Environments

19 pages, 1404 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimizing Vineyard Pruning Biochars for Nutrient Adsorption: Toward Sustainable Fertilizer Applications

by Olena Dorosh, Andreia F. Peixoto, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Paula M. L. Castro and Manuela M. Moreira

Environments 2025, 12(12), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12120491 - 15 Dec 2025

Viewed by 541

Abstract

Agricultural residues, such as vineyard prunings, are abundant yet underutilized resources with potential for conversion into value-added products. In this study, vineyard prunings were investigated for the first time as feedstock for nutrient-enriched biochars intended for use as enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs). Four [...] Read more.

Agricultural residues, such as vineyard prunings, are abundant yet underutilized resources with potential for conversion into value-added products. In this study, vineyard prunings were investigated for the first time as feedstock for nutrient-enriched biochars intended for use as enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs). Four biochars were produced using distinct physical (industrial-scale pyrolysis, CO₂-assisted pyrolysis) and chemical (MgCl₂, AlCl₃ pretreatment) procedures. Their adsorption capacities for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were evaluated across a wide pH range (2–13). Optimization studies, including dosage, kinetics, and isotherms, revealed maximum Langmuir adsorption capacities of 10.4 mg N g⁻¹ and 12.7 mg P g⁻¹, which were comparable to or higher than other low-cost agricultural biochars, confirming the competitive performance of vineyard pruning-derived biochars. Beyond adsorption efficiency, these biochars provide additional benefits by valorizing a widely available viticulture residue, reducing open-field disposal and burning, and generating low-cost fertilizers that may reduce nutrient leaching and improve soil health. This work introduces a novel circular pathway linking vineyard waste management to sustainable nutrient delivery, integrating agricultural byproduct utilization with environmental remediation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biochar as an Environmental Technology)

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13 pages, 941 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improved Total–Species Accumulation Curve for Reliable Estimation of Regional Species Richness: An Application to Macroalgae Diversity on Bioconstructions from the Northern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea)

by Gregorio Motta, Antonio Terlizzi, Annalisa Falace, Emiliano Gordini and Stanislao Bevilacqua

Environments 2025, 12(12), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12120490 - 14 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1175

Abstract

Traditional species richness estimators often assume spatial homogeneity in species distribution, which can lead to underestimating biodiversity, especially in large, ecologically complex areas. The Total–Species (T–S) curve may provide an accurate framework for estimating γ-diversity by accounting for compositional variation across spatial subunits. [...] Read more.

Traditional species richness estimators often assume spatial homogeneity in species distribution, which can lead to underestimating biodiversity, especially in large, ecologically complex areas. The Total–Species (T–S) curve may provide an accurate framework for estimating γ-diversity by accounting for compositional variation across spatial subunits. Our study tested the T–S curve model, modified to account for species rarity and patterns of β-diversity, to estimate macroalgal richness in the northeast Adriatic (Mediterranean Sea), an area where the total macroalgal diversity is known and a comprehensive reference list is available (487 species). Uncertainty in species richness estimates from T–S curves was quantified as 95%CI based on bootstrapping, and a sensitivity analysis was also carried out to quantify changes in estimates under different settings. Other parametric and non-parametric estimators, including the classic T–S curve, largely under- or overestimated the total species richness if compared to the refined T–S model, which returned a realistic estimate of 393 species in total. Our results demonstrate that the T–S curve modified to consider species rarity, and refined for potential biases associated with erroneous quantification of small-scale patchiness and spatial variations in assemblage composition, allowed for more realistic extrapolations of γ-diversity over large areas. Full article

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17 pages, 5754 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Marine Biodiversity in a Coastal Periphery Revealed by a Community-Based Monitoring Approach Integrating Citizen Science and Environmental DNA Metabarcoding

by Daniele Bellardini, Daniele De Luca, Luca Russo, Rosalia Calicchio, Cristina Castracani, Pasquale De Luca, Iole Di Capua, Federica Massimi, Anja Raggio, Alessia Riccardi, Jessica Vannini, Gennaro Attanasio, Paolo Vassallo, Roberto Sandulli, Marco Signore, Emanuela Dattolo and Domenico D′Alelio

Environments 2025, 12(12), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12120474 - 5 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1312

Abstract

The global biodiversity crisis brings significant environmental and social impacts, necessitating innovative approaches to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. This is particularly relevant for coastal peripheries that are rich in both natural and cultural capital. The Reknotting Marine Biodiversity project adopted a trans-disciplinary [...] Read more.

The global biodiversity crisis brings significant environmental and social impacts, necessitating innovative approaches to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. This is particularly relevant for coastal peripheries that are rich in both natural and cultural capital. The Reknotting Marine Biodiversity project adopted a trans-disciplinary approach to integrate participatory science and education, involving local communities and researchers in biodiversity monitoring using environmental DNA metabarcoding along the coast of Marina di Camerota, Southern Italy. This approach compared Posidonia oceanica habitats with areas subject to anthropogenic pressures. Results show a greater diversity of pelagic fish and benthic organisms in the presence of P. oceanica, nine species that can potentially cause Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), and eight species responsible for non-toxic algal blooms in less pristine areas. This study highlights the value of coastal habitats and the strategic value of citizen science in raising ecological awareness, proposing a replicable model for local marine observatories jointly managed by scientists and citizens. Full article

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23 pages, 2323 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Soil Improvers on Soil Health: A Data Mining Approach to Support Sustainable Agriculture Across the EU

by Lorenzo Nolfi, Arianna Bindo, Luciana Di Gregorio, Manuela Costanzo, Marina Caldara, Silvia Tabacchioni, Andrea Visca, Tapio Salo, Andrea Bauerle, Veronika Hansen, Roberta Bernini, Giovanna Cristina Varese, Ioannis Manikas, Nelson Marmiroli, Ansa Palojärvi and Annamaria Bevivino

Environments 2025, 12(12), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12120472 - 4 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 884

Abstract

Soil health is crucial for the sustainability of agricultural practices and ecosystem resilience. Using a data mining approach, this study aims to explore emerging themes related to the impact of soil improvers on soil health by analyzing results from various EU-funded agricultural projects, [...] Read more.

Soil health is crucial for the sustainability of agricultural practices and ecosystem resilience. Using a data mining approach, this study aims to explore emerging themes related to the impact of soil improvers on soil health by analyzing results from various EU-funded agricultural projects, with the final goal of identifying the key factors driving the effectiveness of soil amendments. By integrating data mining and text analysis, the study extracts, aggregates, and visualizes insights, providing a comprehensive overview of innovative strategies to enhance soil fertility and promote ecological balance. This integrated analytical framework offers a nuanced understanding of the conceptual landscape surrounding soil health in EU projects, highlighting the multifaceted roles of organic amendments and microbial solutions. Our findings underscore the critical link between organic amendments and soil health, highlighting their potential as strategic tools for achieving more sustainable agricultural systems. These findings provide a basis for refining soil management strategies in agriculture and support the development of evidence-based policies aimed at improving soil health and fostering ecological balance across Europe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Soil Quality and Management, 2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 1629 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Knowledge of Urban Ecosystem Services in Central and Eastern Europe and Their Implications for Urban Planning: A Review

by Geta Rîșnoveanu and Dan Bărbulescu

Environments 2025, 12(12), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12120469 - 2 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 603

Abstract

Overcoming conceptual and institutional barriers demands interdisciplinary collaboration, improved governance, and stronger stakeholder engagement to promote sustainable urban planning and enhance ecosystem resilience. In the transition toward resilient cities, the concept of ecosystem services serves as a critical interface between science, planning, and [...] Read more.

Overcoming conceptual and institutional barriers demands interdisciplinary collaboration, improved governance, and stronger stakeholder engagement to promote sustainable urban planning and enhance ecosystem resilience. In the transition toward resilient cities, the concept of ecosystem services serves as a critical interface between science, planning, and governance, fostering stakeholder engagement and translating the complex ecosystem functions into indicators for urban planning. This study aims to assess existing knowledge on Urban Ecosystem Services (UESs) and their implications for urban green infrastructure planning across Central and Eastern Europe. A comprehensive, qualitative and quantitative review of the peer-reviewed literature retrieved from Web of Science and SCOPUS, was conducted for 11 former socialist countries that joined the European Union after 2004. The results reveal major barriers to UES integration, including inconsistent terminology, institutional inertia, fragmented governance, and limited stakeholder participation. Although research interest in UESs is increasing, research remains geographically concentrated in a few cities, mainly capitals, thereby constraining the understanding of spatial patterns and drivers of UES supply and demand across the region. Moreover, production services and ecological processes sustaining urban systems are largely underexplored. The study concludes that advancing UES research and practice requires a holistic, multi-scale, and standardized approach that identifies key stressors and context-specific impacts. Overcoming conceptual and institutional barriers demands interdisciplinary collaboration, improved governance, and enhanced stakeholder engagement to promote sustainable urban planning and enhance ecosystem resilience. Full article

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20 pages, 2210 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Environmental DNA: A Preliminary Characterization of Invertebrate Biodiversity in a Sicilian River

by Manuela Mauro, Rosi De Luca, Mario Lo Valvo, Slobodanka Radovic, Aiti Vizzini, Grazia Orecchio, Francesco Longo, Vinicius Queiroz, Rosario Badalamenti, Claudio Gargano and Mirella Vazzana

Environments 2025, 12(12), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12120465 - 1 Dec 2025

Viewed by 808

Abstract

Freshwater ecosystems are undergoing rapid species loss due to climate change and human impact. In this context, biomonitoring has become essential for species censusing and biodiversity conservation. In recent years, environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has emerged as a powerful, non-invasive alternative to traditional [...] Read more.

Freshwater ecosystems are undergoing rapid species loss due to climate change and human impact. In this context, biomonitoring has become essential for species censusing and biodiversity conservation. In recent years, environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has emerged as a powerful, non-invasive alternative to traditional sampling and morphological identification methods. This study is the first to apply eDNA analysis to the characterization of invertebrate communities in the Oreto River, Sicily (Italy). Water samples were collected at three points of the river (upstream, midstream, downstream), and eDNA was extracted for metabarcoding. Overall, the analysis identified 40 species belonging to different phyla, including Annelida, Arthropoda, Cnidaria, Mollusca, Porifera and Rotifera. Twelve species appear to be newly recorded in Sicily, including confirmed identifications (Simulium trifasciatum, Rotaria rotatoria, Euchlanis dilatata, Lecane clostero-cerca) and other potential new identifications (Microchironomus tener, Micropsectra pallidula, Tinodes dives, Philodina flaviceps, Buchholzia appendiculata, Lecane bulla, Drosophila incompta, Corynoneura coronata). The study also confirmed the presence of alien species (Physella acuta, Craspedacusta sowerbii). Furthermore, species composition varied among the three sampling points, with most taxa detected in the upstream section. These results provide a preliminary snapshot of the biodiversity of river invertebrates, highlighting the potential of eDNA to complement traditional methods. Full article

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30 pages, 1667 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Biochar Amendments for Soil Restoration: Impacts on Nutrient Dynamics and Microbial Activity

by Kuok Ho Daniel Tang

Environments 2025, 12(11), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110425 - 9 Nov 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3328

Abstract

Biochar is increasingly recognized as a multifunctional soil amendment that improves soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and crop productivity. Studies across field, greenhouse, and incubation settings show that biochar enhances nutrient retention, reduces leaching, and regulates carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling. Its effects are [...] Read more.

