Horticulturae

16 pages, 3710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Many Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) Fruit Are Required for Reliable Postharvest Quality Assessment?

by João Claudio Vilvert, Cristiane Martins Veloso, Flávio de França Souza and Sérgio Tonetto de Freitas

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 941; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080941 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) is a tropical fruit known for its high vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content. This study aimed to determine the optimal sample size (OSS) required to reliably estimate postharvest quality traits in acerola. A total of 50 red-ripe fruit [...] Read more.

Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) is a tropical fruit known for its high vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content. This study aimed to determine the optimal sample size (OSS) required to reliably estimate postharvest quality traits in acerola. A total of 50 red-ripe fruit from four cultivars (BRS Rubra, Cabocla, Costa Rica, and Junko) were evaluated individually for their physical (weight, diameter, length, color, and firmness) and chemical (soluble solids content [SSC], titratable acidity [TA], SSC/TA ratio, and vitamin C) attributes. Bootstrap resampling and nonlinear power models were used to model the relationships between sample sizes and the width of 95% confidence intervals (CI_95%). Three methods were applied to determine the maximum curvature point (MCP): general, perpendicular distance (PD), and linear response plateau (LRP). The PD and LRP methods led to consistent and conservative OSS estimates, which ranged from 12 to 28 fruit depending on the trait and cultivar. A sample size of 20 fruit was identified as a practical and reliable reference. Chemical traits showed greater variability and required larger samples. Cultivar comparisons indicated that ‘BRS Rubra’, ‘Cabocla’, and ‘Costa Rica’ are suitable for fresh consumption, while ‘Junko’ is ideal for vitamin C extraction. These results provide statistical support for experimental planning in acerola postharvest research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Physiology and Quality Improvement of Fruit Crops)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acrostalagmus luteoalbus as the Novel Causing Agent of Root Rot on Strawberry and In Vitro Screening of Effective Fungicides

by Lei Zhang, Chongyi Fu, Hongling Zhang, Zhengnan Li and Pingping Sun

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080940 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

In November 2022, black-root and stem-rot symptoms were observed on the strawberry cultivar ‘Ssanta’ in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. In order to identify the causing agent of strawberry root rot, and select effective fungicides for controlling this disease, this study was [...] Read more.

In November 2022, black-root and stem-rot symptoms were observed on the strawberry cultivar ‘Ssanta’ in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. In order to identify the causing agent of strawberry root rot, and select effective fungicides for controlling this disease, this study was carried out. The associated fungi were isolated from diseased strawberry plants, and the isolate that fulfilled Koch’s postulates was further identified based on morphological characteristics, together with the internal transcribed spacer regions and 28S rDNA sequences; then, the inhibitory activities of 11 commercial fungicides on the pathogenic strain were screened based on the mycelium growth method. Results showed that six candidate strains were isolated from diseased strawberry, and only the isolate CMGF-A caused typical root and stem rot on strawberry. The CMGF-A showed typical morphology of Acrostalagmus species, and sequence analyses revealed it as A. luteoalbus. The prochloraz was selected as the primary fungicide for effectively controlling CMGF-A, while tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl, and difenoconazole·azoxystrobin could be used as alternatives. A. luteoalbus was previously reported to cause potato tuber disease, and red rust of needle mushroom, this work is the first report of A. luteoalbus causing strawberry root rot worldwide. This study provided helpful information for the diagnosis and management of strawberry root rot disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

16 pages, 3152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Potential Mechanism of Regulating Fruit Shape of ‘Laiyang Cili’ Pear with Calyx Excision Treatment

by Huijun Jiao, Yaojun Chang, Qiming Chen, Chaoran Xu, Qiuzhu Guan and Shuwei Wei

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080939 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Fruit shape is an important quality and yield trait of pear, and the fruit shape of ‘Laiyang Cili’ presents a spindle shape which seriously affects its commercial value. Calyx excision treatment could change the fruit shape, while the underlying genes and their regulatory [...] Read more.

