Buildings

19 pages, 5981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Influence Factors of Surrounding Tunnel Longitudinal Deformation Caused by Pit Excavation Based on Nonlinear Pasternak Modeling

by Honghua Zhao and Yutao Song

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1504; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091504 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

In practical engineering, it is often necessary to constructed deep pits next to tunnels. So it is crucial to evaluate surrounding tunnels deformation and stress to ensure their safe operation. Pasternak soil model that considers soil nonlinear is adopted to solve tunnel beam’s [...] Read more.

In practical engineering, it is often necessary to constructed deep pits next to tunnels. So it is crucial to evaluate surrounding tunnels deformation and stress to ensure their safe operation. Pasternak soil model that considers soil nonlinear is adopted to solve tunnel beam’s differential equation to obtain longitudinal tunnel deformation and stress. The rationality of considering soil nonlinear methods was verified by contrasting measured with calculated results. On this basis, a comparative study was conducted on the calculation and analysis of various influencing factors based on engineering examples. It shows that the longitudinal tunnel deformation reduces with increase of soil modulus, tunnel axis and pit long side angle, tunnel stiffness reduction coefficient, tunnel axis and pit center horizontal distance. When discrete length of tunnel is less than 5 m, calculated value of longitudinal tunnel deformation changes little with discrete length. When pit depth increases, maximum longitudinal tunnel deformation also increases gradually. When tunnel buried depth gradually increases in the range of 1.5~3.9 times pit depth, maximum longitudinal tunnel deformation reduction rate becomes small. Similar pro-jects construction methods can refer to the results, and it have certain practical application value of engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Building Materials)

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16 pages, 6476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Worker Fatigue During Exoskeleton-Assisted Tasks with Varying Intensities

by Daehwi Jo, Gu Young Cho, Kyung-In Kang and Hyunsoo Kim

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1503; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091503 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Worker fatigue is a significant concern in construction environments, particularly for high-intensity repetitive tasks that contribute to physical strain and increase the risk of accidents. This study evaluates the impact of exoskeleton-assisted work on fatigue reduction across different construction tasks and intensity levels. [...] Read more.

Worker fatigue is a significant concern in construction environments, particularly for high-intensity repetitive tasks that contribute to physical strain and increase the risk of accidents. This study evaluates the impact of exoskeleton-assisted work on fatigue reduction across different construction tasks and intensity levels. Using inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors and the dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm, we quantitatively analyzed movement patterns and fatigue accumulation in workers performing carrying, scaffold installation, and masonry tasks under both low-intensity and high-intensity conditions. The results demonstrate that exoskeleton support effectively reduces DTW values, indicating improved movement consistency and lower fatigue levels. Specifically, DTW values were reduced by approximately 15–25% with exoskeleton use, with the most significant reductions observed in scaffold installation (25%) and carrying tasks (22%). Time-series analysis further revealed that exoskeletons not only decrease overall fatigue accumulation but also slow the rate of fatigue increase, extending the period in which workers can maintain safe and efficient movement patterns. The findings highlight the potential of exoskeleton technology to enhance worker safety and reduce fatigue-related risks in physically demanding construction tasks. This study contributes to the advancement of objective fatigue assessment methodologies and provides insights into the practical implementation of exoskeletons in construction environments. However, this study is limited by its short-term design, task scope, and the absence of long-term fatigue tracking, which will be addressed in future work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automation and Robotics in Building Design and Construction)

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28 pages, 5198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Urban Wood Construction Trends, Global Tall Timber Building Development, and the Role of Wood Promotion Policies

by Felipe Victorero and Waldo Bustamante

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1502; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091502 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

This work studies the presence and evolution of wood construction in urban environments, using Santiago province in Chile as a relevant comparative case. The first part of the study analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution of wood-based structures in Santiago, showing that although [...] Read more.