Biochar is increasingly recognized as a multifunctional soil amendment that improves soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and crop productivity. Studies across field, greenhouse, and incubation settings show that biochar enhances nutrient retention, reduces leaching, and regulates carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling. Its effects are shaped by intrinsic physicochemical properties and interactions with soil minerals, microbial communities, and enzymatic processes. Short-term benefits of biochar applications often include improved nutrient adsorption and water regulation, while long-term applications support stable soil organic matter formation, root development, and fertilizer use efficiency. Biochar also reshapes soil microbial diversity and activity. Beneficial bacterial groups such as Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, along with fungi such as Mortierella, respond positively, enhancing nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and organic matter decomposition. Meanwhile, biochar applications could suppress pathogens. Enzyme activities, including urease and phosphatase, are typically stimulated, driving nutrient mobilization. Yet outcomes remain context-dependent, with biochar feedstock, application rate, soil conditions, and crop type influencing results; excessive use may suppress enzymatic activity, reduce nutrient availability, or shift microbial communities unfavorably. Practically, biochar can improve fertilizer efficiency, restore degraded soils, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate-smart agriculture. Future work should prioritize long-term, multi-site trials and advanced analytical tools to refine sustainable application strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Remediation and Improvement Through the Application of By-Product Amendments, 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 1679 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Raining Plastics: Quantification of Atmospheric Deposition of Plastic and Anthropogenic Particles into an Estuary of National Significance with the Assistance of Citizen Scientists

by Linda J. Walters, Madison Serrate, Tara Blanchard, Paul Sacks, Fnu Joshua and Lei Zhai

Environments 2025, 12(11), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110424 - 8 Nov 2025

Viewed by 3825

Abstract

Globally, little is known about the dispersal of microplastics (MP) and anthropogenic particles (AP) via atmospheric deposition (AD) into water bodies. Correlating AD to the large number of MP in estuaries is challenging but an important first step toward reducing this form of [...] Read more.

Globally, little is known about the dispersal of microplastics (MP) and anthropogenic particles (AP) via atmospheric deposition (AD) into water bodies. Correlating AD to the large number of MP in estuaries is challenging but an important first step toward reducing this form of pollution. A previously published model of the surface waters of the Indian River Lagoon (IRL, east central coast of Florida, USA) estimated it contained 1.4 trillion microplastics. To determine if AD could produce this much plastic deposition, we deployed passive AD collectors throughout a 145 km² area at three site types with assistance from citizen scientists. We predicted that the rate of deposition of MP and AP would be greatest in residential areas, intermediate within a national park, and lowest on intertidal oyster reefs. Moreover, we predicted Florida’s wet season and individual rain events would increase deposition based on the published literature. Over 14 months, deposition averaged 1224 MP/m²/d; extrapolated, this yields 1.1 trillion MP for the lagoon-wide total deposition estimate (95% CI: 0.86–1.39 trillion MP). This value suggests that AD may represent an important pathway for MP to enter this estuary. More MP were deposited during rain events and in the wet season, with no differences among sites. Overall, our results provide important data for understanding AD of MP and AP in estuaries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Plastic Contamination)

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17 pages, 1486 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sublethal Impacts of Polyethylene Microplastics on Freshwater Amphipods: Genotoxic and Metabolic Responses in Echinogammarus veneris and Cryptorchestia garbinii (Crustacea, Amphipoda)

by Valentina Iannilli, Kaoutar Aboutabit and Francesca Lecce

Environments 2025, 12(11), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110408 - 1 Nov 2025

Viewed by 947

Abstract

Microplastic (MP) contamination represents a global threat to aquatic ecosystems, yet its biological effects remain poorly understood. This study investigates the short-term impacts of polyethylene (PE) microparticles on two amphipod species: the semi-terrestrial Cryptorchestia garbinii and the aquatic Echinogammarus veneris. Amphipods are [...] Read more.

Microplastic (MP) contamination represents a global threat to aquatic ecosystems, yet its biological effects remain poorly understood. This study investigates the short-term impacts of polyethylene (PE) microparticles on two amphipod species: the semi-terrestrial Cryptorchestia garbinii and the aquatic Echinogammarus veneris. Amphipods are exposed to MPs both in water and through dietary intake. After 24 h, C. garbinii ingested an average of 9.6 ± 1.2 particles per individual, while E. veneris ingested 12.5 ± 2.8 particles, confirming an active uptake of microplastics. The mean particle size decreased from ≌50 µm in the food tablets to 18–25 µm in the digestive tract, suggesting fragmentation during digestion and highlighting the ecological role of amphipods in generating smaller, potentially more bioavailable particles. Both species exhibited a marked increase in DNA damage, together with variations in energy-reserve allocation (glucose, glycogen, and lipids) consistent with acute metabolic stress. To our knowledge, this represents the first evidence of genotoxicity ever reported in C. garbinii, expanding current understanding of the biological responses of amphipods to plastic pollution. These findings highlight the vulnerability of detritivore species to MPs exposure and, given their role in nutrient cycling, emphasize the need for further research on the ecological implications of MPs contamination. Full article

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25 pages, 67997 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Photo-Identification Catalogue of Delphinus delphis in the Western Mediterranean: Conservation Implications

by Liliana Olaya-Ponzone, Rocío Espada, Estefanía Martín and José Carlos García-Gómez

Environments 2025, 12(11), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110406 - 30 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1287

Abstract

Delphinus delphis uses the Algeciras–Gibraltar Bay (BA-G) as a feeding and breeding ground, but heavy maritime traffic and recreational fishing increase its exposure to injuries and anthropogenic threats. Over three years, more than 110,000 photographs were collected during 593 sampling days, resulting in [...] Read more.

Delphinus delphis uses the Algeciras–Gibraltar Bay (BA-G) as a feeding and breeding ground, but heavy maritime traffic and recreational fishing increase its exposure to injuries and anthropogenic threats. Over three years, more than 110,000 photographs were collected during 593 sampling days, resulting in a catalogue of 1356 adult individuals identified by dorsal fin markings and the species’ characteristic white patch. The posterior sectors and distal tip of the fin were the most affected by lesions, confirming the impact of local human activities. In addition, 104 putative mother–calf pairs were recorded, highlighting the importance of the BA-G as a breeding area. Individuals with greater dorsal fin damage showed significantly higher recapture frequencies, suggesting that exposure to anthropogenic pressures is associated with greater recurrent detectability. This catalogue, one of the most comprehensive catalogues available for D. delphis worldwide, represents a key tool for long-term monitoring of this population and provides a methodological framework that can be extrapolated to other regions where human pressure increases the marking of individuals. The results reinforce the need for specific management measures in the BA-G, including the establishment of protected areas, as a fundamental step towards conserving this endangered species. Full article

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21 pages, 6033 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Limestone Processing Sludge: From Waste to Sustainable Resource

by Mafalda Guedes, Joana Carrasqueira, Tomás Seixas, Clélia Afonso, Maria Manuel Gil, Raul Bernardino, Roberto Gamboa and Susana Bernardino

Environments 2025, 12(11), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110405 - 30 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1083

Abstract

The limestone quarrying and processing industry generates huge amounts of waste, with limestone sludge being one of the most prevalent and challenging by-products. This study aims to evaluate the potential of limestone sludge as a sustainable secondary raw material for the mechanochemical synthesis [...] Read more.

The limestone quarrying and processing industry generates huge amounts of waste, with limestone sludge being one of the most prevalent and challenging by-products. This study aims to evaluate the potential of limestone sludge as a sustainable secondary raw material for the mechanochemical synthesis of bioceramics, specifically hydroxyapatite (HA), for high-added-value applications in bone tissue engineering. High-energy milling is innovatively used as the processing route: dry sludge (functioning as the calcium source), a phosphate source, and water were milled with the aim of producing calcium phosphates (in particular, hydroxyapatite) via mechanosynthesis. The industrial sludge was thoroughly analyzed for chemical composition, heavy metals, and mineral phases to ensure suitability for biomedical applications. The mixture of reagents was tailored to comply with Ca/P = 1.67 molar ratio. Milling was carried out at room temperature; the milling velocity was 600 rpm, and milling time ranged from 5 to 650 min. Characterization by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and SEM confirmed the progressive transformation of calcite into hydroxyapatite through a metastable DCPD intermediate, following logarithmic reaction kinetics. The resulting powders are fine, homogeneous, and phase-pure, demonstrating that mechanosynthesis provides a low-cost and environmentally friendly pathway to convert limestone waste into functional bioceramic materials. This suggests that Moleanos sludge is a viable and sustainable source to produce tailored calcium phosphates and confirms mechanosynthesis as a cost-effective and reliable technology to activate the low-kinetics chemical reactions in the CaCO₃-H₃PO₄–H₂O system. This work highlights a novel circular economy approach for the valorization of industrial limestone sludge, turning a difficult waste stream into a high-value, sustainable resource. Full article

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12 pages, 558 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Recreational Water Risk from Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli of Broiler Origin: A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment

by Nunzio Sarnino, Subhasish Basak, Lucie Collineau and Roswitha Merle

Environments 2025, 12(11), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110403 - 27 Oct 2025

Viewed by 983

Abstract

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli from broiler farms can reach watersheds used for recreational swimming. We assessed short-term swimmer exposure by extending a modular quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to the recreational water pathway linking land manure application to in-stream fate and transport [...] Read more.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli from broiler farms can reach watersheds used for recreational swimming. We assessed short-term swimmer exposure by extending a modular quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to the recreational water pathway linking land manure application to in-stream fate and transport with dilution and decay. We modeled single-event exposure doses and estimated loss of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). We ran sensitivity analyses on several parameters and compared outputs to published recreational water assessments that include ESBL E. coli. Assuming a worst-case scenario, single-event doses were lower for adults (2.95 CFU; UI 0.14–6.11) and higher for children (8.78 CFU; UI 0.56–17.20) on day 1 after land application, then dropped below 0.01 CFU by day 200, with DALY losses from 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻¹⁰. Uncertainty was dominated by fate and transport. Stronger particle binding, faster in-stream decay, and larger effective volumes lowered exposure, while higher shedding, greater flow, and larger wash-off raised it. Estimates fell at the low end of prior studies. Swimmer exposure appears to be extremely low and short-lived. The modular QMRA links farm contamination to bathing-site risk and supports risk-based monitoring (after spreading or storms) and short-term forecasts that focus advisories on short, higher-risk windows after litter application. Full article

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28 pages, 1189 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Which American Wild Species Could Be Used in Grapevine Breeding Programs? A Review

by Matteo Dimaglie, Clara Ripa, Rita Annunziata Accogli, Gian-Pietro Di Sansebastiano, Alessio Aprile, Giuseppe Rossetti and Laura Rustioni

Environments 2025, 12(11), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110402 - 26 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1856

Abstract

Plant domestication has led to a series of morphological and physiological changes aimed at making species more suitable for human use and consumption. In Vitis vinifera ssp. sativa, these changes include increased sugar content and berry size, modifications in seed morphology, and [...] Read more.