Fruit shape is an important quality and yield trait of pear, and the fruit shape of ‘Laiyang Cili’ presents a spindle shape which seriously affects its commercial value. Calyx excision treatment could change the fruit shape, while the underlying genes and their regulatory mechanism remain poorly understood. In this study, we constructed RNA-seq libraries of pear treated with calyx excision to explore underlying regulatory mechanisms. At the early stage of the calyx excision treatment, the numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between each comparison group were relatively high and gradually decreased along with fruit development. The expression pattern of the DEGs ranked in the top 30 of the six groups had obvious divergence, and DEGs were mainly distributed in the “after calyx excision treatment (0 days)” (AC0d) and AC2d groups. The DEGs were mainly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction and plant defense response. We identified 17 candidate genes related to fruit shape and tested their expression patterns along with fruit development. Among them, nine candidate genes expression trends were consistent with fragments per kilobase of exon model per million mapped fragment (FPKM) values, including MYB62, outer envelope pore protein 62 (OEP62), auxin response factor 3 (ARF3), auxin-responsive protein 50 (SAUR50), protein phosphatase 2C 51 (PP2C 51), major allergen Pyr c 1 (PYRC1), aquaporin TIP1-3 (TIP1-3), transcription factor TGA4 (TGA4) and auxin-responsive protein 17 (IAA17). And then, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) analysis revealed that the OVATE family protein (OFP) and SUN domain-containing protein (SUN) were divided into the MEblue model, which had a positive correlation with calyx excision treatment, and the expression trend of LOC103960706 (OFP8) appeared cohesive with FPKM values. Pbr014104.1 and Pbr016952.1, which were the ortholog genes of LOC103960706, were further identified from the pear genome, and were found to be highly expressed in pear fruit through RT-PCR analysis. Taken together, the key stage determining the development of fruit shape was in the early stage after calyx excision treatment, and fruit shape regulation and development were co-regulated by multiple genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Developmental Biology in Tree Fruit and Nut Crops—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 5727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of the HSP70 Gene Family and Its Expression Under Heat Stress in Non-Heading Chinese Cabbage

by Bo Zhu, Jingyi Jia, Sijia Zhang, Yingying Xiao, Chenwei Dai and Xianzhao Kan

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 938; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080938 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Heat stress, intensified by global warming, is an increasing challenge for the growth and yield of the economically important crop Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (NHCC). The Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) family plays an important role in plant thermotolerance, but its molecular characteristics [...] Read more.

Heat stress, intensified by global warming, is an increasing challenge for the growth and yield of the economically important crop Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (NHCC). The Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) family plays an important role in plant thermotolerance, but its molecular characteristics and regulatory mechanisms in this subspecies have not been investigated. Herein, we conducted a comprehensive genomic and transcriptional profiling of the BrcHSP70 gene lineage and revealed a total of 31 members. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed a closer evolutionary relationship to genes from B. rapa ssp. pekinensis (HCC) than to those found in Arabidopsis. Genomic analysis demonstrated that segmental duplication, with eight pairs identified, was the primary driving force for the family’s expansion, rather than tandem duplication. Additionally, the BrcHsp70 gene promoters are enriched with cis-acting elements responsive to phytohormones (particularly ABA) and abiotic stresses. Critically, under 38 °C high-temperature stress, the heat-resistant variety ‘SHI’ and heat-sensitive variety ‘Aijiaohuang’ exhibited distinct expression patterns, identifying key candidate genes implicated in thermotolerance. These results elucidate the evolutionary and regulatory features of the HSP70 family in NHCC, providing a new understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant heat tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expression of the Protein Phosphatase Gene SlPP2C28 Confers Enhanced Tolerance to Bacterial Wilt in Tobacco

by Lei Ni, Yafei Qin, Mei Wang, Jianfang Qiu, Daodao Tang, Liantian Chen, Lang Wu, Jinhua Li, Yu Pan and Xingguo Zhang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080937 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Plant protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) is recognized as one of the most critical protein family in plants and plays a pivotal role in disease resistance responses. However, the involvement of tomato PP2C family members in resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum [...] Read more.

Plant protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) is recognized as one of the most critical protein family in plants and plays a pivotal role in disease resistance responses. However, the involvement of tomato PP2C family members in resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that silencing SlPP2C28 increased tomato susceptibility to R. solanacearum; then, we introduced the tomato gene SlPP2C28, which exhibits a strong response to R. solanacearum, into the Nicotiana benthamiana genome via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, generating high-expression transgenic lines OE-2 and OE-3. Following inoculation with R. solanacearum, the transgenic tobacco plants displayed reduced wilting symptoms, delayed disease onset, lower disease index, reduced stem cross-section damage, decreased internal bacterial colonization, diminished accumulation of reactive oxygen species in leaves, enhanced expression of SlPP2C28, up-regulated expression of defense-related genes NbSOD, NbPOD, and NbPAL along with an increase in the activities of their corresponding enzymes, and elevated expression levels of pathogenesis-related genes NbPR1a, NbPR2, NbPR4, and NbPR10. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the SlPP2C28 gene has the function of enhancing resistance to bacterial wilt disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

