtrPUBs. Cis-acting analysis indicated that the promoters of PtrPUB genes harbor elements related to hormone signaling (ABA, MeJA), drought stress, and low-temperature responses. Transcriptomic data and qRT-PCR results suggested that PtrPUB genes are responsive to ABA and dehydration treatments. This study provides a foundation for understanding the functional roles of PUB genes in trifoliate orange and offers insights for improving stress tolerance in citrus breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Breeding and Genetic Improvement of Fruit Crops)

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