Plant domestication has led to a series of morphological and physiological changes aimed at making species more suitable for human use and consumption. In Vitis vinifera ssp. sativa, these changes include increased sugar content and berry size, modifications in seed morphology, and the transition from dioecy to hermaphroditism. This process, which began approximately 6000–8000 years ago in the Transcaucasian region, unfolded in multiple stages and involved the natural abandonment of wild Vitis populations. While it contributed to the phenotypic diversification of modern grapevine cultivars, it also came at the expense of biodiversity. Selection for yield and quality has resulted in the loss of resilience traits in cultivated grapevines. In this study, 23 Vitis species of American origin were examined, analyzing for each their native range, susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses, and their suitability for propagation. The study, characterization, and compilation of these American Vitis species provide a valuable resource for consultation and use in targeted grapevine breeding programs. These efforts aim to recover adaptive traits from wild progenitors, enhance the resilience of cultivated grapevines, and address the challenges posed by modern agriculture and sustainability. Full article

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17 pages, 2120 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Importance of Municipal Waste Landfill Vegetation for Biological Relevance: A Case Study

by Jan Winkler, Marek Tomaník, Petra Martínez Barroso, Igor Děkanovský, Wiktor Sitek and Magdalena Daria Vaverková

Environments 2025, 12(11), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110401 - 26 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1214

Abstract

The vegetation of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills and its ecosystem functions are often overlooked, despite their importance for enhancement and stabilization of biodiversity. The selected landfill is located in the cadastral area of Bystřice pod Hostýnem (Czech Republic). A total of 92 [...] Read more.

The vegetation of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills and its ecosystem functions are often overlooked, despite their importance for enhancement and stabilization of biodiversity. The selected landfill is located in the cadastral area of Bystřice pod Hostýnem (Czech Republic). A total of 92 plant species were recorded during a two-year vegetation assessment at three sites of the MSW landfill. The species Lolium perenne, Arrhenatherum elatius, and Poa pratensis significantly dominated the restored parts of the landfill. The species Urtica dioica, Chelidonium majus, and Atriplex sagittata were dominant in the actively used parts of the landfill. Chenopodium album, Atriplex sagittata, and Amaranthus retroflexus were dominant in the composting zone. The vegetation of MSW landfills represents an ecologically important element with the ability to increase the biodiversity of the landscape. Nevertheless, there are also risks, e.g., the possibility of contamination of food chain with hazardous substances from waste. The spread of diaspores of certain species across the landscape and the spread of non-indigenous plant species can have negative ecological consequences. MSW landfills are often perceived only as technical facilities that solve the environmental problem of waste management. However, our results bring a new perspective on landfills as an environment for the biosphere. Full article

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24 pages, 3113 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

What Is Environmental Biotechnology? Although Widely Applied, a Clear Definition of the Term Is Still Needed

by Sonia Heaven, Sigrid Kusch-Brandt, Louise Byfield, Angela Bywater, Frederic Coulon, Thomas Curtis, Tony Gutierrez, Adrian Higson and Jhuma Sadhukhan

Environments 2025, 12(10), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100393 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 3381

Abstract

The term Environmental Biotechnology is widely used, but lacks a universally accepted definition, with varying interpretations across disciplines and sectors leading to challenges in funding, policy formulation, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Through a literature review and engagement activities, this study examines existing definitions, identifies [...] Read more.

The term Environmental Biotechnology is widely used, but lacks a universally accepted definition, with varying interpretations across disciplines and sectors leading to challenges in funding, policy formulation, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Through a literature review and engagement activities, this study examines existing definitions, identifies key areas of divergence, and explores pathways toward a more cohesive understanding. Findings reveal a spectrum of valid interpretations, often shaped by specific contexts, with researchers generally recognising a shared conceptual framework within their own subfields but encountering ambiguities across subject boundaries. Common points of difference include whether Environmental Biotechnology is restricted to microorganisms or encompasses other biological systems. Some understandings reflect sector-specific needs, contributing to fragmentation, though a broader approach could strengthen the field’s identity by providing a unifying framework, mapping overlaps with related fields such as Industrial Biotechnology. A working definition is proposed for Environmental Biotechnology as the use of biologically mediated systems for environmental protection and bioremediation, incorporating resource recovery and bioenergy production where these enhance system sustainability. Importantly, it was recognised that any definition must remain adaptable, reflecting the evolving nature of both the science and its applications. Full article

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28 pages, 8745 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Land Use and Land Cover Change and Potential Implications for Water Levels of the Great Salt Lake

by Tucker Howey, Luke North and Ruth Kerry

Environments 2025, 12(10), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100381 - 15 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1179

Abstract

The Great Salt Lake has shrunk significantly in volume since non-native settlement started. Most of that shrinkage has occurred in recent years. There are many adverse consequences associated with the shrinking of the lake, so avoiding the lake drying completely is desirable. To [...] Read more.

The Great Salt Lake has shrunk significantly in volume since non-native settlement started. Most of that shrinkage has occurred in recent years. There are many adverse consequences associated with the shrinking of the lake, so avoiding the lake drying completely is desirable. To prevent this from happening, the causes of the drying need to be determined. Previous studies suggest that drying is due to a combination of water diversion for agricultural and municipal use and a decades-long drought. While municipal water use has been mentioned in other studies, it has sometimes been presented as a solution to the drying of the lake. As agriculture uses more water per hectare than urban areas, a prevalent notion is that urban expansion results in water savings. This viewpoint assumes that urban areas are predominantly developed on agricultural land. In this paper we quantify land use change in the Great Salt Lake basin over the last ~40 years and associated likely water diversion quantities based on average irrigation needs for different crops and for urban areas. We determine whether recent urbanization has occurred on natural or agricultural lands and has therefore increased or decreased water demand. Our results show that the cultivated crop area in Salt Lake County decreased markedly in the 2002–2007 and 2018–2023 periods, while developed land increased far more than the decrease in agricultural land. For the 2008–2023 period, far more natural land uses have been converted to urban uses than conversions from agricultural land, meaning that water demand has increased with urbanization. Also, alfalfa has a high water demand and has increased in area. Nevertheless, the increased irrigation water use from the alfalfa area has been smaller than the increase in water use from urban development. Results show that for the four most populous counties, >75% of land use change from 2008 to 2023 has resulted in a net increase in water use. Even for the more agricultural Cache County, Utah, and Franklin County, Idaho, >50% of land use change resulted in a net increase in water use. The results of this study have important implications for the planning of future urban development if the Great Salt Lake is to be preserved. Full article

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23 pages, 1842 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Scenarios for the Application of the Future PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ Standards: A Case Study of Three Urban Areas in Romania and Implications for Public Policies

by Liliana Drăgoi (Oniu), Marius-Mihai Cazacu and Iuliana-Gabriela Breabăn

Environments 2025, 12(10), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100373 - 11 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1350

Abstract

Strengthening air quality protection across the EU, Directive (EU) 2024/2881 sets stricter daily standards and alert thresholds for particulate matter, which become applicable in 2030. Member States must transpose these standards by 2027. This study retrospectively applies the new framework to daily data [...] Read more.

Strengthening air quality protection across the EU, Directive (EU) 2024/2881 sets stricter daily standards and alert thresholds for particulate matter, which become applicable in 2030. Member States must transpose these standards by 2027. This study retrospectively applies the new framework to daily data from three urban areas in Romania from 2019 to 2024. The objective is to evaluate the risks of noncompliance and test additional, more sensitive indicators of pollution severity and source characteristics. The results show that the new standards would cause the daily and annual limits for PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ to be exceeded in at least two of the three analyzed cities. Three indicators are proposed and applied: (i) Excess Concentration (EC), which quantifies the total amount of daily exceedances of the limit value; (ii) Toxic Load Index (TLI), which integrates the PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio as a proxy for toxicological potential; and (iii) Episode Index (EI), which captures the magnitude and duration of episodes that would trigger alert thresholds. The study includes a summary review of the air quality legislative framework and contributes to public policy literature by emphasizing risk-proportionate interventions. The proposed indicators support a smoother transition to forthcoming European requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollution Risk Assessment)

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14 pages, 294 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Harnessing and Evaluating Almond Hulls and Shells for Bio-Based Products

by Ana T. Caeiro, Ricardo A. Costa, Duarte M. Neiva, Jéssica Silva, Rosalina Marrão, Albino Bento, Nuno Saraiva, Francisco Marques, Jorge Rebelo, André Encarnação and Jorge Gominho

Environments 2025, 12(10), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100369 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1589

Abstract

Almond hulls and shells, the byproducts of the almond industry, were analyzed to assess their potential valorization pathways. Shells showed a higher content in lignin and polysaccharides, but very low levels of extractives and inorganics. Hull’s high polar extractives fraction showed poor phenolic [...] Read more.

Almond hulls and shells, the byproducts of the almond industry, were analyzed to assess their potential valorization pathways. Shells showed a higher content in lignin and polysaccharides, but very low levels of extractives and inorganics. Hull’s high polar extractives fraction showed poor phenolic preponderance and antioxidant activity, but high sugar and mineral contents, and its lipophilic extracts were highly enriched in triterpenes (from 73.5% to 91.3%), while shells presented more fatty acids (27.4% to 34.2%) and sterols (17.4% to 29.1%). Shells exhibited much higher S/G ratio (syringyl to guaiacyl units) in their lignin polymer (1.0 to 1.4), compared to hulls (0.5 to 0.6). After mineral analyses, hulls showed high amounts of potassium (3.7–4.9%). Fixed carbon content was similar for both materials, but shells showed a higher energetic content, ~20 MJ/kg. Finally, both hulls and pellets increased the water holding capacity (WHC) of the soil by 50%, when added in weight percentages of 6.25% (hulls) and 25% (pellets). With these results, the range of possibilities for these waste materials is exciting: shells could be used to obtain hemicellulose oligosaccharides, while hulls could be used in sugar extraction for biotransformation or as a soil amendment. Full article

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24 pages, 11341 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Phytoplankton Dynamics in a Large Lagoon: Nutrient Load Reductions, Climate Change, and Cold- and Heatwaves

by Gerald Schernewski, Maria Schneider, Thomas Neumann and Mario von Weber

Environments 2025, 12(10), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100370 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1317

Abstract

The coastal Oder/Szczecin Lagoon is subject to multiple external changes, particularly the reduction in external nutrient loads and the impacts of climate change, including rising temperatures and more frequent heatwaves. By combining monitoring data covering the past 40 years with 3D ecosystem modelling, [...] Read more.

The coastal Oder/Szczecin Lagoon is subject to multiple external changes, particularly the reduction in external nutrient loads and the impacts of climate change, including rising temperatures and more frequent heatwaves. By combining monitoring data covering the past 40 years with 3D ecosystem modelling, we assess changes in phytoplankton abundance and diversity across different temporal scales, ranging from long-term trends to the short-term effects. Despite strong reductions in external nutrient loads, neither the average annual phytoplankton biomass nor the long-term species composition changed significantly, although extreme summer blooms appear to have decreased. In summer, cyanobacteria, usually dominated by Microcystis, can reach a relative biovolume of up to 90%. Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) contribute up to 72% of the annual relative biovolume and dominate in spring. Both interannual and short-term variability in phytoplankton biomass and composition are pronounced. Heat- and coldwaves show no consistent immediate effects; however, results suggest that cyanobacteria, particularly Microcystis, benefit from hot summers. In contrast, diatoms appear less responsive to temperature, although they tend to contribute more in colder years, with distinct shifts in species composition observed between hot and cold springs. Model simulations indicate that a 1.5 °C increase in air temperature would, via elevated water temperatures, raise average monthly phytoplankton biomass by 4% in July and by 9% in August, further promoting cyanobacteria growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Quality in Coastal Ecosystems, 4th Edition)

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15 pages, 2060 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

High Density of Microplastics in the Caddisfly Larvae Cases

by Eliana Barra, Francesco Cicero, Irene Magliocchetti, Patrizia Menegoni, Maria Sighicelli, Alberto Di Ludovico, Marco Le Foche and Loris Pietrelli

Environments 2025, 12(10), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100368 - 8 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1301

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the presence of microplastics (MPs) in an urban river (Gari, Lazio, Italy) using case-building caddisfly larvae as potential bioindicators. Results from the benthic faunal assemblage (STAR_ICMi = 0.797) revealed the presence of a rich and well-diversified macroinvertebrate community, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to assess the presence of microplastics (MPs) in an urban river (Gari, Lazio, Italy) using case-building caddisfly larvae as potential bioindicators. Results from the benthic faunal assemblage (STAR_ICMi = 0.797) revealed the presence of a rich and well-diversified macroinvertebrate community, thus reflecting a suitable ecological status. Of 279 caddisfly cases collected, 26% contained small plastic particles of various shapes and colours, while 542 MP items per m² were found in their substrate. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were the most abundant polymers identified by FT-IR analysis found in the Gari River, while the co-presence of lower-density polymers such as polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP) reflects the contribution of multiple factors controlling MP deposition. The most abundant MPs were of secondary origin, as evidenced by the Carbonyl Index and the predominant shape. Despite the amounts of MPs found in the Gari River, their ecological and chemical status has been classified as “good” during the monitoring campaigns. These results highlight the need to further investigate the environmental impacts of MPs to implement water quality classification indices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Plastic Contamination)

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16 pages, 1736 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Legacy of Chemical Pollution from an Underwater Tire Dump in Alver Municipality, Norway: Implication for the Persistence of Tire-Derived Chemicals and Site Remediation

by Adrián Jaén-Gil, Amandine A. Tisserand, Lúcia H. M. L. M. Santos, Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz, Alessio Gomiero, Eirik Langeland and Farhan R. Khan

Environments 2025, 12(10), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100356 - 4 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1648

Abstract

Increasing attention has been given to the environmental impact of tire-derived chemicals in aquatic systems, but submerged whole tires remain an overlooked source. This study investigates a previously unexplored underwater tire dump in Hjelmås Bay, Alver Municipality (Norway) where a blast mat manufacturer [...] Read more.

Increasing attention has been given to the environmental impact of tire-derived chemicals in aquatic systems, but submerged whole tires remain an overlooked source. This study investigates a previously unexplored underwater tire dump in Hjelmås Bay, Alver Municipality (Norway) where a blast mat manufacturer discarded large quantities of tires into the bay in the 1970s. These tires have remained submerged for over 50 years. We conducted an initial site mapping and collected sediment and water samples to assess tire-related pollutants in comparison with control sites. Sediment analysis revealed elevated levels of Zn, Pb, and Cu, particularly near the tire dump center, with Zn being the most abundant. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the dominant phthalate detected in the sediments, though no clear spatial pattern emerged for phthalates. Non-target chemical screening of water samples identified 20 features potentially linked to tire degradation, with N,N′-Diphenylguanidine (DPG) being the most notable. Our study highlights the long-term environmental persistence of several tire-derived chemicals, which has ramifications for both the regulation of tire-derived chemicals and plans for remediation at Hjelmås. Our initial findings warrant the implementation of a comprehensive chemical and ecological baseline monitoring assessment prior to discussions on remediation. Full article

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17 pages, 643 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Particulate Matter Pollution in an Agricultural Setting: A Community-Engaged Research Study

by Bonnie N. Young, Jessica Tryner, Luis Hernandez Ramirez, Sherry WeMott, Grant Erlandson, Xiaoying Li, Grace Kuiper, Daniel Alan Dean, Nayamin Martinez, Mollie Phillips, John Volckens and Sheryl Magzamen

Environments 2025, 12(10), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100348 - 26 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1208

Abstract

California’s San Joaquin Valley experiences some of the worst particulate matter (PM) air pollution in the U.S., but PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ exposures in agricultural communities are understudied. We collaborated with rural residents living adjacent to large-scale agricultural production and processing activities [...] Read more.

California’s San Joaquin Valley experiences some of the worst particulate matter (PM) air pollution in the U.S., but PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ exposures in agricultural communities are understudied. We collaborated with rural residents living adjacent to large-scale agricultural production and processing activities to assess 24-h-average personal and indoor PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations during different seasons. We visited 35 participants from 18 households during December 2023, May 2024, and the September 2024 harvest season to collect PM samples and survey data. Mixed effects linear regression models (with random effects for participant or household) assessed associations between natural log-transformed PM concentrations and regional ambient PM, harvest season, as well as participant/household characteristics. Participants were mostly female (69%) and Hispanic/Latino(a) (100%). Median household distance to processing facility silos was 633 m. Median personal exposures to PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were 11.1 and 45.5 µg m⁻³. Median indoor PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ levels were 12.9 and 24.3 µg m⁻³. Overall, 29% of personal and indoor PM_2.5 samples and 33% of personal and indoor PM₁₀ samples exceeded WHO 24-h air quality guidelines (15 µg m⁻³ PM_2.5, 45 µg m⁻³ PM₁₀). The factors most strongly associated with personal and indoor PM were household members working in agriculture and regional ambient PM measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ambient Air Pollution, Built Environment, and Public Health)

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29 pages, 1623 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Electric Field Effects on Microbial Cell Properties: Implications for Detection and Control in Wastewater Systems

by Camelia Ungureanu, Silviu Răileanu, Daniela Simina Ștefan, Iosif Lingvay, Attila Tokos and Mircea Ștefan

Environments 2025, 12(10), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100343 - 25 Sep 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2774

Abstract

Electric fields (EFs) have emerged as effective, non-chemical tools for modulating microbial populations in complex matrices such as wastewater. This review consolidates current advances on EF-induced alterations in microbial structures and functions, focusing on both vegetative cells and spores. Key parameters affected include [...] Read more.

Electric fields (EFs) have emerged as effective, non-chemical tools for modulating microbial populations in complex matrices such as wastewater. This review consolidates current advances on EF-induced alterations in microbial structures and functions, focusing on both vegetative cells and spores. Key parameters affected include membrane thickness, transmembrane potential, electrical conductivity, and dielectric permittivity, with downstream impacts on ion homeostasis, metabolic activity, and viability. Such bioelectrical modifications underpin EF-based detection methods—particularly impedance spectroscopy and dielectrophoresis—which enable rapid, label-free, in situ microbial monitoring. Beyond detection, EFs can induce sublethal or lethal effects, enabling selective inactivation without chemical input. This review addresses the influence of field type (DC, AC, pulsed), intensity, and exposure duration, alongside limitations such as species-specific variability, heterogeneous environmental conditions, and challenges in achieving uniform field distribution. Emerging research highlights the integration of EF-based platforms with biosensors, machine learning, and real-time analytics for enhanced environmental surveillance. By linking microbiological mechanisms with engineering solutions, EF technologies present significant potential for sustainable water quality management. Their multidisciplinary applicability positions them as promising components of next-generation wastewater monitoring and treatment systems, supporting global efforts toward efficient, adaptive, and environmentally benign microbial control strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Contaminant Removal from Water)

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22 pages, 4854 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Distribution, Characterization and Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Two Rivers in West Central Scotland: The Black Cart Water and White Cart Water

by Daniel E. Enenche, Christine M. Davidson, Walter B. Osungbemiro and John J. Liggat

Environments 2025, 12(10), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100342 - 25 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1441

Abstract

Improved understanding of the behaviour of microplastics in freshwater systems is important as rivers are major conduits for the transport of particles from land to sea. This study investigated microplastics in two tributaries of the River Clyde, Scotland, UK, that flow through rural, [...] Read more.

Improved understanding of the behaviour of microplastics in freshwater systems is important as rivers are major conduits for the transport of particles from land to sea. This study investigated microplastics in two tributaries of the River Clyde, Scotland, UK, that flow through rural, suburban and urban areas. Surface water and sediment were obtained from 25 locations in the Black Cart Water and White Cart Water. Microplastics were isolated and characterized by digital microscopy and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Particles were found in four water samples, all from the White Cart. Sediment analysis revealed microplastic abundance ranging from 300 to 600 items/kg in the Black Cart and 33.3 to 567 items/kg in the White Cart. Fragments were the most common particle type and white/transparent the most common particle colour. The most common polymers in the Black Cart were PE > PET > PS > PVC > PTFE and in the White Cart PE > PP > PTFE > PET > PA. Identification of some microplastics was challenging because their FTIR spectra did not correspond well to reference spectra of pure polymers. Although the polymer hazard index at some locations was high due to the presence of particles composed of PVC and PA, the ecological risk from microplastics in the Cart river system was generally low. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Plastic Contamination)

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34 pages, 7273 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Understanding PFAS Adsorption: How Molecular Structure Affects Sustainable Water Treatment

by Muhammad Hamza, Ridwan T. Ayinla, Islam Elsayed and El Barbary Hassan

Environments 2025, 12(9), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12090330 - 18 Sep 2025

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6845

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a broad group of synthetic chemicals characterized by strong carbon–fluorine bonds, making them highly persistent and widely distributed in the environment. Their chain length and functional head groups, such as sulfonate and carboxylate groups, determine key molecular [...] Read more.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a broad group of synthetic chemicals characterized by strong carbon–fluorine bonds, making them highly persistent and widely distributed in the environment. Their chain length and functional head groups, such as sulfonate and carboxylate groups, determine key molecular properties like hydrophobicity, acidity, and sorption behavior. These properties significantly impact the effectiveness of PFAS removal from water systems. This review provides a structural classification of PFASs and explores removal strategies, with a particular emphasis on adsorption. It examines sustainable adsorbents, including both natural materials (e.g., cellulose, chitosan, lignin, and cyclodextrins) and engineered synthetic materials (e.g., covalent organic frameworks, metal–organic frameworks, and molecularly imprinted polymers). The discussion highlights important parameters such as chain length and functional chemistry, as these can greatly influence removal efficiency. Furthermore, the discussion addresses the adsorption mechanisms-such as electrostatic attraction, hydrophobic interaction, and fluorophilic interactions-to show how they contribute in different systems. By combining structural insights with adsorption performance data, this review aims to help design and select sustainable, high-performance adsorbents for efficiently reducing PFASs in contaminated water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Wastewater Treatment)

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26 pages, 2939 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Finding Common Climate Action Among Contested Worldviews: Stakeholder-Informed Approaches in Austria

by Claire Cambardella, Chase Skouge, Christian Gulas, Andrea Werdenigg, Harald Katzmair and Brian D. Fath

Environments 2025, 12(9), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12090310 - 3 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1262

Abstract

Our goal was to identify and understand perspectives of different stakeholders in the field of climate policy and test a process of co-creative policy development to support the implementation of climate protection measures. As the severity of climate change grows globally, perceptions of [...] Read more.

Our goal was to identify and understand perspectives of different stakeholders in the field of climate policy and test a process of co-creative policy development to support the implementation of climate protection measures. As the severity of climate change grows globally, perceptions of climate science and climate-based policy have become increasingly polarized. The one-solution consensus or compromise that has encapsulated environmental policymaking has proven insufficient or unable to address accurately or efficiently the climate issue. Because climate change is often described as a wicked problem (multiple causes, widespread impacts, uncertain outcomes, and an array of potential solutions), a clumsy solution that incorporates ideas and actions representative of varied and divergent worldviews is best suited to address it. This study used the Theory of Plural Rationality, which uses a two-dimensional spectrum to identify four interdependent worldviews as well as a fifth autonomous perspective to define the differing perspectives in the field of climate policy in Austria. Stakeholder inputs regarding general worldviews, climate change, and climate policy were evaluated to identify agreeable actions representative of the multiple perspectives. Thus, we developed and tested a co-creative process for developing clumsy solutions. This study concludes that while an ideological consensus is unlikely, agreement is more likely to occur on the practical level of concrete actions (albeit perhaps for different reasons). Findings suggested that creating an ecological tax reform was an acceptable policy action to diverse stakeholders. Furthermore, the study illuminated that the government is perceived to have the most potential influence on climate protection policy and acts as a key “broker”, or linkage, between other approaches that are perceived to be more actualized but less impactful. Full article

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17 pages, 3006 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Plasticizers and Bisphenols in Sicilian Lagoon Bivalves, Water, and Sediments: Environmental Risk in Areas with Different Anthropogenic Pressure

by Giuseppa Di Bella, Federica Litrenta, Angela Giorgia Potortì, Salvatore Giacobbe, Vincenzo Nava, Davide Puntorieri, Ambrogina Albergamo and Vincenzo Lo Turco

Environments 2025, 12(9), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12090305 - 30 Aug 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1206

Abstract

Plasticizers and bisphenols are contaminants of concern in the environment, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. Bivalve molluscs are effective bioindicators due to their benthic nature, their ability to filter water, and their capacity to bioaccumulate persistent pollutants. This study analyzes plasticizers and bisphenols in [...] Read more.

Plasticizers and bisphenols are contaminants of concern in the environment, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. Bivalve molluscs are effective bioindicators due to their benthic nature, their ability to filter water, and their capacity to bioaccumulate persistent pollutants. This study analyzes plasticizers and bisphenols in three native clam species (Ruditapes decussatus, Cerastoderma glaucum, and Polititapes aureus) from two Sicilian lagoons under different levels of anthropogenic pressure: the urbanized Capo Peloro lagoon (Ganzirri Lake) and the less impacted Oliveri–Tindari lagoon. The clams, together with water and sediment samples, were collected in winter 2023. Both groups of clams from the two sampling areas contained phthalates such as DMP, DEP, DiBP, and DEHP, as well as non-phthalate plasticizers such as DEHT, DBA, DEA, and DEHA. The sum of non-phthalate plasticizers (NPPs) was consistently higher than the sum of phthalates in all clam samples, confirming the emerging trend of NPPs. This trend was also observed in the water and sediment samples, regardless of the sampling area. The presence of structural analogues of bisphenol A (BPA) highlights the growing prevalence of BPA-like structures in aquatic environments. Given the increasing evidence of widespread and persistent contamination of aquatic environments by plasticizers and bisphenols, it is evident that these substances pose a significant threat to ecosystems and human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Risk Assessment of Aquatic Environments)

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34 pages, 897 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

AI-Driven Circular Waste Management Tool for Enhancing Circular Economy Practices in Healthcare Facilities

by Maria Assunta Cappelli, Eva Cappelli and Francesco Cappelli

Environments 2025, 12(9), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12090295 - 27 Aug 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3673

Abstract

The increasing complexity in hospital waste management requires innovative solutions that integrate sustainability and regulatory compliance. This study proposes an AI-based decision tool to support the circular management of healthcare waste. The approach combines two key elements: (i) the systematic qualitative analysis of [...] Read more.

The increasing complexity in hospital waste management requires innovative solutions that integrate sustainability and regulatory compliance. This study proposes an AI-based decision tool to support the circular management of healthcare waste. The approach combines two key elements: (i) the systematic qualitative analysis of international, European, and national regulations, scientific literature, and best practices aimed at identifying strategic actions; (ii) the prioritization of these actions through machine learning, using a Random Forest classifier. We identified 55 actions, grouped into 13 thematic areas, and used them as input variables to assess their impact on regulatory compliance. The variable importance analysis allowed us to classify actions according to their strategic relevance, guiding the structure of the tool and its user interface. Validation, conducted on four simulated case studies, demonstrated the system’s ability to improve compliance monitoring, operational efficiency, and the implementation of circular economy and Zero-Waste strategies. The proposed model represents a scalable and evidence-based solution capable of supporting the ecological transition of healthcare facilities in line with EU directives and the Sustainable Development Goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environments: 10 Years of Science Together)

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14 pages, 1781 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Small-Scale Farming, Pesticide Exposure, and Respiratory Health: A Cross-Sectional Study in Bolivia

by Maria Teresa Solís-Soto, Jonas Walber, Armando Basagoitia, Ondine S. von Ehrenstein and Katja Radon

Environments 2025, 12(8), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12080290 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 2381

Abstract

This study analyzed the relationship between pesticide exposure with respiratory symptoms and lung function among small-scale farm workers in rural communities of Sucre, Bolivia. A cross-sectional study was conducted including 277 farmers and 214 non-farmers ≥ 16 years. Pesticide exposure and respiratory symptoms [...] Read more.

This study analyzed the relationship between pesticide exposure with respiratory symptoms and lung function among small-scale farm workers in rural communities of Sucre, Bolivia. A cross-sectional study was conducted including 277 farmers and 214 non-farmers ≥ 16 years. Pesticide exposure and respiratory symptoms were assessed by questionnaire, and lung function was assessed by spirometry. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for associations between pesticide exposure and respiratory symptoms, while multiple linear regression was employed to estimate associations with lung function. The adjusted regression models indicated a positive association between pesticide exposure and chronic cough or phlegm (aOR 1.22; 95% CI 1.0 to 1.5), chest tightness (1.14; 1.0 to 1.3), and nasal allergies (1.21; 1.0 to 1.4). Also, pesticide exposure showed a slight positive association with FVC (β = 0.04; 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.07). Agricultural work (vs. non-agricultural work) showed a dual effect; on the one hand, it showed a negative association with lung function (FEV1/FVC (%): −1.57; 95% CI = −3.25 to −0.11); on the other hand, it seemed to be a protective factor for nasal allergies (aOR 0.31; 95% CI 0.1–0.8). Our study suggests an association between pesticide exposure and respiratory symptoms and farm work with lung function parameters. The results underscore the need to enhance programs that regulate and train farmers on the use of pesticides, thereby reducing health effects on workers and agricultural and neighboring communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy and Safe Environments Across Occupational and Environmental Contexts, 2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 234 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Trifluoroacetic Acid: A Narrative Review on Physico-Chemical Properties, Exposure Pathways, and Toxicological Concerns

by Andrea Moscato, Maria Valentina Longo, Margherita Ferrante and Maria Fiore

Environments 2025, 12(8), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12080277 - 12 Aug 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4664

Abstract

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a persistent degradation product of widely used fluorinated compounds such as hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroolefins, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrochlorofluoroolefins. Its chemical stability, water solubility, and environmental persistence raise concerns about potential human and ecological risks. To provide an overview of current [...] Read more.

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a persistent degradation product of widely used fluorinated compounds such as hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroolefins, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrochlorofluoroolefins. Its chemical stability, water solubility, and environmental persistence raise concerns about potential human and ecological risks. To provide an overview of current knowledge on TFA, we conducted a literature search (PubMed and Scopus, December 2024–January 2025) focusing on its environmental fate, human exposure, toxicokinetic, ecotoxicology, and regulation. A narrative approach was applied, prioritizing recent and high-quality evidence. TFA is ubiquitous in air, water, food, and consumer products. Human exposure occurs mainly through ingestion and inhalation. It is rapidly absorbed and excreted mostly unchanged in urine, with limited metabolic transformation. Though not bioaccumulated in fat, its environmental persistence and ongoing exposure raise concerns about long-term systemic effects. Ecotoxicological data show chronic toxicity in aquatic and terrestrial species, with environmental concentrations often exceeding safety thresholds. Currently, no binding EU limit exists for TFA, although several countries have proposed drinking water guidelines. TFA represents an emerging environmental contaminant with potential human health and ecological impacts. Strengthened monitoring, long-term toxicological studies, and precautionary regulatory action are urgently needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Environmental and Occupational Monitoring: New Methods, New Chemicals, New Concerns for Safety and Health)

35 pages, 1831 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Pesticide Degradation: Impacts on Soil Fertility and Nutrient Cycling

by Muhammad Yasir, Abul Hossain and Anubhav Pratap-Singh

Environments 2025, 12(8), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12080272 - 7 Aug 2025

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 11314

Abstract

The widespread use of pesticides in modern agriculture has significantly enhanced food production by managing pests and diseases; however, their degradation in soil can lead to unintended consequences for soil fertility and nutrient cycling. This review explores the mechanisms of pesticide degradation, both [...] Read more.

The widespread use of pesticides in modern agriculture has significantly enhanced food production by managing pests and diseases; however, their degradation in soil can lead to unintended consequences for soil fertility and nutrient cycling. This review explores the mechanisms of pesticide degradation, both abiotic and biotic, and the soil factors influencing these processes. It critically examines how degradation products impact soil microbial communities, organic matter decomposition, and key nutrient cycles, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients. This review highlights emerging evidence linking pesticide residues with altered enzymatic activity, disrupted microbial populations, and reduced nutrient bioavailability, potentially compromising soil structure, water retention, and long-term productivity. Additionally, it discusses the broader environmental and agricultural implications, including decreased crop yields, biodiversity loss, and groundwater contamination. Sustainable management strategies such as bioremediation, the use of biochar, eco-friendly pesticides, and integrated pest management (IPM) are evaluated for mitigating these adverse effects. Finally, this review outlines future research directions emphasizing long-term studies, biotechnology innovations, and predictive modeling to support resilient agroecosystems. Understanding the intricate relationship between pesticide degradation and soil health is crucial to ensuring sustainable agriculture and food security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coping with Climate Change: Fate of Nutrients and Pollutants in Soil)

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40 pages, 910 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Impact of Indoor Air Quality, Including Thermal Conditions, in Educational Buildings on Health, Wellbeing, and Performance: A Scoping Review

by Duncan Grassie, Kaja Milczewska, Stijn Renneboog, Francesco Scuderi and Sani Dimitroulopoulou

Environments 2025, 12(8), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12080261 - 30 Jul 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 9137

Abstract

Educational buildings, including schools, nurseries and universities, face stricter regulation and design control on indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal conditions than other built environments, as these may affect children’s health and wellbeing. In this scoping review, wide-ranging health, performance, and absenteeism consequences [...] Read more.

Educational buildings, including schools, nurseries and universities, face stricter regulation and design control on indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal conditions than other built environments, as these may affect children’s health and wellbeing. In this scoping review, wide-ranging health, performance, and absenteeism consequences of poor—and benefits of good—IAQ and thermal conditions are evaluated, focusing on source control, ventilation and air purification interventions. Economic impacts of interventions in educational buildings have been evaluated to enable the assessment of tangible building-related costs and savings, alongside less easily quantifiable improvements in educational attainment and reduced healthcare. Key recommendations are provided to assist decision makers in pathways to provide clean air, at an optimal temperature for students’ learning and health outcomes. Although the role of educational buildings can be challenging to isolate from other socio-economic confounders, secondary short- and long-term impacts on attainment and absenteeism have been demonstrated from the health effects associated with various pollutants. Sometimes overlooked, source control and repairing existing damage can be important cost-effective methods in minimising generation and preventing ingress of pollutants. Existing ventilation standards are often not met, even when mechanical and hybrid ventilation systems are already in place, but can often be achieved with a fraction of a typical school budget through operational and maintenance improvements, and small-scale air-cleaning and ventilation technologies, where necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Urban and Industrial Areas III)

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19 pages, 3672 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing Microplastic Contamination and Depuration Effectiveness in Farmed Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

by Cláudia Moura, Diogo M. Silva, Francisca Espincho, Sabrina M. Rodrigues, Rúben Pereira, C. Marisa R. Almeida, Sandra Ramos and Vânia Freitas

Environments 2025, 12(8), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12080254 - 25 Jul 2025

Viewed by 3281

Abstract

This study assessed the presence, abundance, and characteristics of microplastics (MPs) in farmed Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and evaluated the efficacy of depuration in reducing MPs under laboratory-controlled and commercial conditions. Oysters cultivated in the Lima estuary (NW Portugal) were sampled [...] Read more.

This study assessed the presence, abundance, and characteristics of microplastics (MPs) in farmed Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and evaluated the efficacy of depuration in reducing MPs under laboratory-controlled and commercial conditions. Oysters cultivated in the Lima estuary (NW Portugal) were sampled in autumn and winter, along with adjacent surface water and sediment, to investigate potential contamination sources. MP concentrations in oysters varied temporally, with higher levels in October 2023 (0.48 ± 0.34 MPs g⁻¹ ww) than in February 2024 (0.09 ± 0.07 MPs g⁻¹ ww), while the environmental levels remained stable across dates. All MPs were fibres, predominantly transparent, followed by blue and black. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed cellulose and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as dominant polymers in oysters and environmental samples. No clear correlation was found between MPs in oysters and surrounding compartments. Laboratory depuration reduced MPs by 78% within 48 h, highlighting its potential as a mitigation strategy. However, depuration was less effective under commercial conditions, possibly due to lower initial contamination levels. These findings suggest that oysters may act as a vector for human exposure to MPs via seafood consumption. While depuration shows promise in reducing contamination, further research is needed to optimise commercial protocols and enhance the safety of aquaculture products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Plastic Contamination)

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26 pages, 1894 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Illegal Waste Dumps and Water Quality: Environmental and Logistical Challenges for Sustainable Development—A Case Study of the Ružín Reservoir (Slovakia)

by Oľga Glova Végsöová and Martin Straka

Environments 2025, 12(8), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12080251 - 22 Jul 2025

Viewed by 2348

Abstract

The aim of the article is to highlight the increasing environmental burden on aquatic ecosystems in Slovakia due to continuous pollution from municipal, industrial and agricultural sources. Laboratory analyses have shown alarming exceedance of the limit values of contaminants, with nitrate nitrogen (NO [...] Read more.

The aim of the article is to highlight the increasing environmental burden on aquatic ecosystems in Slovakia due to continuous pollution from municipal, industrial and agricultural sources. Laboratory analyses have shown alarming exceedance of the limit values of contaminants, with nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻) reaching 5.8 mg/L compared to the set limit of 2.5 mg/L and phosphorus concentrations exceeding the permissible values by a factor of five, thereby escalating the risk of eutrophication and loss of ecological stability of the aquatic ecosystem. The accumulation of heavy metals is also a problem—lead (Pb) concentrations reach up to 9.7 μg/L, which exceeds the safe limit by a factor of ten. Despite the measures implemented, such as scum barriers, there is continuous contamination of the aquatic environment, with illegal waste dumps and uncontrolled runoff of agrochemicals playing a significant role. The research results underline the critical need for a more effective environmental policy and more rigorous monitoring of toxic substances in real time. These findings highlight not only the urgency of more effective environmental policy and stricter real-time monitoring of toxic substances, but also the necessity of integrating environmental logistics into the design of sustainable solutions. Logistical approaches including the optimization of waste collection, coordination of stakeholders and creation of infrastructural conditions can significantly contribute to reducing environmental burdens and ensure the continuity of environmental management in ecologically sensitive areas. Full article

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21 pages, 1908 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Energy Footprints, Energy Sufficiency, and Human Well-Being in Iceland

by Kevin Joseph Dillman, Anna Kristín Einarsdóttir, Marta Rós Karlsdóttir and Jukka Heinonen

Environments 2025, 12(7), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12070238 - 11 Jul 2025

Viewed by 1575

Abstract

In the intersecting field of energy consumption and human well-being, many macro-level studies link national energy use with well-being. These studies often rely on aggregate data, however, limiting insights into intra-national inequities and diverse well-being outcomes. To bridge this gap, this study used [...] Read more.

In the intersecting field of energy consumption and human well-being, many macro-level studies link national energy use with well-being. These studies often rely on aggregate data, however, limiting insights into intra-national inequities and diverse well-being outcomes. To bridge this gap, this study used a single Nordic survey that allowed for the calculation of consumption-based energy footprints alongside well-being measures, focusing on Icelandic participants. A factor analysis of well-being responses identifies four factors: Eudaimonic, Financial, Housing/Local, and Health-related well-being. We found that well-being in Iceland largely remains decoupled from energy footprints across income and consumption groups, except for financial well-being. However, these groups differ significantly in consumption lifestyles and associated footprints, with only a small fraction of consumers maintaining energy use within global sufficiency thresholds. Most exceed these levels, suggesting that Iceland could reduce energy consumption without significantly harming well-being. Future research should explore strategies to lower consumption without triggering negative social reactions or declines in well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Balancing Energy and Environmental Sustainability: Innovations, Impacts, and Pathways)

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31 pages, 859 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review of Persistent Soil Contaminants: Assessment and Remediation Strategies

by António Alberto S. Correia and Maria Graça Rasteiro

Environments 2025, 12(7), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12070229 - 5 Jul 2025

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 10145

Abstract

The presence of persistent contaminants in soils is of growing concern around the world. Contaminated soils can affect numerous ecological environments and lead to significant health risks to humans, affecting soil biodiversity, structure and geomechanical behaviour and agricultural sustainability. Additionally, soil contaminants can [...] Read more.

The presence of persistent contaminants in soils is of growing concern around the world. Contaminated soils can affect numerous ecological environments and lead to significant health risks to humans, affecting soil biodiversity, structure and geomechanical behaviour and agricultural sustainability. Additionally, soil contaminants can also leach into water flows, which is another concern. In general, soil contamination can be attributed to natural sources or to anthropogenic sources associated with human activity. Soil contaminants are usually classified in the following categories: biological, radioactive, organic and inorganic contaminants. State of the art information regarding some of the most common persistent soil contaminants, including possible sources and prevalence, and monitoring approaches and information about their effects on soil characteristics, including usability, as well as information on possible mobility to other environmental media is presented in this review paper. Finally, a comprehensive overview of remediation strategies which are being developed, including the more traditional ones as well as novel strategies that have been proposed lately by the scientific community, is provided. This includes physicochemical and biological technologies, as well as mixed remediation technologies aimed at enhancing remediation efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring of Contaminated Water and Soil)

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15 pages, 1473 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Suitability in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

by Emma Haggerty, Ethan R. Wertlieb and Dmitry A. Streletskiy

Environments 2025, 12(7), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12070222 - 28 Jun 2025

Viewed by 2840

Abstract

Changing climatic conditions are significant determinants of agricultural productivity. Rio Grande do Sul is the southernmost state and the second-largest agricultural producer in Brazil. The suitability of its land for farming can be used as a proxy for agricultural and economic success, making [...] Read more.

Changing climatic conditions are significant determinants of agricultural productivity. Rio Grande do Sul is the southernmost state and the second-largest agricultural producer in Brazil. The suitability of its land for farming can be used as a proxy for agricultural and economic success, making it a pertinent case for exploring the consequences of climate change on major crop production. The latest available climate and environmental data was used to develop an agricultural Suitability Index (SI) that quantifies the suitability of land for rice, tobacco, soybean, and corn production in 2020 (present), 2050 (near-future), and 2100 (far-future) under moderate (SSP245) and extreme (SSP585) climate scenarios. SI scores for each municipality of Rio Grande do Sul consider inputs from a three-layer framework (climatic, non-climatic, and current production) to provide critical insight into potential shifts in agricultural productivity. While terrestrial suitability for crop growth varies both spatially and temporally, widespread decreases in suitability for all four crops are expected across the state under both scenarios. Soybean is expected to be the least affected crop, and rice is the most affected crop, tied to shifting patterns in precipitation, which significantly determines suitability. Local and state governments, agribusinesses, and family producers will have to adapt to environmental challenges to ensure the provision of food, labor, and economic security. Full article

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29 pages, 28225 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Toxic Legacy—Environmental Impacts of Historic Metal Mining and Metallurgy in the Harz Region (Germany) at Local, Regional and Supra-Regional Levels

by Louisa Friederike Steingräber, Friedhart Knolle, Horst Kierdorf, Catharina Ludolphy and Uwe Kierdorf

Environments 2025, 12(7), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12070215 - 26 Jun 2025

Viewed by 5081

Abstract

As a legacy of historical metal mining and the processing and smelting of metalliferous ores, metal pollution is a serious environmental problem in many areas around the globe. This review summarizes the history, technical development and environmental hazards of historic metal mining and [...] Read more.

As a legacy of historical metal mining and the processing and smelting of metalliferous ores, metal pollution is a serious environmental problem in many areas around the globe. This review summarizes the history, technical development and environmental hazards of historic metal mining and metallurgical activities in the Harz Region (Germany), one of the oldest and most productive mining landscapes in Central Europe. The release of large amounts of metal-containing waste into rivers during historic ore processing and the ongoing leaching of metals from slag heaps, tailings dumps and contaminated soils and sediments are the main sources of metal pollution in the Harz Mountains and its foreland. This pollution extends along river systems with tributaries from the Harz Mountains and can even be detected in mudflats of the North Sea. In addition to fluvial discharges, atmospheric pollution by smelter smoke has led to long-term damage to soils and vegetation in the Harz Region. Currently, the ecological hazards caused by the legacy pollution from historical metal mining and metallurgy in the Harz Region are only partially known, particularly regarding the effects of changes in river ecosystems as a consequence of climate change. This review discusses the complexity and dynamics of human–environment interactions in the Harz Mountains and its surroundings, with a focus on lead (Pb) pollution. The paper also identifies future research directions with respect to metal contamination. Full article

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21 pages, 3040 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Drinking Water and Sanitation Safety Planning for Medical Facilities: An Innovative PoU Approach for a Water System Description Using Ecomaps

by Lara Kamm, Ralf M. Hagen, Nico T. Mutters, Ricarda M. Schmithausen, Ruth Weppler and Manuel Döhla

Environments 2025, 12(7), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12070217 - 26 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1437

Abstract

Drinking Water Safety Plans (DWSP) in buildings serve to identify health hazards associated with the drinking water system. Sanitation Safety Plans (SSP) fulfill the same purpose for the sewage system. Water Safety Plans (WSP) include DWSPs, SSPs, and water systems like gray water [...] Read more.

Drinking Water Safety Plans (DWSP) in buildings serve to identify health hazards associated with the drinking water system. Sanitation Safety Plans (SSP) fulfill the same purpose for the sewage system. Water Safety Plans (WSP) include DWSPs, SSPs, and water systems like gray water and firefighting water. WSPs are based on a high-quality description of the water systems. This paper presents a new methodology for describing water systems. In contrast to previous approaches, the system description begins at the point where the water is consumed. These points of use are described using ecomaps, which are then supplemented with information about the pipe network. This approach makes it possible to fulfill four relevant premises: (1) the system description includes all essential parts of the drinking water installation, (2) the system description is possible with usual equipment, (3) the system description can be carried out with the least possible additional personnel costs, and (4) the system description is controllable, versionable, changeable, and forgery-proof. The ecomaps created in this way are suitable for the next step within the WSP framework, namely hazard and risk assessment. In addition, the ecomaps can be integrated into a quality, occupational safety, or environmental management system. Aspects of water security can be added to enable the ecomaps to be used as the basis for a total integrated water management system. Full article

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22 pages, 1199 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of Health Risks Associated with PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 Air Pollution in the City of Zvolen and Comparison with Selected Cities in the Slovak Republic

by Patrick Ivan, Marián Schwarz and Miriama Mikušová

Environments 2025, 12(7), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12070212 - 20 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2967

Abstract

Air pollution is one of the most serious environmental threats, with particulate matter PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 representing its most harmful components, significantly affecting public health. These particles are primarily generated by transport, industry, residential heating, and agriculture, and are associated with [...] Read more.

Air pollution is one of the most serious environmental threats, with particulate matter PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 representing its most harmful components, significantly affecting public health. These particles are primarily generated by transport, industry, residential heating, and agriculture, and are associated with increased incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, asthma attacks, and heart attacks, as well as chronic illnesses and premature mortality. The most vulnerable groups include children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions. This study focuses on the analysis of health risks associated with PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 air pollution in the city of Zvolen, which serves as a representative case due to its urban structure, traffic load, and industrial activity. The aim is to assess the current state of air quality, identify the main sources of pollution, and evaluate the health impacts of particulate matter on the local population. The results will be compared with selected Slovak cities—Banská Bystrica and Ružomberok—to understand regional differences in exposure and its health consequences. The results revealed consistently elevated concentrations of particulate matter (PM) across all analyzed cities, frequently exceeding the guideline values recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), although remaining below the thresholds set by current national legislation. The lowest average concentrations were recorded in the city of Zvolen (PM₁₀: 20 μg/m³; PM_2.5: 15 μg/m³). These lower values may be attributed to the location of the reference monitoring station operated by the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMÚ), situated on J. Alexy Street in the southern part of the city—south of Zvolen’s primary industrial emitter, Kronospan. Due to predominantly southerly wind patterns, PM particles are transported northward, potentially leading to higher pollution loads in the northern areas of the city, which are currently not being monitored. We analyzed trends in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations and their relationship with hospitalization data for respiratory diseases. The results indicate a clear correlation between the concentration of suspended particulate matter and the number of hospital admissions due to respiratory illnesses. Our findings thus confirm the significant adverse effects of particulate air pollution on population health and highlight the urgent need for systematic monitoring and effective measures to reduce emissions, particularly in urban areas. Full article

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11 pages, 632 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Unveiling Stress Vulnerability and Occupational Noise Perception as Burnout Predictors: Results of an Exploratory Study in Industrial Environments

by Carlos Carvalhais, Luísa Antunes Ribeiro and Cristiana C. Pereira

Environments 2025, 12(6), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060208 - 17 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2042

Abstract

Burnout is a complex phenomenon influenced by both environmental and individual factors. This pilot study explores the predictive role of occupational noise perception and stress vulnerability on burnout symptoms among industrial workers. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 119 Portuguese workers exposed to [...] Read more.

Burnout is a complex phenomenon influenced by both environmental and individual factors. This pilot study explores the predictive role of occupational noise perception and stress vulnerability on burnout symptoms among industrial workers. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 119 Portuguese workers exposed to occupational noise. Participants completed validated self-report measures assessing noise perception, stress vulnerability, and burnout. Path analysis revealed that both higher stress vulnerability and greater perceived occupational noise were significant predictors of elevated burnout levels. Furthermore, gender emerged as a relevant predictor, with women reporting significantly higher burnout symptoms than men. Age was inversely related to stress vulnerability, indicating greater resilience among older workers. These findings suggest that individual differences in stress vulnerability and noise perception contribute meaningfully to burnout risk, beyond traditional occupational hazard assessments. The study underscores the need for holistic occupational health strategies, integrating both environmental modifications and psychosocial interventions aimed at enhancing workers’ coping capacities. This study contributes novel insights into the interplay between perceived noise and psychological vulnerability in industrial settings, supporting broader preventive measures for work-related mental health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy and Safe Environments across Occupational and Environmental Contexts)

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32 pages, 4453 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integration of Earth Observation and Field-Based Monitoring for Morphodynamic Characterisation of Tropical Beach Ecosystems

by James Murphy, Jonathan E. Higham, Andrew J. Plater, Kasey E. Clark and Rachel Collin

Environments 2025, 12(6), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060205 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 2290

Abstract

Coastal erosion poses a significant threat to small tropical island regions, where coastal tourism and infrastructure play vital economic roles. However, the processes affecting tropical beaches, particularly in Central America, remain underexplored due to a lack of data on waves and atmospheric conditions. [...] Read more.

Coastal erosion poses a significant threat to small tropical island regions, where coastal tourism and infrastructure play vital economic roles. However, the processes affecting tropical beaches, particularly in Central America, remain underexplored due to a lack of data on waves and atmospheric conditions. We propose a novel approach that utilises low-cost smartphone and satellite imagery to characterise beach ecosystems, where typically expensive and technologically intensive monitoring strategies are impractical and background data are scarce. As a test of its performance under real conditions, we apply this approach to four contrasting beaches in the low-lying islands of the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama. We employ Earth Observation data and field-based monitoring to enhance understanding of beach erosion. Optical flow tracking velocimetry (OFTV) is applied to smartphone camera footage to provide a quantitative metric of wave characteristics during the high wave energy season. These data are combined with satellite-derived shoreline change data and additional field data on beach profiles and grain size. The results reveal distinct patterns of accretion and erosion across the study sites determined by wave climate, beach morphology, and grain size. Accreting beaches are generally characterised by longer wave periods, more consistent wave velocities, and finer, positively skewed sediments indicative of swell-dominated conditions and dissipative beach profiles. Conversely, more erosive sites are associated with shorter wave periods, more variable wave velocities, coarser and better-sorted sediments, and a shorter, steeper beach profile. Seasonal erosion during the high-energy wave season (January–April) and subsequent recovery were observed at most sites. This work demonstrates how foundational data for evidence-based coastal management can be generated in remote locations that lack essential baseline data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Quality in Coastal Ecosystems, 4th Edition)

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18 pages, 733 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Dredge Sediment as an Opportunity: A Comprehensive and Updated Review of Beneficial Uses in Marine, River, and Lagoon Eco-Systems

by Chiara Fratini, Serena Anselmi and Monia Renzi

Environments 2025, 12(6), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060200 - 12 Jun 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4665

Abstract

Dredging is essential for the maintenance of ports, waterways, lakes, and lagoons to ensure their operability and economic value. Over the last few decades, scientists have focused on the significant environmental challenges associated with dredging, including habitat destruction, loss of biodiversity, sediment suspension, [...] Read more.

Dredging is essential for the maintenance of ports, waterways, lakes, and lagoons to ensure their operability and economic value. Over the last few decades, scientists have focused on the significant environmental challenges associated with dredging, including habitat destruction, loss of biodiversity, sediment suspension, and contamination with heavy metals and organic pollutants. The huge loss of sediment in coastal areas and the associated erosion processes are now forcing stakeholders to look ahead and turn potential problems into an opportunity to develop new sediment management strategies, beyond environmental protection, toward ecosystem restoration and coastal resilience. Moreover, the European and Italian strategies, such as the European Green Deal (EGD) and the Italian Ecological Transition Plan (PTE), highlight the need to reuse dredge sediment in circular economy strategies, transforming them into valuable resources for construction, agriculture, and environmental restoration projects. European legislation on dredging is fundamental to the issue of management and priorities of dredged materials, but the implementation rules are deferred to individual member states. In Italy, the Ministerial Decree 173/2016 covers the main aspects of dredge activities and dredge sediment management. Moreover, it encourages the remediation and reuse of the dredge sediment. This study starts with a comprehensive analysis of the innovative remediation techniques that minimize impacts and promote sustainable, beneficial sediment management. Different remediation methods, such as electrochemical treatments, chemical stabilization, emerging nanotechnologies, bioremediation, and phytoremediation, will be evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing pollution. Finally, we highlight new perspectives, integrated strategies, and multidisciplinary approaches that combine various technological innovations, including artificial intelligence, to enhance sediment reuse with the aim of promoting economic growth and environmental protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Quality in Coastal Ecosystems, 4th Edition)

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11 pages, 1202 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impacts of Gentrification on Air Pollutant Levels and Child Opportunity Index near New York City Schools

by Kyung Hwa Jung, Zachary Pitkowsky, Kira L. Argenio, James W. Quinn, Jeanette A. Stingone, Andrew G. Rundle, Jean-Marie Bruzzese, Steven Chillrud, Matthew Perzanowski and Stephanie Lovinsky-Desir

Environments 2025, 12(6), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060199 - 11 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1601

Abstract

Introduction: Gentrification, commonly defined as low-socioeconomic-status (SES) neighborhoods experiencing rapid increases in rental value, can lead to changes in the built and social neighborhood environment. Schools are an important location for pollutant exposure and child opportunities because children spend significant time in school. [...] Read more.

Introduction: Gentrification, commonly defined as low-socioeconomic-status (SES) neighborhoods experiencing rapid increases in rental value, can lead to changes in the built and social neighborhood environment. Schools are an important location for pollutant exposure and child opportunities because children spend significant time in school. Given their central role in both environmental and social contexts, we examined the relationship between gentrification, pollutants, and child opportunity near schools in New York City. Methods: School locations (N_total = 1482) were classified into gentrifying (n = 624), non-gentrifying (n = 198), and higher-SES (ineligible for gentrification; n = 660) neighborhoods. Annual average pollutant levels (black carbon (BC), fine particulates (PM_2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)) were assessed near schools. Child opportunity index (COI 2.0) was used to evaluate overall opportunity and three domains: education; health/environment; social/economic. Results: On average, pollution was highest in gentrifying neighborhoods compared to non-gentrifying (5–8.6% difference) and higher-SES (4.8–14.8% difference) neighborhoods. Average air pollution levels remained consistently higher in gentrifying neighborhoods both before and after gentrification compared to non-gentrifying and higher-SES neighborhoods. Regarding childhood opportunity, education, and social/economic opportunities were better and health/environment opportunities were worse in gentrifying compared to non-gentrifying neighborhoods. Conclusions: Gentrifying neighborhoods are at risk for higher exposure to pollutants and lower health/environment childhood opportunities compared to other neighborhoods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Urban and Industrial Areas III)

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15 pages, 1166 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Multidimensional Assessment of CO₂-Intensive Economies Through the Green Economy Index Framework

by Halina Falfushynska

Environments 2025, 12(6), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060195 - 9 Jun 2025

Viewed by 2066

Abstract

Despite growing international consensus on the urgency of climate action, global CO₂ emissions have continued to rise, exposing a critical implementation gap between environmental ambition and reality. This study explores the readiness and structural capacity of the world’s most CO₂-intensive [...] Read more.

Despite growing international consensus on the urgency of climate action, global CO₂ emissions have continued to rise, exposing a critical implementation gap between environmental ambition and reality. This study explores the readiness and structural capacity of the world’s most CO₂-intensive countries to transition toward a green and hydrogen-based economy. We introduce and apply the Green Economy Index, a composite measure integrating 31 indicators across four core dimensions—political and regulatory efficiency, socio-economic status, infrastructure, and sustainable targets. Using data from 29 countries emitting over 200 Mt of CO₂ in 2022, the analysis combines principal component analysis, Random Forest modeling, and network-based correlation analysis to classify nations into frontrunners, transitional performers, and structural laggers. The results reveal significant disparities in green economy readiness, with high-income countries showing institutional maturity and infrastructural robustness, while middle-income nations remain constrained by fossil fuel dependencies and governance challenges. Importantly, we highlight the growing utility of machine learning and multivariate statistics in capturing complex sustainability interdependencies. The Green Economy Index framework offers a relevant tool to benchmark progress, diagnose barriers, and guide targeted interventions in global decarbonization efforts. Full article

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25 pages, 4088 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Urban Source Apportionment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Thessaloniki Using Syntrichia Moss Biomonitoring and PMF Modeling

by Themistoklis Sfetsas, Sopio Ghoghoberidze, Panagiotis Karnoutsos, Vassilis Tziakas, Marios Karagiovanidis and Dimitrios Katsantonis

Environments 2025, 12(6), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060188 - 4 Jun 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1431

Abstract

Urban air pollution from potentially toxic elements (PTEs) presents a critical threat to public health and environmental sustainability. The current study employed Syntrichia moss in a passive biomonitoring capacity to ascertain the levels of atmospheric PTE pollution in Thessaloniki, Greece. A comprehensive collection [...] Read more.

Urban air pollution from potentially toxic elements (PTEs) presents a critical threat to public health and environmental sustainability. The current study employed Syntrichia moss in a passive biomonitoring capacity to ascertain the levels of atmospheric PTE pollution in Thessaloniki, Greece. A comprehensive collection of 192 moss samples was undertaken at 16 urban sampling points over the March–July 2024 period. Concentrations of 21 PTEs were quantified using ICP-MS, and contamination levels were assessed through contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), and pollution load index (PLI). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling and multivariate statistical analyses were used to identify pollution sources and spatiotemporal variations. Results revealed persistent hotspots with significant anthropogenic enrichments of elements, such as Fe, Mn, Sn in industrial zones and Tl, Ce, Pt in traffic corridors. PMF modeling attributed 48% of the measured PTE variance to traffic-related sources, 35% to industrial sources, and 17% to crustal material. Seasonal transitions showed a significant 3.5-fold increase in Tl during summer, indicating elevated traffic-related emissions. This integrated multi-index and source apportionment framework demonstrates the efficacy of Syntrichia moss for high-resolution urban air quality assessment. The approach offers a cost-effective, scalable, and environmentally friendly tool to support EU-aligned air quality management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Urban and Industrial Areas III)

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17 pages, 1856 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Convergence Research for Microplastic Pollution at the Watershed Scale

by Heejun Chang, Elise Granek, Amanda Gannon, Jordyn M. Wolfand and Janice Brahney

Environments 2025, 12(6), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060187 - 3 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1580

Abstract

Microplastics are found in Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere, and ecosphere. While there is a growing interest and need to solve this grand challenge in both the academic and policy realms, few have engaged with academics, policymakers, and community partners to co-identify the [...] Read more.

Microplastics are found in Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere, and ecosphere. While there is a growing interest and need to solve this grand challenge in both the academic and policy realms, few have engaged with academics, policymakers, and community partners to co-identify the problem, co-design research, and co-produce knowledge in tackling this issue. Using a convergence research framework, we investigated the perception of microplastic pollution among different end users, delivered educational materials to K-12 teachers and practitioners, and identified key sampling points for assessing environmental microplastic concentrations in the Columbia River Basin, United States. Three community partner workshops identified regional issues and concerns associated with microplastic pollution and explored potential policy intervention strategies. The stakeholder survey, co-designed with community partners, identified varying perceptions around microplastic pollution across educators, government employees, non-profit employees, and industry practitioners. Pre- and post-test results of teacher workshops show increases in participants’ knowledge after taking a four-week summer class with the knowledge being translated to their students. Community partners also helped develop a unique passive sampling plan for atmospheric deposition of microplastics using synoptic moss samples and provided freshwater samples for microplastic quantification across the basin. Our study drew three major lessons for successfully conducting convergence environmental research—(1) communication and trust building, supported by the use of key-informants to expand networks; (2) co-creation through collaboration, where partners and students shaped research and education to enhance impact; and (3) change-making, as project insights were translated into policy discussions, community outreach, and classrooms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Plastic Contamination)

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23 pages, 863 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Standardised (ISO) Leaching Tests for Assessing Leaching and Solid–Solution Partitioning of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Soils

by Dan B. Kleja, Hugo Campos-Pereira, Johannes Kikuchi-McIntosh, Michael Pettersson, Oksana Golovko and Anja Enell

Environments 2025, 12(6), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060179 - 29 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3777

Abstract

The spread of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment poses a severe threat to soil organisms, aquatic life, and human health. Many PFAS compounds are mobile and easily transported from soils to groundwater and further to surface waters. Leaching tests are [...] Read more.

The spread of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment poses a severe threat to soil organisms, aquatic life, and human health. Many PFAS compounds are mobile and easily transported from soils to groundwater and further to surface waters. Leaching tests are valuable tools for assessing the site-specific leaching behaviour of contaminants. Here, we report the results of an evaluation of two standardized leaching tests for PFAS-contaminated soil materials: the batch test (ISO 21268-2:2019) using either demineralized water or 1 mM CaCl₂ as leachants (liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio of 10) and the up-flow percolation test (ISO 21268-3:2019) using 1 mM CaCl₂ as leachant. One field-contaminated soil and three spiked (12 PFAS compounds) soils (aged 5 months) were included in the study. Desorption kinetics in the batch test were fast and equilibrium was obtained for all PFAS compounds within 24 h, the prescribed equilibration time. The same solubility was obtained for short-chain PFAS (PFBA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFBS) in demineralized water and 1 mM CaCl₂, whereas significantly lower solubility was often observed for long-chain PFAS in CaCl₂ than in water, probably due to decreased charge repulsion between soil surfaces and PFAS compounds. In the up-flow percolation test, concentrations of short-chain PFAS in leachates decreased rapidly with increasing L/S, in contrast to long-chain PFAS, where concentrations decreased gradually or remained constant. Solid–solution partitioning coefficients (K_d), calculated from the data of the batch and percolation tests (1 mM CaCl₂), were generally in agreement, although differing by more than three orders of magnitude between different PFAS compounds. Uncertainties and pitfalls when calculating K_d values from leaching test data are also explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Inorganic and Organic Microcontaminants in Soil, Sediment, Water Systems)

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14 pages, 762 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Drivers of Mercury Accumulation in Juvenile Antarctic Krill, Epipelagic Fish and Adélie Penguins in Different Regions of the Southern Ocean

by Roberto Bargagli and Emilia Rota

Environments 2025, 12(6), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060180 - 29 May 2025

Viewed by 2347

Abstract

Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are important sinks in the global mercury (Hg) cycle, and in the marine environment, inorganic Hg can be converted by bacteria to monomethylmercury (MeHg), a highly bioavailable and toxic compound that biomagnifies along food webs. In the Southern [...] Read more.

Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are important sinks in the global mercury (Hg) cycle, and in the marine environment, inorganic Hg can be converted by bacteria to monomethylmercury (MeHg), a highly bioavailable and toxic compound that biomagnifies along food webs. In the Southern Ocean, higher concentrations of Hg and MeHg have typically been reported in the coastal waters of the Ross and Amundsen Seas, where katabatic winds can transport Hg from the Antarctic Plateau and create coastal polynyas, which results in spring depletion events of atmospheric Hg. However, some studies on MeHg biomagnification in Antarctic marine food webs have reported higher Hg concentrations in penguins from sub-Antarctic waters and, unexpectedly, higher levels in juvenile krill than those in adult Antarctic krill. In light of recent estimates of the phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass and distribution in the Southern Ocean, this review suggests that although most studies on MeHg biomagnification refer to the short diatom–krill–vertebrate food chain, alternative and more complex pelagic food webs exist in the Southern Ocean. Thus, juvenile krill and micro- and mesozooplankton grazing on very small autotrophs and heterotrophs, which have high surface-to-volume ratios for MeHg ad-/absorption, may accumulate more Hg than consumers of large diatoms, such as adult krill. In addition, the increased availability of Hg and the different diet contribute to a greater metal accumulation in the feathers of Adélie penguins from the Ross Sea than that of those from the sub-Antarctic. Full article

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17 pages, 873 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Association of PFAS and Metals with Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Exploring the Mediating Effect of Diet

by Augustina Odediran, Kenneth Bollen and Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi

Environments 2025, 12(6), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060178 - 28 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2965

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major global health burden influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Among these, exposure to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and toxic metals has been increasingly implicated in adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, the mediating role of dietary [...] Read more.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major global health burden influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Among these, exposure to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and toxic metals has been increasingly implicated in adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, the mediating role of dietary inflammation in these associations remains unclear. Objective: This study investigates the relationship between PFAS and metal exposures and CVD risk, focusing on the potential mediating role of diet, operationalized through the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII). Additionally, this study examines age as an effect modifier in these associations. Methods: Utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017–2018 cycle (n = 660), we assessed environmental exposures (lead, cadmium, mercury, perfluorooctanoic acid-PFOA, perfluorooctane sulfonate-PFOS), dietary inflammatory potential (DII), and cardiovascular markers (blood pressure, lipid profile, C-reactive protein). Statistical analyses included linear regression and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression-Causal Mediation Analysis (BKMR-CMA) to estimate the direct, indirect (through DII), and total effects of exposure on CVD risk biomarkers. Results: Linear regression revealed significant associations between mercury and reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.017) and cadmium with increased C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.006). Mediation analysis suggested dietary inflammation may play a role, though estimates were imprecise. Conclusions: PFAS and metals may influence CVD risk through inflammatory pathways, with potential age-related differences. Future longitudinal studies are needed to clarify these complex interactions, reduce measurement error, and guide age-specific exposure regulations. Full article

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