19 pages, 2610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of 1-Methylcyclopropene Fumigant on Texture and Nutritional Quality of ‘Yanshu 25’ Sweet Potato During Shelf-Life and Long-Term Storage at Room Temperature

by Ximing Xu, Chengyuan Hu, Shixiang Wei, Jingwen Wei, Yueming Zhu, Zhoumin Wang, Chao Xiang, Zunfu Lv and Guoquan Lu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080936 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Sweet potatoes are highly susceptible to postharvest losses, primarily due to texture softening and nutrient degradation during room-temperature storage. This study investigated the effects of various concentrations of 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) fumigation (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 μL·L⁻¹) on the textural [...] Read more.

Sweet potatoes are highly susceptible to postharvest losses, primarily due to texture softening and nutrient degradation during room-temperature storage. This study investigated the effects of various concentrations of 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) fumigation (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 μL·L⁻¹) on the textural and nutritional quality of the ‘Yanshu 25’ sweet potato variety stored at room temperature (25 ± 1 °C) for 120 days. Results showed that 1-MCP treatment significantly delayed texture softening and nutrient loss, with concentrations of 1–2 μL·L⁻¹ demonstrating the most balanced effects for long-term storage. The highest concentration (8 μL·L⁻¹) exhibited favourable effects during the first 22 days of storage. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that texture properties (firmness and chewiness) and bioactive compounds (total polyphenols) were the main quality markers. This study provides the first evidence for optimising 1-MCP concentration to enhance storage quality of sweet potato, offering tailored solutions for supply chain management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Quality Characteristics and Storage Life of Horticultural Products)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 2633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial–Organic Inputs with Glycine Supplementation Enhance Growth and Heat Stress Tolerance in Lettuce

by Kanjana Kudpeng, Ahmad Nuruddin Khoiri, Thanawat Duangfoo, Supapon Cheevadhanarak and Jiraporn Jirakkakul

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 935; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080935 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

The escalating demand for sustainable agriculture calls for innovative strategies that enhance crop resilience while minimizing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This study evaluated the synergistic effects of a microbial consortium (PYS), organic fertilizer (OF), glycine (Gly), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on lettuce under [...] Read more.

The escalating demand for sustainable agriculture calls for innovative strategies that enhance crop resilience while minimizing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This study evaluated the synergistic effects of a microbial consortium (PYS), organic fertilizer (OF), glycine (Gly), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on lettuce under heat stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in Bangkok, Thailand, simulating tropical high-temperature conditions. The PYS+OF+Gly treatment significantly improved fresh weight, matching the performance of chemical fertilizer (CF) and indicating a strong growth-promoting synergy. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents were higher in PYS or PYS+OF treatment, suggesting enhanced photosynthetic efficiency. At 60 days, PYS-based treatments also led to substantial increases in total phenolics and flavonoids, coupled with reduced lipid peroxidation and elevated antioxidant activities (DPPH, APX, CAT, POD, and SOD). However, vitamin C levels remained highest in the CF and OF controls, indicating a potential metabolic shift toward phenylpropanoid rather than ascorbate biosynthesis. Overall, our results demonstrate that combining microbial consortia with organic and biostimulant inputs could enhance growth, stress tolerance, and the nutritional quality of lettuce. This integrated approach presents a promising strategy for climate-resilient crop production and warrants further validation across different crops, environmental settings, and large-scale agricultural systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 1478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotypic Diversity and Biochemical Properties of Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pall. Genotypes: A Comprehensive Study from Western Türkiye

by Levent Kırca and Ahmet Aygün

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 934; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080934 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study comprehensively characterized the pomological and biochemical properties of 255 wild pear (Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pall.) genotypes collected from 17 different locations in Denizli province, Türkiye, a region known for its significant genetic resources. A total of 19 parameters were investigated, including [...] Read more.