This work studies the presence and evolution of wood construction in urban environments, using Santiago province in Chile as a relevant comparative case. The first part of the study analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution of wood-based structures in Santiago, showing that although wood has historically been used in low-rise housing, its presence has declined significantly due to increasing urban densification and the widespread adoption of materials like concrete for taller buildings. Currently, only 5.4% of Santiago’s buildings use wood structures, with their presence notably decreasing in the high-density municipalities of the city. Recent construction trends in Santiago show that the average building height is 12 stories, with timber buildings not exceeding 6 stories, despite the absence of specific restrictions in the building code for tall timber structures. The second part of this study contrasts these trends with the global development of tall timber buildings (six stories or more), which total approximately 300 worldwide as of 2024. The leading cities include Paris (with over 35 buildings) and London (over 17), followed by Zürich, Vancouver, and Portland. This study highlights the pivotal role of wood promotion policies in enabling this global expansion. Finally, a five-phase classification is proposed to evaluate the evolution of tall timber construction in a given city, emphasizing the role of public policy in enabling large-scale adoption, especially for cities such as Santiago. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Timber and Timber–Concrete Buildings)

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14 pages, 200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Retrofit of Dutch Social Housing: The Role and Future of Multi-Year Programs and Strategic Partnerships

by Ad Straub and Frits Meijer

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1501; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091501 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Dutch housing associations, being semi-public construction clients, have been assigned an important role in helping to realize the national goal of a CO₂-neutral housing stock by 2050. To achieve this goal, a growing number of housing associations have added sustainable retrofit [...] Read more.

Dutch housing associations, being semi-public construction clients, have been assigned an important role in helping to realize the national goal of a CO₂-neutral housing stock by 2050. To achieve this goal, a growing number of housing associations have added sustainable retrofit projects into multi-year programs. Those programs are being implemented by entering into strategic partnerships with retrofit contractors. The aim of this paper is to explore the rationale behind this asset and property management approach, the process, and the organizational conditions and consequences for the partners involved. To do so, a cumulative case study for research, including seven cases, was conducted. The findings show that the rationale is primarily about improving and accelerating the retrofit process by using the knowledge, competencies, and resources of the supply-side partners as effectively and efficiently as possible. This novel approach increases the retrofit rates and tenant satisfaction with the process. Trust is key in the collaboration between housing associations and contractors. For this, partner selection is an intensive and careful process. The factor hindering the upscaling of the approach is the cultural and organizational changes needed on both the demand and supply side. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

20 pages, 7672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Analysis of the Surrounding Rock of Deep Underground Engineering Under the Action of Thermal-Solid Coupling

by Xiaoyu Dou, Hongbin Shi, Yanbo Qing, Jiaqi Guo and Lipan Cheng

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1500; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091500 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

When developing deep subsurface infrastructure in areas with intense geothermal activity, the significant temperature gradient inevitably leads to low-temperature contraction and high-temperature expansion of the rock body, resulting in changes in the rock’s mechanical properties. These thermodynamic effects can easily lead to the [...] Read more.

When developing deep subsurface infrastructure in areas with intense geothermal activity, the significant temperature gradient inevitably leads to low-temperature contraction and high-temperature expansion of the rock body, resulting in changes in the rock’s mechanical properties. These thermodynamic effects can easily lead to the destabilization and subsequent collapse of the rock. There exists a pressing necessity to methodically evaluate the surrounding rock stability encountered in deep underground engineering under the action of thermal-solid coupling. This study constructed a multi-physical field coupling nonlinear calculation model based on a high-precision three-dimensional finite difference method, systematically analyzed the interdependent effects between the original rock temperature and excavation-induced disturbance, and then analyzed the dynamic changes in temperature, stress, and displacement fields along with plastic zone of surrounding rock of the deep underground engineering under thermal-solid coupling. The results indicate that the closer to the excavation contour surface, the lower the surrounding rock temperature, while the temperature gradient increased correspondingly. The farther away from the excavation contour face, the closer the temperature was to the original rock temperature. As the original rock temperature climbed from 30 °C to 90 °C, the increment of vault displacement was 2.45 times that of arch bottom displacement, and the influence of temperature change on vault deformation was more significant. The horizontal displacement magnitudes at the different original temperatures followed the following order: sidewall > spandrel > skewback, and at an original rock temperature of 90 °C, the sidewall horizontal displacement reached 15.31 cm. With the elevation of the original rock temperature, the distribution range and concentration degree of the maximum and minimum principal stresses increased obviously, and both were compression-dominated. The types of plastic zones in the surrounding rock were mainly characterized by shear stress-induced yielding and tensile stress-induced damage failure. When the original rock temperature increased to 90 °C, the rock mass extending up to 1.5 m from the excavation contour surface formed a large area of damage zone. The closer the working face was to the monitoring section, the faster the temperature dropped, and the displacement changed in the monitoring section. The findings offer a theoretical basis for engineering practice, and it is of great significance to ensure the safety of the project. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Problems in the Design and Construction of Underground Buildings—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 2273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Impact of Cement Mortar Adhesion Strength in the Durability of Facade Systems

by Jéssica Souza, Laís Pires, Ana Silva and Matheus Nascimento

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1499; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091499 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

The durability of facade coatings is often compromised by incorrect specifications and a lack of technical knowledge, leading to reduced service lives of buildings and their components. This study analyzes how key construction characteristics affect the adhesion of mortars used in facade coatings. [...] Read more.

The durability of facade coatings is often compromised by incorrect specifications and a lack of technical knowledge, leading to reduced service lives of buildings and their components. This study analyzes how key construction characteristics affect the adhesion of mortars used in facade coatings. Tensile adhesive strength tests were conducted on in-use buildings to assess the quality of mechanical resistance and overall construction performance. The analysis highlights critical factors influencing adhesion strength, including finish type, building age, and solar orientation. Cohesive failures—particularly types E and F, as defined by Brazilian standards—were prevalent, emphasizing the importance of analyzing the types of rupture when discussing the results of adhesion tests. The results highlight that, among the various factors influencing adhesion strength, the type of finish and solar orientation play a significant role. Notably, north-facing external facades are more susceptible to adhesion failures, regardless of the type of finish. However, when considering only adhesive failures (Types B, C, or D), ground orientation tends to exhibit adhesion strength values below the normative limits. These findings provide actionable insights into improving facade performance and optimizing construction processes. By identifying the variables that significantly affect bond strength, this study offers a valuable reference for better decision-making in construction and the long-term durability of building coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced Concrete Materials in Construction)

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14 pages, 23275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response of a Structure Isolated by a Coupled System Consisting of a QZS and FPS Under Horizontal Ground Excitation

by Richie Kevin Wouako Wouako, Sandra Céleste Tchato, Euloge Felix Kayo Pokam, Blaise Pascal Gounou Pokam, André Michel Pouth Nkoma, Eliezer Manguelle Dicoum and Philippe Njandjock Nouck

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1498; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091498 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

The study of vibration isolation devices has become an emerging area of research in view of the extensive damage to buildings caused by earthquakes. The ability to effectively isolate seismic vibrations and maintain the stability of a building is thus addressed in this [...] Read more.

The study of vibration isolation devices has become an emerging area of research in view of the extensive damage to buildings caused by earthquakes. The ability to effectively isolate seismic vibrations and maintain the stability of a building is thus addressed in this paper, which evaluates the effect of horizontal ground excitation on the response of a structure isolated by a coupled isolation system consisting of a non-linear damper (QZS) and a friction pendulum system (FPS). A single-degree-of-freedom system was used to model structures whose bases are subjected to seismic excitation in order to assess the effectiveness of the QZS–FPS coupling in reducing the structural response. The results obtained revealed significant improvements in structural performance when the QZS–FPS system uses a damper of optimum stiffness. A 30% reduction in displacement was recorded compared with QZS alone for two signals, one harmonic and the other stochastic. The response of the QZS–FPS system with soft stiffness to a harmonic pulse reveals amplitudes reaching around eight times those of the pulse at low frequencies and approaching zero at high frequencies. In comparison, the rigid QZS–FPS coupling has amplitudes 0.9 and 3.5 times higher than those of the harmonic signal. Thus, the resonance amplitudes observed for the QZS–FPS system are lower than those reported in other studies. This analysis highlights the performance differences between the two types of stiffness in the face of harmonic pulses, underlining the importance of the choice of stiffness in vibration management applications. The stochastic results show that on both hard and soft soils, the new QZS–FPS system causes structures to vibrate horizontally with maximum amplitudes of the order of 0.003 m and 0.007 m respectively. So, QZS–FPS coupling can be more effective than all other isolators for horizontal ground excitation. In addition, the study demonstrated that the QZS–FPS combination can offer better control of building vibration in terms of horizontal displacements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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19 pages, 1951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eco-Efficient Thermal Rehabilitation of Residential Buildings in Northeast Brazil Through Thermal Modeling Considering Future Climate Needs

by Guilherme B. A. Coelho, Paulina Faria and Nada Mowafy

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1497; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091497 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

The outdoor climate is expected to undergo significant and extreme changes. These changes may lead to increased building requirements depending on their location. This is critical, as human beings tend to spend a large part of their time inside buildings. Accordingly, it is [...] Read more.

The outdoor climate is expected to undergo significant and extreme changes. These changes may lead to increased building requirements depending on their location. This is critical, as human beings tend to spend a large part of their time inside buildings. Accordingly, it is crucial to take future conditions into account to ensure an adequate indoor climate, simultaneously meeting the current drive for decarbonization of the built environment. One avenue is opting for thermally efficient building products and technologies with a lower carbon footprint to guarantee a comfortable indoor climate while minimizing energy consumption. This study focuses on the Northeast region of Brazil, specifically its nine states, given the usage of specific passive thermal strategies in new buildings that have high compensatory energy consumption. This is achieved through developing computational thermal models of a housing unit in a multi-family building, commonly constructed in several cities in this region. This thermal model was employed to analyze indoor thermal comfort, energy consumption, and carbon footprint. To account for future climate projections, the analysis includes scenarios based on Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5. The efficiency of certain sustainable passive rehabilitation is demonstrated in this region, highlighting the importance of adopting passive and efficient thermal measures appropriate to the region’s climate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Housing Congress in the Lusophone Space–5CIHEL2024”)

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25 pages, 15805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Method for Studying Building Color Harmony in Coastal Historic and Cultural Districts: A Case Study of Mojiko, Japan

by Mei Lyu, Ge Qu, Jiaxuan Shi, Dong Sun and Yi Tian

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1496; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091496 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

Coastal historic and cultural districts are distinctive urban public spaces which reflect the urban cultural and historical narratives. As an important symbol, coastal historic and cultural districts’ building colors play a crucial role in enhancing the historic and cultural districts’ visual quality and [...] Read more.

Coastal historic and cultural districts are distinctive urban public spaces which reflect the urban cultural and historical narratives. As an important symbol, coastal historic and cultural districts’ building colors play a crucial role in enhancing the historic and cultural districts’ visual quality and shaping the urban coastal landscape. Japan was one of the earliest countries to research urban color and building color regulation. This study selected Mojiko in Japan as the study site using street-view images, semantic segmentation technology, and ColorImpact4 software to collect information about the street building color. Based on the Moon–Spencer (M–S) color coordination theory and applied psychology methods, this study evaluated the building color quality and street color harmony from objective and subjective perspectives. It explored the impact of the building color on the coastal historic and cultural districts’ landscape quality. The results indicated that the building color of Mojiko generally presented a harmonious and unified characteristic. Most street buildings were soft, warm color tones, with higher color harmony and continuity. However, there were some problems, such as colors disrupting the overall street color environment, or color combinations were overly uniform. This study proposed a comprehensive method for building color analysis and evaluation, which is a reference value for guiding the color planning and construction for coastal historic and cultural districts’ landscape control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

26 pages, 3399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Experiential Value of Public Spaces in Resettlement Communities from the Perspective of Older Adults: A Case Study of Fuzhou, China

by Yafeng Lai and Pohsun Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1495; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091495 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

The experiential value derived from public spaces significantly influences social interaction, emotional belonging, and subjective well-being among older adults. As urbanization accelerates in China, resettlement communities have emerged rapidly, highlighting the importance of understanding how the experiential value of public spaces affects older [...] Read more.

The experiential value derived from public spaces significantly influences social interaction, emotional belonging, and subjective well-being among older adults. As urbanization accelerates in China, resettlement communities have emerged rapidly, highlighting the importance of understanding how the experiential value of public spaces affects older populations, particularly regarding the reconstruction of social networks. Guided by experiential value theory, this study developed a comprehensive evaluation framework. Survey data obtained from selected resettlement communities were analyzed accordingly. The results indicate that experts perceive functional value (A) as the primary factor influencing older adults’ experiences. However, older residents themselves place greater emphasis on contextual value (B), which scored 89.146. This finding underscores the significant role that environmental quality and social interaction play in relation to older adults’ quality of life. Furthermore, although contextual value scored the highest overall, infrastructure (A2) received the highest score (91.034) among secondary indicators; this highlights that older residents still heavily rely on well-developed infrastructure in their daily lives. Consequently, optimizing public spaces within resettlement communities requires not only enhancing environmental quality and social interaction experiences but also improving infrastructure to ensure safety and convenience. The findings of this study provide theoretical support for age-friendly design in community public spaces, thereby contributing to improved life quality and strengthened social cohesion among older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

20 pages, 8552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of the Confinement of Concrete Columns with Welded Wire Reinforcement

by Abdelaziz Younes and Sami W. Tabsh

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1494; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091494 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

Traditional methods of construction for reinforced concrete columns utilize longitudinal steel bars and transverse ties. Field experience has shown that such a transverse reinforcement method is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to inconsistencies in quality. Welded wire reinforcement (WWR) offers a prefabricated alternative, forming [...] Read more.

Traditional methods of construction for reinforced concrete columns utilize longitudinal steel bars and transverse ties. Field experience has shown that such a transverse reinforcement method is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to inconsistencies in quality. Welded wire reinforcement (WWR) offers a prefabricated alternative, forming a closed cage that simplifies installation and speeds up the fabrication process. This study investigates the potential of using WWR as a replacement for conventional ties in reinforced concrete columns in pure compression. To achieve this objective, eight one-third-scale columns (1000 mm height, 200 × 200 mm cross-section) were tested under concentric axial loading inside a Universal Testing Machine. Four of the specimens contained WWR, while the other four had conventional ties. The variables that were considered in this study include the concrete compressive strength (34.3 and 43.5 MPa) and the grid size of the WWR (25 and 50 mm). This study investigated the influence of the type of transverse reinforcement on the strength, modulus of elasticity, and ductility of the confined concrete within the core. The findings of the study showed that lateral reinforcement in the form of WWR can increase the concrete core strength by 2.7% relative to corresponding columns employing ties when f′_c = 34.3 MPa was used. Conversely, the utilization of ties proved to be more effective than WWR in improving concrete core strength by an average of 28.8% when f′_c = 43.5 MPa was used. Additionally, WWR reinforced columns demonstrated a marginal 2.0% rise in the modulus of elasticity and a remarkable 21.0% increase in the ductility of the confined concrete core compared with corresponding tied columns. Theoretical predictions of the axial compressive capacity of WWR reinforced columns subjected to concentric loading based on the ACI-318 code provisions underestimated the experimental results by 20%. These findings demonstrate that WWR can serve as an effective substitute for conventional ties, particularly in cases where rapid installation and reduced labor costs are prioritized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Steel and Concrete Structures)

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21 pages, 1904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Safety Risk Assessment of Jacking Renovation Construction for Aging Bridges Based on DBN and Fuzzy Set Theory

by Yanhui Ge and Yang You

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1493; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091493 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

The jacking renovation construction of aging bridges faces significant safety risks due to the complexity and uncertainty of their structures. Addressing the limitations of traditional risk assessment methods in handling dynamic changes and data scarcity, this study proposes a safety risk assessment approach [...] Read more.

The jacking renovation construction of aging bridges faces significant safety risks due to the complexity and uncertainty of their structures. Addressing the limitations of traditional risk assessment methods in handling dynamic changes and data scarcity, this study proposes a safety risk assessment approach based on dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN) and fuzzy set theory (FST). By using DBN to model the temporal evolution of risks, combined with the Leaky Noisy-OR Gate extension model and FST to quantify expert knowledge, this method overcomes the constraints of insufficient data. Taking an elevated bridge jacking renovation project in Qingdao, China, as a case study, a risk indicator system was established, incorporating factors such as personnel, equipment, and the environment. The results show that risks are higher in the early stages of construction and stabilize later on, with poor foundation conditions, instability of the substructure, and improper operations identified as key risk sources requiring focused control. Through forward reasoning, the study predicts risk trends, while backward reasoning identifies sensitive factors, providing a scientific basis for construction safety management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Safety Evaluation and Health Monitoring)

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17 pages, 9306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Digital Twin System for Rotation Construction Monitoring of Cable-Stayed Bridge Based on MBSE

by Yuhan Zhang, Yimeng Zhao, Zhiyi Li, Wei He and Yi Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1492; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091492 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

Digital twin is a virtual replica of a physical system that updates in real time using sensor data to enable simulations and predictions. For bridges constructed using rotation construction methods, the rotation phase demands continuous monitoring of structural behavior and coordination with surrounding [...] Read more.

Digital twin is a virtual replica of a physical system that updates in real time using sensor data to enable simulations and predictions. For bridges constructed using rotation construction methods, the rotation phase demands continuous monitoring of structural behavior and coordination with surrounding traffic infrastructure. Therefore, a digital twin system for monitoring rotation construction is vital to ensure safety and schedule compliance. This paper explores the application of model-based systems engineering (MBSE), a modern approach that replaces text-based documentation with visual system models, to design a digital twin system for monitoring the rotation construction of a 90 m + 90 m single-tower cable-stayed bridge. A V-model architecture for the digital twin system, based on requirements analysis, functional analysis, logical design, and physical design analysis (RFLP), is proposed. Based on SysML language, the system’s requirements, functions, behaviors, and other aspects are modeled and analyzed using the MBSE approach, converting all textual specifications into the unified visual models. Compared to the traditional document-driven method, MBSE improves design efficiency by reducing ambiguities in system specifications and enabling early detection of design flaws through simulations. The digital twin system allows engineers to predict potential risks during bridge rotation and optimize construction plans before implementation. These advancements demonstrate how MBSE supports proactive problem-solving (forward design) and provides a robust foundation for future model validation and engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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36 pages, 3060 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Impact of Industry 5.0 on the Construction Industry (Construction 5.0): Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis

by Mahdi Akhavan, Mahsa Alivirdi, Amirhossein Jamalpour, Mohammad Kheradranjbar, Abolfazl Mafi, Reza Jamalpour and Mehdi Ravanshadnia

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1491; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091491 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

The construction industry is undergoing a paradigm shift with the advent of Construction 5.0 (C5.0), which integrates artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), digital twins, blockchain, and robotics to enhance productivity, sustainability, and resilience. This study conducts a systematic literature review [...] Read more.

The construction industry is undergoing a paradigm shift with the advent of Construction 5.0 (C5.0), which integrates artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), digital twins, blockchain, and robotics to enhance productivity, sustainability, and resilience. This study conducts a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis of 78 scholarly sources published between 2022 and 2025, using data from Scopus and following the PRISMA method. Keyword co-occurrence mapping, citation analysis, and content review are utilized to identify key advancements, emerging trends, and adoption challenges in C5.0. Seven core technologies are examined through the lenses of sustainability, human–robot collaboration (HRC), and resilience, revealing a rapidly expanding yet still nascent research domain. While C5.0 presents transformative potential, its widespread implementation faces significant barriers. A critical evaluation of these challenges is conducted, alongside strategic pathways to facilitate adoption and maximize impact. Furthermore, the leading countries and seminal contributions in the field are highlighted to guide future research efforts. By addressing knowledge gaps and industry trends, this study provides practical insights for policymakers, researchers, and industry professionals, contributing to the development of innovative frameworks that enhance efficiency, sustainability, and resilience in the era of Industry 5.0. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Industry 5.0 in the Construction Industry: Techniques, Requirements, Energy, Maintenance Engineering, Challenges and Opportunities)

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16 pages, 3281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment and Inspection Method for Watertightness Performance of Building Facades in Shanghai Under Wind-Driven Rain

by Libo Long, Fengrui Rao, Yueqiang Ma, Jinhu Xi, Shun Xiao, Qingfeng Xu and Qiushi Fu

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091490 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

The present work addresses the critical challenge of assessing building facade watertightness against wind-driven rain, a major threat to structural integrity and durability. The current evaluation methods rely heavily on standardized test outcomes, neglecting a disconnect between test conditions and real-world exposure, leading [...] Read more.

The present work addresses the critical challenge of assessing building facade watertightness against wind-driven rain, a major threat to structural integrity and durability. The current evaluation methods rely heavily on standardized test outcomes, neglecting a disconnect between test conditions and real-world exposure, leading to subjective judgments. To bridge this gap, this paper developed a quantitative method linking key inspection parameters (pump pressure, water spray distance) to wind-driven rain characteristics (wind speed, rainfall intensity) in the Shanghai area using statistical return periods. The calculation process encompasses regression models that correlate extreme rainfall and wind velocity values over sub-daily intervals, as well as a method for extrapolating maximum wind velocities using wind data coinciding with rainfall events. This approach enables specification-compliant performance assessment and tailored inspection protocols, such as JGJ/T 299, EN 12155, and ASTM E547. Applied to two Shanghai buildings, the method demonstrated a robust framework for translating environmental data into actionable inspection criteria. The results show a direct correlation between test parameters and extreme weather statistics. For instance, the watertightness performance of an old building is quantitively assessed as a return period of 1.02 years, while a new office building aiming for 50-year waterproofing could be inspected at a pump pressure of 900 kPa and a spraying distance of 0.15 m using the proposed method. This paper offers a data-driven alternative to empirical assessments, enhancing reliability in facade design and regulatory compliance, and provides a scientific basis for decision-making in building maintenance and renovation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety Assessment and Structural Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Buildings)

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20 pages, 3084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining Average Available Workdays for Roadway Construction Projects Using Long-Term Weather Data—A Case Study for Alabama

by Esthefany Marien Mejia Reyes, Xing Fang and Michael A. Perez

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1489; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091489 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

Construction project durations specified on contracts are influenced by adverse weather conditions such as rainfall and low temperatures. This study aimed to develop an efficient method for determining monthly Average Available Workdays (AAWDs) for roadway construction projects using historical long-term (ten years or [...] Read more.

Construction project durations specified on contracts are influenced by adverse weather conditions such as rainfall and low temperatures. This study aimed to develop an efficient method for determining monthly Average Available Workdays (AAWDs) for roadway construction projects using historical long-term (ten years or more) local weather data. A survey was conducted to understand the status of current practices using weather information for contract time determination by transportation agencies. Excel spreadsheet tools with Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) programs were developed to process the downloaded long-term weather data with two different formats. Instead of manually processing the short-term (e.g., one–three years) weather data, VBA programs efficiently count for weekends, legal holidays, and adverse weather days as non-workdays each month over the years with weather data (>10 years) and then determine the monthly available workdays (AWDs) and AAWDs. This method was verified using daily records from five completed roadway construction projects. Many contractor-claimed non-workdays due to other factors, not weather-related, that contributed to substantially longer project duration affect the comparison of AWDs determined from nearby weather stations using the developed VBA tools. The method and VBA tools developed were applied to 88 weather stations (10–122 years, average 42 years of data) to determine AAWDs in Alabama, USA, as a case study. Monthly AAWDs in Alabama were grouped into three climate zones: North Region, Central Regions, and South Regions with 185, 193, and 200 AAWDs per year, respectively, with more workdays (17–19 days) in warmer months and fewer (9–11 days) in colder months. The determined AAWDs help both DOTs and construction contractors determine/propose reasonable construction project durations and resolve the construction delay issues. The method and VBA tools can be revised/updated by other DOTs and construction companies for different definitions and thresholds on non-workdays and then efficiently determine AWDs and AAWDs using long-term local weather data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation in Construction and Project Management: Digital Technologies, Intelligent Systems, and Sustainable Solutions)

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25 pages, 9042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Living Behavior and Space Usage Preference of Residents in Traditional Huizhou Dwellings

by Xiang Gao, Zao Li, Qiang Wang, Geng Cheng, Mingfei Gao and Maosheng Ye

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1488; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091488 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study explores the challenges faced by traditional dwellings amid modernization and urbanization, with a particular focus on Huizhou dwellings, which struggle with issues such as inefficient space use and suboptimal spatial quality. This study employs UWB (ultra-wideband) indoor positioning technology to examine [...] Read more.

This study explores the challenges faced by traditional dwellings amid modernization and urbanization, with a particular focus on Huizhou dwellings, which struggle with issues such as inefficient space use and suboptimal spatial quality. This study employs UWB (ultra-wideband) indoor positioning technology to examine differences in residents’ production/living behaviors and their spatial usage preferences between two Huizhou traditional dwellings with distinct preservation statuses during both the summer and winter seasons. The study reveals the following findings: (1) The hall, courtyard, and kitchen spaces are the most frequently used living areas, followed by wing rooms and patio spaces. Differences in spatial organization patterns significantly influence residents’ preferences for alternating between various functional spaces. Residents tend to favor functional spaces centered around or adjacent to key circulation areas; (2) In summer, the patio space provides shade and ventilation, creating a cool and comfortable environment that supports a variety of living activities, resulting in high utilization rates. In winter, however, the patio space hinders heat retention for the inner facade, leading to lower temperatures and reduced usage; (3) The utilization rate of wing room spaces has significantly improved after simple renovations, whereas unrenovated wing rooms and side rooms exhibit relatively low utilization rates; (4) During fine weather in winter, the courtyard space maintains a relatively comfortable temperature, making it highly utilized. In contrast, the courtyard becomes excessively hot in summer, leading to significantly lower utilization rates compared with winter. By analyzing residents’ behavioral trajectories, the study explores the differences in living behaviors and their correlation with residential spaces across the different seasons and preservation states of traditional dwellings. These results offer important perspectives for the sustainable development of residential conservation and renewal efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewal Design and Challenge of Urban and Rural Livable Environments in the Age of Population Shrinkage)

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30 pages, 28765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Spatial Renewal of Atypical Traditional Villages Based on Modular Intelligent Grouping—Yuguang Village in China as an Example

by Zao Li, Xiao Guo, Qiang Wang, Geng Cheng and Hanyue Tong

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1487; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091487 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

There are a large number of atypical traditional villages in Huizhou, China. These villages are facing a huge increase in spatial renewal and construction due to the problems of fragmented historical space and unbalanced spatial structure. Therefore, taking Yuguang Village as an example, [...] Read more.

There are a large number of atypical traditional villages in Huizhou, China. These villages are facing a huge increase in spatial renewal and construction due to the problems of fragmented historical space and unbalanced spatial structure. Therefore, taking Yuguang Village as an example, this paper proposes an efficient spatial renewal method: by analyzing the space of traditional villages, simulated villages, and modern villages, three modules of traditional “continuation”, transitional “integration”, and modern “reconstruction” are constructed, and the “discrete aggregation” algorithm is used to combine and simulate these modules in various ways. Finally, the generated results are reasonably analyzed by the fractal theory. The application results of the methods above show that, based on the regional setting of spatial combination and the differential analysis of spatial distribution, intelligent organization technology can weaken the dual separation status of traditional and modern, and realize the targeted and reasonable evaluation of spatial transition and synergistic effect. The technical route can provide innovative and efficient design reference for the renewal of a large number of atypical traditional villages and other types of villages, which has universal and extensible applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewal Design and Challenge of Urban and Rural Livable Environments in the Age of Population Shrinkage)

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15 pages, 5505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Modified Method for Calculating the Uplift Capacity of Micropiles Considering the Correction of the Critical Embedment Depth

by Linli Bao, Yuesong Zheng, Yi Zhou, Dongya Wu, Wenhao Wang, Zhaoxiang Guo and Zhijun Xu

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1486; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091486 - 27 Apr 2025

Abstract

As environmentally friendly pile foundations with small diameters and higher slenderness ratios, micropiles are widely used in fields such as transmission line engineering and building reinforcement. However, the available research has primarily focused on their bearing performance under compressive and horizontal loads, and [...] Read more.

As environmentally friendly pile foundations with small diameters and higher slenderness ratios, micropiles are widely used in fields such as transmission line engineering and building reinforcement. However, the available research has primarily focused on their bearing performance under compressive and horizontal loads, and there is insufficient research on predicting the uplift capacity of micropiles. This study investigated the load transfer mechanism and the behavior of the surrounding soil using model tests and finite element simulations. The ultimate uplift capacities and load distributions of micropiles with different slenderness ratios were analyzed. The results show that as the slenderness ratio increases, the ultimate uplift capacity of a pile gradually increases. However, this rate of increase diminishes gradually. Additionally, the restraining effect and range of the surrounding soil at the lower part of the pile are enhanced. The critical embedment depth of the micropiles shifts further away from the pile tip as the slenderness ratio increases. Finally, this study proposed a novel modification to Shanker’s model of incorporating variations in the critical embedment depth based on the slenderness ratios. Subsequently, a modified model for the ultimate uplift capacity of micropiles was proposed and validated using a model test. The proposed model effectively predicts the uplift bearing capacity of micropiles with high slenderness ratios, which is practical for engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Reinforcement Technologies Applied in Slope and Foundation)

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