This study comprehensively characterized the pomological and biochemical properties of 255 wild pear (Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pall.) genotypes collected from 17 different locations in Denizli province, Türkiye, a region known for its significant genetic resources. A total of 19 parameters were investigated, including fruit dimensions, seed characteristics, firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), pH, titratable acidity, vitamin C, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity. Variance analysis revealed significant differences among locations for most of the evaluated traits (p ≤ 0.05). Correlation analyses elucidated the relationships between pomological and biochemical characteristics, while principal component analysis and cluster analysis reflected the genetic and geographical structure of the genotypes. Notably, genotypes from Çivril, Çal, Pamukkale, and Tavas locations exhibited superior characteristics. The high phenolic and flavonoid content, coupled with the strong antioxidant capacity of Pyrus elaeagnifolia, supports the species’ potential as a functional food. The findings provide valuable resources for conservation efforts, sustainable utilization, and breeding programs aimed at adapting to climate change. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first systematic and multi-trait assessment of wild pear genetic diversity in the Denizli province, thus providing a crucial scientific baseline for the development of effective conservation and breeding strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 7011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring Chrysanthemum Cultivation Areas Using Remote Sensing Technology

by Yin Ye, Meng-Ting Wu, Chun-Juan Pu, Jing-Mei Chen, Zhi-Xian Jing, Ting-Ting Shi, Xiao-Bo Zhang and Hui Yan

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080933 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Chrysanthemum has a long history of medicinal use with rich germplasm resources and extensive cultivation. Traditional chrysanthemum cultivation involves complex patterns and long flowering periods, with the ongoing expansion of planting areas complicating statistical surveys. Currently, reliable, timely, and universally applicable standardized monitoring [...] Read more.

Chrysanthemum has a long history of medicinal use with rich germplasm resources and extensive cultivation. Traditional chrysanthemum cultivation involves complex patterns and long flowering periods, with the ongoing expansion of planting areas complicating statistical surveys. Currently, reliable, timely, and universally applicable standardized monitoring methods for chrysanthemum cultivation areas remain underdeveloped. This research employed 16 m resolution satellite imagery spanning 2021 to 2023 alongside 2 m resolution data acquired in 2022 to quantify chrysanthemum cultivation extent across Sheyang County, Jiangsu Province, China. After evaluating multiple classifiers, Maximum Likelihood Classification was selected as the optimal method. Subsequently, time-series-based post-classification processing was implemented: initial cultivation information extraction was performed through feature comparison, supervised classification, and temporal analysis. Accuracy validation via Overall Accuracy, Kappa coefficient, Producer’s Accuracy, and User’s Accuracy identified critical issues, followed by targeted refinement of spectrally confused features to obtain precise area estimates. The chrysanthemum cultivation area in 2022 was quantified as 46,950,343 m² for 2 m resolution and 46,332,538 m² for 16 m resolution. Finally, the conversion ratio characteristics between resolutions were analyzed, yielding adjusted results of 38,466,192 m² for 2021 and 47,546,718 m² for 2023, respectively. These outcomes demonstrate strong alignment with local agricultural statistics, confirming method viability for chrysanthemum cultivation area computation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinals, Herbs, and Specialty Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 2221 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Revised Viticulture for Low-Alcohol Wine Production: Strategies and Limitations

by Stefano Poni and Tommaso Frioni

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 932; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080932 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Interest in the wine sector focusing on no- or low-alcohol wines is growing. De-alcoholation, typically a post-fermentation process, faces restrictions in some countries and is often quite costly. Using raw materials like low-sugar grapes suitable for this purpose seems logical, yet the literature [...] Read more.

Interest in the wine sector focusing on no- or low-alcohol wines is growing. De-alcoholation, typically a post-fermentation process, faces restrictions in some countries and is often quite costly. Using raw materials like low-sugar grapes suitable for this purpose seems logical, yet the literature currently lacks contributions in this area. In this review paper, we outline an ideal ripening process where the goal of producing “low-sugar grapes” can be achieved through various methodologies applied at (i) the whole-canopy level (minimal pruning, hedge mechanical pruning with or without hand finishing, cane pruning combined with high bud load and no cluster thinning, applications of exogenous hormones, late irrigation, and double cropping); (ii) the canopy microclimate level, involving changes in the leaf area-to-fruit ratios (netting, apical or basal leaf removal, late shoot trimming, use of antitranspirants); and (iii) through new technologies (high-yield plots from vigor maps and the adoption of agrivoltaics). However, the efforts in this survey extend beyond merely achieving the production of low-sugar grapes in the vineyard, which is indeed primary but not exhaustive. Therefore, we also explore solutions for obtaining low-sugar grapes while simultaneously enhancing features such as lower acidity, increased phenolics, and aroma potential, which might boost consumer appreciation. The review emphasizes that (i) grapes intended for low-alcohol wine production should not be viewed as a low-quality sector but rather as an alternative endeavour, where the concept of grape quality remains firmly intact and (ii) viticulture for low sugar concentration is a primary strategy, rather than merely a support to dealcoholization techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruit Tree Physiology, Sustainability and Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1717 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Multifaceted Approach to Optimizing Processed Tomato Production: Investigating the Combined Effects of Biostimulants and Reduced Nitrogen Fertilization

by Michela Farneselli, Lara Reale, Beatrice Falcinelli, Muhammad Zubair Akram, Stefano Cimarelli, Eleonore Cinti, Michela Paglialunga, Flavia Carbone, Euro Pannacci and Francesco Tei

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 931; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080931 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer usage in agriculture has prompted the exploration of sustainable strategies to enhance nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) while maintaining crop yield and quality. Processed tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were grown for two years (2023 and 2024) following a two-way [...] Read more.

Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer usage in agriculture has prompted the exploration of sustainable strategies to enhance nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) while maintaining crop yield and quality. Processed tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were grown for two years (2023 and 2024) following a two-way factorial randomized complete block (RCBD) design, considering three biostimulants and three N regimes as two factors, to assess their morphophysiological, biochemical, anatomical and yield performances. Nitrogen application significantly influenced biomass accumulation, the leaf area index (LAI), nitrogen uptake and yield with notable comparable values between reduced and optimal nitrogen dose, indicating improved nitrogen use efficiency. Biostimulants showed limited effects alone but enhanced plant performance under reduced nitrogen conditions, particularly improving chlorophyll content, crop growth, N uptake, yield and anatomical adaptations. Moreover, compared to 2024, biostimulant application enhanced tomato growth more evidently in 2023 due to environmental variations, likely due to the occurrence of stress conditions. Importantly, biostimulants, together with N regimes, i.e., optimal and reduced doses, showed improved anatomical traits, especially regarding leaf thickness and thickness between the two epidermises, indicating adaptive responses that may support sustained productivity under N-limited conditions. Among the biostimulants used, the processed tomatoes responded better to protein hydrolysate and endophytic N-fixing bacteria than to seaweed extract. These findings suggest that although biostimulants alone were not affected, integrating them with reduced N fertilization provides a viable strategy for optimizing tomato production, conserving resources and minimizing the environmental impact without compromising yield or quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Biostimulants on Horticultural Crop Production)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 780 KiB

Open AccessReview

Progress in the Study of Plant Nitrogen and Potassium Nutrition and Their Interaction Mechanisms

by Weiyu Cao, Hai Sun, Cai Shao, Yue Wang, Jiapeng Zhu, Hongjie Long, Xiaomeng Geng and Yayu Zhang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 930; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080930 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are essential macronutrients for plants whose functions and interactions profoundly influence plant physiological metabolism, environmental adaptation, and agricultural production efficiency. This review summarizes research advances in plant N and K nutrition and their interaction mechanisms, elucidating the key [...] Read more.

Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are essential macronutrients for plants whose functions and interactions profoundly influence plant physiological metabolism, environmental adaptation, and agricultural production efficiency. This review summarizes research advances in plant N and K nutrition and their interaction mechanisms, elucidating the key physiological functions of N and K individually and their respective absorption and transport mechanisms involving transporters such as NRTs and HAKs/KUPs. The review discusses the types of nutrient interactions (synergism and antagonism), with a primary focus on the physiological basis of N–K interactions and their interplay in root absorption and transport (e.g., K⁺-NO₃⁻ co-transport; NH₄⁺ inhibition of K⁺ uptake), photosynthesis (jointly optimizing CO₂ conductance, mesophyll conductance, and N allocation within photosynthetic machinery to enhance photosynthetic N use efficiency, PNUE), as well as sensing, signaling, co-regulation, and metabolism. This review emphasizes that N–K balance is crucial for improving crop yield and quality, enhancing fertilizer use efficiency (NUE/KUE), and reducing environmental pollution. Consequently, developing effective N–K management strategies based on these interaction mechanisms and implementing Balanced Fertilization Techniques (BFT) to optimize N–K ratios and application strategies in agricultural production represent vital pathways for ensuring food security, addressing resource constraints, and advancing green, low-carbon agriculture, including through coordinated management of greenhouse gas emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cytokinin Potentials on In Vitro Shoot Proliferation and Subsequent Rooting of Agave sisalana Perr. Syn

by Mayada K. Seliem, Neama Abdalla and Mohammed E. El-Mahrouk

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080929 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Agave species are plants with great economic value and multiple possibilities of use as ornamentals, medicinal plants, and fibers, as well as being significant sources of bioethanol. However, their long life cycles hinder their conventional breeding. Therefore, biotechnology tools are the most effective [...] Read more.

Agave species are plants with great economic value and multiple possibilities of use as ornamentals, medicinal plants, and fibers, as well as being significant sources of bioethanol. However, their long life cycles hinder their conventional breeding. Therefore, biotechnology tools are the most effective means for clonal propagation and genetic improvement. In vitro micropropagation of A. sisalana via axillary shoot proliferation from bulbil explants was attained using Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with cytokinins (CKs), such as 6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (KIN), or thidiazuron (TDZ). The optimum significant shoot proliferation (14.67 shoots/explant) was achieved on 1.0 mg L⁻¹ TDZ. The carry-over effect of CKs on subsequent rooting could be detected. Control and KIN treatments could enhance the rooting of shoots on shoot proliferation media. The regenerated plantlets were acclimatized directly with 100% survival. To mitigate this carry-over effect, that causes hindering further root growth and development, and promote healthy growth of roots, subculturing shoots onto a CK-free medium is a recommended practice. The shoots induced on all BA treatments, and TDZ at 0.5 and 1.0 mg L⁻¹ could be rooted after two subcultures on CK-free medium, then they were acclimatized with 100% survival. However, the higher concentrations of TDZ inhibited in vitro rooting even after two subcultures on CK-free medium, and the acclimatization percentage was reduced by increasing the TDZ concentration recorded from 10 to 0%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro Propagation and Biotechnology of Horticultural Plants, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1362 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Physiological Response to Foliar Application of Antitranspirant on Avocado Trees (Persea americana) in a Mediterranean Environment

by Giulia Modica, Fabio Arcidiacono, Stefano La Malfa, Alessandra Gentile and Alberto Continella

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 928; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080928 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: The implementation of advanced agronomical strategies, including the use of antitranspirant, in order to mitigate the negative effects of environmental stress, particularly heat stress on plants, has become a focal area of research in the Mediterranean basin. This region is characterized by [...] Read more.

Background: The implementation of advanced agronomical strategies, including the use of antitranspirant, in order to mitigate the negative effects of environmental stress, particularly heat stress on plants, has become a focal area of research in the Mediterranean basin. This region is characterized by hot and dry summer that affects plant physiology. Methods: The experiment was carried out in Sicily (South Italy) on 12-year-old avocado cv. Hass grafted onto Walter Hole rootstock. Two subplots each of forty homogenous trees were selected and treated (1) with calcium carbonate (DECCO Shield^®) and (2) with water (control) at the following phenological phases: 711, 712 and 715 BBCH. The climatic parameters were recorded throughout the year. Physiological measurements (leaf transpiration, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential) were measured at 105, 131 and 168 days after full bloom. Fruit growth was monitored, and physico-chemical analyses were carried out at harvest. Results: The antitranspirant increased photosynthesis and stomatal conductance and reduced leaf transpiration (−26.1%). Fruit growth rate increased during summer, although no morphological and qualitative difference was observed at harvest. PCA highlighted the positive effect of the calcium carbonate on overall plant physiology. Conclusions: Antitranspirant foliar application reduced heat stress effects by improving physiological responses of avocado trees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pre- and Post-Harvest Factors Regulating Secondary Metabolites in Fruit)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1194 KiB

Open AccessReview

Kiwifruit Peelability (Actinidia spp.): A Review

by Beibei Qi, Peng Li, Jiewei Li, Manrong Zha and Faming Wang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 927; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080927 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) is a globally important economic fruit with high nutritional value. Fruit peelability, defined as the mechanical ease of separating the peel from the fruit flesh, is a critical quality trait influencing consumer experience and market competitiveness and has emerged [...] Read more.

Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) is a globally important economic fruit with high nutritional value. Fruit peelability, defined as the mechanical ease of separating the peel from the fruit flesh, is a critical quality trait influencing consumer experience and market competitiveness and has emerged as a critical breeding target in fruit crop improvement programs. The present review systematically synthesized existing studies on kiwifruit peelability, and focused on its evolutionary trajectory, genotypic divergence, quantitative evaluation, possible underlying mechanisms, and artificial manipulation strategies. Kiwifruit peelability research has advanced from early exploratory studies in New Zealand (2010s) to systematic investigations in China (2020s), with milestones including the development of evaluation metrics and the identification of genetic resources. Genotypic variation exists among kiwifruit genera. Several Actinidia eriantha accessions and the novel Actinidia longicarpa cultivar ‘Guifei’ exhibit superior peelability, whereas most commercial Actinidia chinensis and Actinidia deliciosa cultivars exhibit poor peelability. Quantitative evaluation highlights the need for standardized metrics, with “skin-flesh adhesion force” and “peel toughness” proposed as robust, instrument-quantifiable indicators to minimize operational variability. Mechanistically, peelability is speculated to be governed by cell wall polysaccharide metabolism and phytohormone signaling networks. Pectin degradation and differential distribution during fruit development form critical “peeling zones”, whereas ethylene, abscisic acid, and indoleacetic acid may regulate cell wall remodeling and softening, collectively influencing skin-flesh adhesion. Owing to the scarcity of easy-to-peel kiwifruit cultivars, artificial manipulation methods, including manual peeling benchmarking, lye treatment, and thermal peeling, can be employed to further optimize kiwifruit peelability. Currently, shortcomings include incomplete genotype-phenotype characterization, limited availability of easy-peeling germplasms, and a fragmented understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Future research should focus on methodological innovation, germplasm development, and the elucidation of relevant mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 346 KiB

Open AccessReview

Emerging Perspectives on Chemical Weed Management Tactics in Container Ornamental Production in the United States

by Sushil Grewal and Debalina Saha

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080926 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Weed management remains a critical challenge in the U.S. container ornamental production industry, where weeds not only compete with crops for limited resources but also harbor pests and pathogens, thereby diminishing plant quality and marketability. The paper explores the economic impact of weed [...] Read more.

Weed management remains a critical challenge in the U.S. container ornamental production industry, where weeds not only compete with crops for limited resources but also harbor pests and pathogens, thereby diminishing plant quality and marketability. The paper explores the economic impact of weed infestations, herbicide resistance development, and the limited availability of selective herbicides for ornamental crops in the United States. This review synthesizes current chemical weed control tactics, focusing not only on both preemergence and postemergence herbicides commonly used in ornamental nurseries, but also organic alternatives and integrated weed management (IWM) approaches as complementary strategies by evaluating their effectiveness, crop safety, and usage. There is a critical need for research in the areas of alternative chemical options such as insecticides, miticides (e.g., Zerotol and Tetra Curb Max), and organic products for liverwort control in greenhouses. Although essential oils and plant-based extracts show some potential, their effectiveness and practical use remain largely unexplored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 1722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Andean Pistacia vera L. Crops: Phytochemical Update and Influence of Soil-Growing Elemental Composition on Nutritional Properties of Nuts

by Daniela Zalazar-García, Mario J. Simirgiotis, Jessica Gómez, Alejandro Tapia and María Paula Fabani

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080925 - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Pistachio nuts are among the 50 best foods with the highest antioxidant potential. They have a balanced content of mono- (~70%) and polyunsaturated (~20%) fatty acids, minerals, and bioactive compounds such as tocopherols, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds, which have shown rapid accessibility in [...] Read more.

Pistachio nuts are among the 50 best foods with the highest antioxidant potential. They have a balanced content of mono- (~70%) and polyunsaturated (~20%) fatty acids, minerals, and bioactive compounds such as tocopherols, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds, which have shown rapid accessibility in the stomach. Pistachio consumption provides several health benefits, primarily due to its antioxidant properties and high content of essential nutrients. In this study, we analyzed the mineral composition, total phenolic content (TP), antioxidant activity (AA), and UHPLC/MS-MS polyphenolic profile of three Argentinian pistachio crops. Additionally, the physicochemical parameters and the elemental profiles of the growing soils were determined, as they influence mineral uptake and the synthesis of bioactive compounds in pistachio kernels. The TP was not significantly modified by the growing soils, with Crop3 presenting the highest TP content (276 ± 14 mg GA/100 g DW). Crop3 exhibited 18% higher TP content compared to Crop2. Similarly, FRAP values ranged from 28.0 to 36.5 mmol TE/100 g DW, with Crop1 showing a 30% increase compared to Crop2. DPPH values varied from 19.0 to 24.3 mmol TE/100 g DW, with Crop1 displaying 28% higher activity than Crop2. However, the polyphenolic profile was similar for all crops analyzed. Thirty compounds were identified; only Crop 1 contained the flavanone eriodyctiol and the isoflavone genistein, while the flavanone naringenin and the flavone luteolin were identified in Crop1 and Crop3. Regarding mineral content, the pistachio kernels mainly contained K, Ca, and Mg. Multivariate analyses revealed distinct elemental and antioxidant profiles among crops. LDA achieved classification accuracies of 77.7% for soils and 74.4% for kernels, with Pb, Zn, Cu, Rb, Sr, and Mn as key discriminants. CCA confirmed strong soil–kernel mineral correlations (r = 1), while GPA showed higher congruence between antioxidant traits and kernel composition than with soil geochemistry. These findings underscore the importance of soil composition in determining the nutritional quality of pistachio kernels, thereby supporting the beneficial health effects associated with pistachio consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals of Natural Products: Analysis and Biological Activities: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 847 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization and Selection of Lycium barbarum Cultivars Based on Physicochemical, Bioactive, and Aromatic Properties

by Juan Carlos Solomando González, María José Rodríguez Gómez, María Ramos García, Noelia Nicolás Barroso and Patricia Calvo Magro

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 924; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080924 - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Goji berries (Lycium barbarum L.) are considered a functional food due to their high content of bioactive compounds with demonstrated health benefits. This study evaluated four cultivars (G3, G4, G5, and G7) grown under Mediterranean climate conditions, focusing on their physicochemical properties [...] Read more.

Goji berries (Lycium barbarum L.) are considered a functional food due to their high content of bioactive compounds with demonstrated health benefits. This study evaluated four cultivars (G3, G4, G5, and G7) grown under Mediterranean climate conditions, focusing on their physicochemical properties (total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and pH), bioactive compound (sugars and organic acids, total and individual phenolic and carotenoid compounds, and antioxidant activities (DPPH and CUPRAC assay)), and aromatic profiles (by GC-MS) to assess their suitability for fresh consumption or incorporation into food products. G4 exhibited the most favorable physicochemical characteristics, with the highest total soluble solids (20.2 °Brix) and sugar content (92.8 g 100 g⁻¹ dw). G5 stood out for its lower titratable acidity (0.34%) and highest ripening index (54.8), indicating desirable flavor attributes. Concerning bioactive compounds, G3 and G4 showed the highest total phenolic content (17.9 and 19.1 mg GAE g⁻¹ dw, respectively), with neochlorogenic acid being predominant. G4 was notable for its high carotenoid content, particularly zeaxanthin (1722.6 μg g⁻¹ dw). These compounds significantly contributed to antioxidant activity. Volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles revealed alcohols and aldehydes as the dominant chemical families, with hexanal being the most abundant. G5 and G7 exhibited the highest total VOC concentrations. Principal component analysis grouped G3 and G4 based on their high sugar and phenolic content, while G5 and G7 were characterized by their complex aromatic profiles. Therefore, G3 and G4 are promising candidates for fresh consumption and potential functional applications, while G5 and G7 are particularly suitable for new product development due to their nutraceutical and aromatic value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 4501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of SO₂ Fumigation, Acid Dipping, and SO₂ Combined with Acid Dipping on Metabolite Profile of ‘Heiye’ Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Pericarp

by Feilong Yin, Zhuoran Li, Tingting Lai, Libing Long, Yunfen Liu, Dongmei Han, Zhenxian Wu, Liang Shuai and Tao Luo

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080923 - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Sulfur fumigation (SF), acid dipping (HCl treatment, HAT), and their combination (SF+HAT) are common methods for long-term preservation and color protection of litchi. However, their effects on the metabolic profile of the litchi pericarp have not been investigated. SF resulted in a yellowish-green [...] Read more.

Sulfur fumigation (SF), acid dipping (HCl treatment, HAT), and their combination (SF+HAT) are common methods for long-term preservation and color protection of litchi. However, their effects on the metabolic profile of the litchi pericarp have not been investigated. SF resulted in a yellowish-green pericarp by up-regulating lightness (L*), b*, C*, and h° but down-regulating total anthocyanin content (TAC) and a*, while HAT resulted in a reddish coloration by up-regulating a*, b*, and C* but down-regulating L*, h°, and TAC. SF+HAT recovered reddish color with similar L*, C* to SF but a*, b*, h°, and TAC between SF and HAT. Differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs) detected in HAT (vs. control) were more than those in SF (vs. control), but similar to those in SF+HAT (vs. control). SF specifically down-regulated the content of cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, sinapinaldehyde, salicylic acid, and tyrosol, but up-regulated 6 flavonoids (luteolin, kaempferol-3-O-(6″-malonyl)galactoside, hesperetin-7-O-glucoside, etc.). Five pathways (biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, flavonoid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, glutathione metabolism, and cysteine and methionine metabolism) were commonly enriched among the three treatments, which significantly up-regulated sulfur-containing metabolites (mainly glutathione, methionine, and homocystine) and down-regulated substrates for browning (mainly procyanidin B2, C1, and coniferyl alcohol). These results provide metabolic evidence for the effect of three treatments on coloration and storability of litchi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Postharvest Fruit Quality and Physiological Mechanism: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Description

Horticulturae

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI