Buildings

17 pages, 14467 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geometric Optimization and Structural Analysis of Cable-Braced Gridshells on Freeform Surfaces

by Xinye Li and Qilin Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(16), 2816; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15162816 (registering DOI) - 8 Aug 2025

In freeform surface grid structures, quadrilateral meshes offer high visual transparency and simple joint connections, but their structural stability is relatively limited. To enhance stability, designers often introduce additional structural elements along the diagonals of the quadrilateral mesh, forming double-layer quadrilateral grid systems [...] Read more.

In freeform surface grid structures, quadrilateral meshes offer high visual transparency and simple joint connections, but their structural stability is relatively limited. To enhance stability, designers often introduce additional structural elements along the diagonals of the quadrilateral mesh, forming double-layer quadrilateral grid systems such as cable-braced gridshells. However, current design methodologies do not support the simultaneous optimization of both layers. As a result, the two layers are often designed independently in practical applications, leading to complex joint detailing that compromises construction efficiency, architectural aesthetics, and overall structural performance. To address these challenges, this study presents a weighted multi-objective geometry optimization framework based on a Guided-Projection algorithm. The proposed method integrates half-edge data structure and multiple geometric and structural constraints, enabling the simultaneous optimization of quadrilateral mesh planarity (i.e., panels lying on flat planes) and the orthogonality (i.e., angles approaching 90°) of diagonal cable layouts. Through multiple case studies, the method demonstrates significant improvements in panel planarity and cable orthogonality. The results also highlight the algorithm’s rapid convergence and high computational efficiency. Finite element analysis further validates the structural benefits of the optimized configurations, including reduced peak axial forces in cables, more uniform cable force distribution, and enhanced overall stiffness and buckling resistance. In conclusion, the method improves structural stability, constructability, and design efficiency, offering a practical tool for optimizing freeform cable-braced gridshells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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26 pages, 10835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detonation Dynamics and Damage Behavior of Segmented Tunnel Charges with Shaped Liners

by Zhuo Li, Xiaojun Zhang, Zhenye Zhu, Yongbo Wu, Hongbing Yu, Wenxue Gao and Ben Lv

Buildings 2025, 15(16), 2815; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15162815 (registering DOI) - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

To precisely control the tunnel smooth blasting effect, this study conducts both model experiments and numerical simulations to investigate the impact of shaped charge jet initiation on emulsion explosives and surrounding rock damage fractal characteristics under different ratios of the main-to-secondary charge lengths [...] Read more.

To precisely control the tunnel smooth blasting effect, this study conducts both model experiments and numerical simulations to investigate the impact of shaped charge jet initiation on emulsion explosives and surrounding rock damage fractal characteristics under different ratios of the main-to-secondary charge lengths (L₁/L₂). The study also includes field validation. The results indicate the following: (1) The Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method can accurately reproduce the formation, motion, impact, initiation, and dynamic damage evolution of a shaped charge jet inside a blast hole, with a deviation of less than 6.4% compared to high-speed photography observations. (2) Under the working conditions in this study, when an axial aluminum energetic liner and two-stage air-segmented charge in the peripheral holes are used, the fractal dimension (D_f) initially increases from 1.57 to 1.66 and then decreases to 1.41 as the L₁/L₂ ratio increases. (3) Field test results demonstrate that, when using a two-segment explosive charge with a 20 cm gap between segments and an L₁/L₂ ratio of 2, the average over- or under-excavation is controlled within 7 cm, with the maximum deviation not exceeding 12 cm. The corresponding average fragment size (d₅₀) is minimized, resulting in an excellent smooth blasting effect and effectively controlling the fragmentation of the smooth blasting layer. The conclusions of this study provide valuable insights for the development of advanced shaped charge blasting techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Response of Civil Engineering Structures under Seismic Loads)

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24 pages, 2719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Indoor Environmental Quality on Students’ Attention and Relaxation Levels During Lecture-Based Instruction

by Marjan Miri, Carlos Faubel, Ursula Demarquet Alban and Antonio Martinez-Molina

Buildings 2025, 15(16), 2813; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15162813 (registering DOI) - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Human cognitive performance is influenced by external factors, including indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Understanding how these factors affect stress, attention, and relaxation is essential in environments such as workplaces and educational institutions, where cognitive function directly impacts performance. This study examines the effects [...] Read more.

Human cognitive performance is influenced by external factors, including indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Understanding how these factors affect stress, attention, and relaxation is essential in environments such as workplaces and educational institutions, where cognitive function directly impacts performance. This study examines the effects of IEQ on students’ attention and relaxation levels during various lecture periods, focusing on design major students. Three key IEQ parameters (air temperature, relative humidity, and natural lighting) were evaluated for their effects on cognitive states using electroencephalogram (EEG) measurements in a controlled setting. Participants wore non-invasive, portable EEG devices to monitor neurophysiological activity across two sessions, each involving four scenarios: (i) baseline, (ii) increased natural light exposure, (iii) elevated relative humidity, and (iv) increased air temperature. EEG-derived metrics of attention and relaxation were analyzed alongside environmental data, including temperature, humidity, lighting conditions, carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration, total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), and particulate matter (PM), to identify potential correlations. Results showed that natural light exposure improved relaxation but reduced attention, suggesting a restorative effect on stress that may also introduce distractions. Attention peaked under moderately warm, dry conditions (25–26 °C and 16–19% relative humidity), correlating positively with temperature (Pearson correlation coefficient,

r

= 0.32) and negatively with humidity (

r

= −0.50). Conversely, relaxation was highest under cooler, more humid conditions (23–24 °C and 24–26% relative humidity). Attention was negatively correlated with CO₂ (

r

= −0.47) and PM_2.5 (

r

= −0.46), suggesting that poor air quality impairs alertness. Relaxation showed weaker but positive correlations with PM_2.5 (

r

= 0.38), PM_1.0 (

r

= 0.35), and CO₂ (

r

= 0.32). Ultrafine particles (PM_0.3, PM_0.5) and TVOC had minimal association with cognitive states. Overall, this study underscores the importance of optimizing indoor environments in educational settings to enhance academic performance and supports the development of evidence-based design standards to foster healthy, effective learning environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Towards Sustainable Buildings—Advanced Material, Renewable Energy, Intelligent System, and Healthy Environment)

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24 pages, 4714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shaping Built Environments for Health-Oriented Physical Activity: Evidence from Outdoor Exercise in Dongguan, China

by Chao Ge, Fan Yang, Hui Wang and Linxi Xu

Buildings 2025, 15(16), 2812; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15162812 (registering DOI) - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Physical activity plays a vital role in promoting public health. Among its various forms, outdoor exercise offers combined physical and mental health benefits. However, the spatial patterns and underlying drivers of outdoor exercise remain underexplored in rapidly urbanizing areas. Based on 15,880 app-tracked [...] Read more.

Physical activity plays a vital role in promoting public health. Among its various forms, outdoor exercise offers combined physical and mental health benefits. However, the spatial patterns and underlying drivers of outdoor exercise remain underexplored in rapidly urbanizing areas. Based on 15,880 app-tracked trajectories from 723 individuals, this study investigates running, walking, and cycling patterns across 130 communities in Southern Dongguan. Results reveal three key findings. First, different types of outdoor exercise show distinct spatial patterns: running is common in urban centers, walking is concentrated around natural landscapes, and cycling follows cross-regional networks. Second, natural and built environmental features shape outdoor exercise behavior. Waterfront continuity promotes participation, while residential areas support walking. In contrast, manufacturing zones inhibit participation due to environmental degradation. Socioeconomic factors also influence participation by enhancing the grassroots governance capacity. Third, spatial spillover effects significantly shape cycling patterns, and traditional models that ignore spatial dependence underestimate environmental impacts. These findings provide new insights into how the combined influence of artificial and natural environments shapes outdoor exercise in rapidly urbanizing cities. They also reveal the distinctive role of grassroots governance with state support in China, offering valuable lessons for other fast-growing urban regions worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Healthy Environment Design in Urban Development—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 1891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does the Modular Construction Project Outperform the Traditional One? A Comparative Life Cycle Analysis Study in Hong Kong

by Ying Wang, Siu-Kei Lam, Zezhou Wu, Lulu Gong, Heng Li and Mingyang Jiang

Buildings 2025, 15(16), 2811; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15162811 (registering DOI) - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Hong Kong faces critical construction challenges, including workforce aging, land shortages, and near-capacity waste disposal. Modular Integrated Construction (MiC) offers a promising solution. As Hong Kong has just recently adopted the MiC, quantitative studies that explore the actual performance differences between MiC projects [...] Read more.

Hong Kong faces critical construction challenges, including workforce aging, land shortages, and near-capacity waste disposal. Modular Integrated Construction (MiC) offers a promising solution. As Hong Kong has just recently adopted the MiC, quantitative studies that explore the actual performance differences between MiC projects and conventional on-site construction projects in Hong Kong are lacking. To fill this knowledge gap, this study utilizes an extended life cycle assessment–Life Cycle Performance Assessment to conduct on-site investigations and case studies on a MiC pilot residential project and a conventional on-site construction residential project in Hong Kong from multiple dimensions: cost, time, safety, and environment. The assessment indicators include five types of greenhouse gas emissions, cost performance, schedule performance, and safety-level index. This study found that the greenhouse gas emissions of the MiC project during the entire construction period were reduced by approximately 21.60% compared to traditional on-site construction projects. The most significant part of the greenhouse gas emissions of the two methods was the embodied emissions of construction materials, accounting for 83.11% and 87.17%. Compared with the conventional construction project, the factors that actively promote the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the MiC project are the embodied greenhouse gas emissions of building materials, the transportation of construction waste, and the resource consumption of equipment. In addition, there is no significant difference in the safety performance index of the two construction methods, but MiC projects have more efficient schedule performance management. Surprisingly, the cost control of MiC projects is not as good as that of conventional construction projects, which differs from existing research results in other regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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27 pages, 11253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Failure Mechanism of Progressive Collapse Induced by Hanger Fracture in Through Tied-Arch Bridge: A Comparative Analysis

by Bing-Hui Fan, Qi Sun, Qiang Chen, Bin-Bin Zhou, Zhi-Jiang Wu and Jin-Qi Zou

Buildings 2025, 15(16), 2810; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15162810 (registering DOI) - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Although through tied-arch bridges exhibit strong structural robustness, collapse incidents triggered by the progressive failure of hangers still occasionally occur. Given that such bridges are unlikely to collapse due to the damage of a single or multiple hangers under the serviceability limit state, [...] Read more.

Although through tied-arch bridges exhibit strong structural robustness, collapse incidents triggered by the progressive failure of hangers still occasionally occur. Given that such bridges are unlikely to collapse due to the damage of a single or multiple hangers under the serviceability limit state, this study focuses on the failure safety limit state. Using the Nanfang’ao Bridge with inclined hangers and the Liujiang Bridge with vertical hangers as case studies, this paper investigates the dynamic response and failure modes of the residual structures when single or multiple hangers fail and initiate progressive collapse of all hangers. The results demonstrate that the configuration of hangers significantly influences the distribution of structural importance coefficients and the load transmission paths. Under identical failure scenarios, the Nanfang’ao Bridge with inclined hangers remains stable after the failure of four hangers without experiencing progressive collapse, whereas the Liujiang Bridge with vertical hangers undergoes progressive failure following the loss of only three hangers, which indicates that inclined hanger configurations offer superior resistance to progressive collapse. Based on the aforementioned analysis, the LS-DYNA Simple–Johnson–Cook damage model was employed to simulate the collapse process. The extent of damage and ultimate failure modes of the two bridges differ significantly. In the case of the Nanfang’ao Bridge, following the progressive failure of the hangers, the bridge deck system lost lateral support, leading to excessive downward deflection. The deck subsequently fractured at the mid-span (1/2 position) and collapsed in an inverted “V” shape. This failure then propagated to the tie bar, inducing outward compression at the arch feet and tensile stress in the arch ribs. Stress concentration at the connection between the arch columns and arch rings ultimately triggered global collapse. For the Liujiang Bridge, failure initiated with localized concrete cracking, which propagated to reinforcing bar yielding, resulting in localized damage within the bridge deck system. These observations indicate that progressive stay cable failure serves as the common initial triggering mechanism for both bridges. However, differences in the structural configuration of the bridge deck systems, the geometry of the arch ribs, and the constraint effects of the tie bar result in distinct failure progression patterns and ultimate collapse behaviors between the two structures. Thereby, design recommendations are proposed for through tied-arch bridges, from the aspects of the hanger, arch rib, bridge deck system, and tie bar, to enhance the resistance to progressive collapse. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges of Intelligent Management Approaches in Construction Engineering)

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21 pages, 2365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Optimization Algorithm for Designing Low-Carbon Concrete Materials Standardization with Blockchain Technology and Ensemble Machine Learning Methods

by Zilefac Ebenezer Nwetlawung and Yi-Hsin Lin

Buildings 2025, 15(16), 2809; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15162809 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study presents SmartMix Web3, a framework combining ensemble machine learning and blockchain technology to optimize low-carbon concrete design. It addresses two key challenges: (1) the limitations of conventional models in predicting concrete performance, and (2) ensuring data reliability and overcoming collaboration issues [...] Read more.

This study presents SmartMix Web3, a framework combining ensemble machine learning and blockchain technology to optimize low-carbon concrete design. It addresses two key challenges: (1) the limitations of conventional models in predicting concrete performance, and (2) ensuring data reliability and overcoming collaboration issues in AI-driven sustainable construction. Validated with 61 real-world experiments in Cameroon and 752 mix designs, the framework shows major improvements in predictive accuracy and decentralized trust. To address the first research question, a stacked ensemble model comprising Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)–Random Forest and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was developed, achieving a 22% reduction in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for compressive strength prediction and embodied carbon estimation compared to traditional methods. The 29% reduction in Mean Absolute Error (MAE) results confirms the superiority of Extreme Learning Machine (EML) in low-carbon concrete performance prediction. For the second research question, SmartMix Web3 employs blockchain to ensure tamper-proof traceability and promote collaboration. Deployed on Ethereum, it automates verification of tokenized Environmental Product Declarations via smart contracts, reducing disputes and preserving data integrity. Federated learning supports decentralized training across nine batching plants, with Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA)-256 checks ensuring privacy. Field implementation in Cameroon yielded annual cost savings of FCFA 24.3 million and a 99.87 kgCO₂/m³ reduction per mix design. By uniting EML precision with blockchain transparency, SmartMix Web3 offers practical and scalable benefits for sustainable construction in developing economies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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24 pages, 2570 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Performance Analysis of Jointly Acting Renewable Self-Consumption: A Case Study on 109 Condominiums in an Italian Urban Area

by Christian Mari, Matilde Chierici, Simone Franzò and Francesco Causone

Buildings 2025, 15(16), 2808; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15162808 (registering DOI) - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Remote self-consumption supports the energy transition, especially through Jointly Acting Renewable Self-consumption (JARS) and Renewable Energy Communities (RECs). While RECs typically operate at the city/district level, JARS is focused on condominium buildings where apartment owners jointly invest in renewable energy systems, sharing both [...] Read more.

Remote self-consumption supports the energy transition, especially through Jointly Acting Renewable Self-consumption (JARS) and Renewable Energy Communities (RECs). While RECs typically operate at the city/district level, JARS is focused on condominium buildings where apartment owners jointly invest in renewable energy systems, sharing both costs and benefits. The energy produced is consumed on-site, reducing bills and benefiting from financial incentives, when available, as under the Italian law. This research aims to assess the economic feasibility of JARS in Italy and the average financial benefit for a family living in a condominium. It also evaluates the impact of integrating JARS into larger RECs. The study uses photovoltaic electricity production simulations via OpenSolar and building energy modeling through Rose Community Designer. Results are analyzed using energy, environmental, and financial indicators such as Net Present Value (NPV) and Discounted Payback Time (DPBT) over a 20-year period. The findings show that JARS yields average incentive gains of EUR 94.34 per person per year, rising to EUR 340 when including tax bonuses, energy savings, and energy sales. The average investment payback time is 8.8 years. When integrated into RECs, JARS shows improved energy sharing (from 78% to 93%) and higher economic returns, highlighting its potential in accelerating the energy transition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analysis and Energy Modeling in Smart and Zero-Energy Buildings and Communities)

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24 pages, 730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ranking Public Infrastructure Project Success Using Multi-Criteria Analysis

by Fani Antoniou and Elissavet Tsavlidou

Buildings 2025, 15(16), 2807; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15162807 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Project success is a complex and debated concept in construction project management, even more so for public sector infrastructure projects. This study proposes a new, data-driven methodology to assess the success of public infrastructure projects using a multi-criteria decision-making framework. By utilizing empirical [...] Read more.

Project success is a complex and debated concept in construction project management, even more so for public sector infrastructure projects. This study proposes a new, data-driven methodology to assess the success of public infrastructure projects using a multi-criteria decision-making framework. By utilizing empirical data from 30 completed road infrastructure projects the study applies the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Situation (TOPSIS) method to evaluate performance across four key success criteria: cost, time, quality, and project management. An integrated Success Index (SI) was then calculated using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method under two different weighting scenarios. Results show that projects with shorter durations and simpler scopes consistently achieved higher SI scores, while larger, more complex projects were more prone to delays, cost overruns, and quality issues. This study contributes to scientific research by utilizing real, archival project data rather than relying on expert opinions to quantify project success from the client contracting authority’s perspective rather than that of the contractor. Hence, the proposed model serves as a practical, adaptable tool for public contracting authorities seeking to benchmark and improve project performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Successful and Sustainable Construction and Maintenance Projects—2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 6303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Upper Limit of the Stability of High and Steep Slopes Supported by a Combination of Anti-Slip Piles and Reinforced Soil Under the Seismic Effect

by Wei Luo, Gequan Xiao, Zhi Tao, Jingyu Chen, Zhulong Gong and Haifeng Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(15), 2806; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15152806 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

The reinforcement effect of single-reinforced soil support under external loading has limitations, and it is difficult for it to meet engineering stability requirements. Therefore, the stability analysis of slopes supported by a combination of anti-slip piles and reinforced soil under the seismic loading [...] Read more.

The reinforcement effect of single-reinforced soil support under external loading has limitations, and it is difficult for it to meet engineering stability requirements. Therefore, the stability analysis of slopes supported by a combination of anti-slip piles and reinforced soil under the seismic loading effect needs an in-depth study. Based on the upper-bound theorem of limit analysis and the strength-reduction technique, this study establishes an upper-bound stability model for high–steep slopes that simultaneously considers seismic action and the combined reinforcement of anti-slide piles and reinforced soil. A closed-form safety factor is derived. The theoretical results are validated against published data, demonstrating satisfactory agreement. Finally, the MATLAB R2022a sequential quadratic programming method is used to optimize the objective function, and the Optum G2 2023 software is employed to analyze the factors influencing slope stability due to the interaction between anti-slide piles and geogrids. The research indicates that the horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient k_h exhibits a significant negative correlation with the safety factor F_s. Increases in the tensile strength T of the reinforcing materials, the number of layers n, and the length l all significantly improve the safety factor F_s of the reinforced-soil slope. Additionally, as l increases, the potential slip plane of the slope shifts backward. For slope support systems combining anti-slide piles and reinforced soil, when the length of the geogrid is the same, adding anti-slide piles can significantly improve the slope’s safety factor. As anti-slide piles move from the toe to the crest of the slope, the safety factor first decreases and then increases, indicating that the optimal reinforcement position for anti-slide piles should be in the middle to lower part of the slope body. The length of the anti-slip piles should exceed the lowest layer of the geogrid to more effectively utilize the blocking effect of the pile ends on the slip surface. The research findings can provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for parameter optimization in high–steep slope support engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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19 pages, 3585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Xylitol as a Natural Admixture on the Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag/Fly Ash-Based Materials

by Jie Song, Haowei Hu and Weitong Yu

Buildings 2025, 15(15), 2805; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15152805 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study introduces xylitol, a natural compound, as a multifunctional additive to enhance the performance of alkali-activated slag/fly ash materials (AASFMs). A systematic investigation was conducted to elucidate xylitol’s mechanism in modifying AASFM properties, including fresh behavior, hydration kinetics, compressive strength, and autogenous [...] Read more.

This study introduces xylitol, a natural compound, as a multifunctional additive to enhance the performance of alkali-activated slag/fly ash materials (AASFMs). A systematic investigation was conducted to elucidate xylitol’s mechanism in modifying AASFM properties, including fresh behavior, hydration kinetics, compressive strength, and autogenous shrinkage. The experimental findings demonstrated that xylitol significantly delayed early-age hydration while promoting more extensive hydration at later stages. Specifically, the initial and final setting times of AASFM pastes were extended by 640% and 370%, respectively, and paste flowability increased by 30%. At a 0.2% dosage, xylitol markedly reduced porosity and refined the microstructure of AASFMs, leading to improved mechanical properties. The 3-day and 28-day compressive strengths were enhanced by 39.8% and 39.7%, respectively, while autogenous shrinkage was suppressed by 61.4%. These results demonstrate the multifunctional potential of xylitol in AASFMs, serving as an effective retarder, plasticizer, strength enhancer, and shrinkage reducer. Notably, the refined pore structure induced by xylitol may also mitigate the risks of the alkali–silica reaction, though further durability validation is warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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24 pages, 4356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Effects of Distinct Visual Elements and Their Combinations in Window Views on Stress and Emotional States

by Ping Zhang, Tao Yang, Yunque Bo, Wenqi Song, Wenyu Liu, Wei Ni, Wenjie Gao and Xiaoyan Qi

Buildings 2025, 15(15), 2804; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15152804 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

As people spend extended periods of time indoors, stress and negative emotions caused by work have become increasingly difficult to ignore. Observing window views is widely considered an effective method to alleviate stress and promote mental health. However, the specific visual elements within [...] Read more.

As people spend extended periods of time indoors, stress and negative emotions caused by work have become increasingly difficult to ignore. Observing window views is widely considered an effective method to alleviate stress and promote mental health. However, the specific visual elements within these views that contribute to stress reduction and the differential restorative benefits across varying compositions remain insufficiently understood. This study focuses on four major visual elements commonly seen through windows: sky, buildings, greenery, and roads. Using a horizontal layering approach, nine window views were created based on different proportions of these elements. Participants were exposed to these views, and their responses were evaluated through the positive and negative affect scale (PANAS), as well as electroencephalographic (EEG) data acquisition. The findings indicate that greenery exhibits the most pronounced positive effect on stress mitigation and the enhancement of positive affect, while the presence of roads is more likely to elicit negative emotional responses. Additionally, the visual richness and structural completeness of the window scenes are found to significantly impact restorative outcomes. These findings provide empirical insights for landscape and architectural design aimed at improving psychological well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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44 pages, 4862 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring Purpose-Driven Methods and a Multifaceted Approach in Dam Health Monitoring Data Utilization

by Zhanchao Li, Ebrahim Yahya Khailah, Xingyang Liu and Jiaming Liang

Buildings 2025, 15(15), 2803; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15152803 (registering DOI) - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Dam monitoring tracks environmental variables (water level, temperature) and structural responses (deformation, seepage, and stress) to assess safety and performance. Structural health monitoring (SHM) refers to the systematic observation and analysis of the structural condition over time, and it is essential in maintaining [...] Read more.

Dam monitoring tracks environmental variables (water level, temperature) and structural responses (deformation, seepage, and stress) to assess safety and performance. Structural health monitoring (SHM) refers to the systematic observation and analysis of the structural condition over time, and it is essential in maintaining the safety, functionality, and long-term performance of dams. This review examines monitoring data applications, covering structural health assessment methods, historical motivations, and key challenges. It discusses monitoring components, data acquisition processes, and sensor roles, stressing the need to integrate environmental, operational, and structural data for decision making. Key objectives include risk management, operational efficiency, safety evaluation, environmental impact assessment, and maintenance planning. Methodologies such as numerical modeling, statistical analysis, and machine learning are critically analyzed, highlighting their strengths and limitations and the demand for advanced predictive techniques. This paper also explores future trends in dam monitoring, offering insights for engineers and researchers to enhance infrastructure resilience. By synthesizing current practices and emerging innovations, this review aims to guide improvements in dam safety protocols, ensuring reliable and sustainable dam operations. The findings provide a foundation for the advancement of monitoring technologies and optimization of dam management strategies worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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26 pages, 5677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CFD Investigation on the Thermal Comfort for an Office Room

by Mazen M. Othayq

Buildings 2025, 15(15), 2802; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15152802 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems are important and essential for use in our daily comfort, either in homes, work, or transportation. And it is crucial to study the air movement coming from the inlet diffuser for a better design to enhance [...] Read more.

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems are important and essential for use in our daily comfort, either in homes, work, or transportation. And it is crucial to study the air movement coming from the inlet diffuser for a better design to enhance thermal comfort and energy consumption. The primary objective of the presented work is to investigate the thermal comfort within a faculty office occupied by two faculty members using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methodology. First, an independent mesh study was performed to reduce the uncertainty related to the mesh size. In addition, the presented CFD approach was validated against available experimental data from the literature. Then, the effect of inlet air temperature and velocity on air movement and temperature distribution is investigated using Ansys Fluent. To be as reasonable as possible, the persons who occupy the office, lights, windows, tables, the door, and computers are accounted for in the CFD simulation. After that, the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) was evaluated at three different locations inside the room, and the approximate total energy consumption was obtained for the presented cases. The CFD results showed that, for the presented cases, the sensation was neutral with the lowest energy consumption when the supply air velocity was 1 m/s and the temperature was 21 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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18 pages, 4314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Differences: The Role of Built Environment and Commute in Subjective Well-Being

by Chen Gui, Yuze Cao, Fanyuan Yu, Yue Zhou and Chaoying Yin

Buildings 2025, 15(15), 2801; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15152801 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

The literature has shown extensive interest in exploring the factors of subjective well-being (SWB). However, most research has conducted cross-sectional analysis of the built environment (BE), commute, and SWB, and little is known about gender differences in their connections. Based on two periods [...] Read more.

The literature has shown extensive interest in exploring the factors of subjective well-being (SWB). However, most research has conducted cross-sectional analysis of the built environment (BE), commute, and SWB, and little is known about gender differences in their connections. Based on two periods of survey data of 4297 respondents from China, the study performs a cross-sectional and longitudinal examination of whether the BE and commute have effects on SWB, and how the effects differ between men and women. The results reveal that BE features, including destination accessibility and residential density, significantly affect SWB, with stronger impacts observed among men. Men benefit more from greater accessibility and are more negatively affected by higher residential density than women. In contrast, commute mode and duration influence SWB in similar ways for both genders. A shift from nonactive to active commuting improves well-being for men and women alike. Furthermore, certain life events produce gender-specific effects. For instance, childbirth increases SWB for men but decreases it for women. These findings highlight the importance of gender-sensitive planning in building inclusive urban and transportation environments that enhance population well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Built Environment and Mobility)

29 pages, 4749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Computational Analysis of Large-Amplitude Flutter in the Tacoma Narrows Bridge: Wind Tunnel Testing and Finite Element Time-Domain Simulation

by Bishang Zhang and Ledong Zhu

Buildings 2025, 15(15), 2800; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15152800 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Nonlinear wind-induced vibrations and coupled static–dynamic instabilities pose significant challenges for long-span suspension bridges, especially under large-amplitude and high-angle-of-attack conditions. However, existing studies have yet to fully capture the mechanisms behind large-amplitude torsional flutter. To address this, wind tunnel experiments were performed on [...] Read more.

Nonlinear wind-induced vibrations and coupled static–dynamic instabilities pose significant challenges for long-span suspension bridges, especially under large-amplitude and high-angle-of-attack conditions. However, existing studies have yet to fully capture the mechanisms behind large-amplitude torsional flutter. To address this, wind tunnel experiments were performed on H-shaped bluff sections and closed box girders using a high-precision five-component piezoelectric balance combined with a custom support system. Complementing these experiments, a finite element time-domain simulation framework was developed, incorporating experimentally derived nonlinear flutter derivatives. Validation was achieved through aeroelastic testing of a 1:110-scale model of the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge and corresponding numerical simulations. The results revealed Hopf bifurcation phenomena in H-shaped bluff sections, indicated by amplitude-dependent flutter derivatives and equivalent damping coefficients. The simulation results showed less than a 10% deviation from experimental and historical wind speed–amplitude data, confirming the model’s accuracy. Failure analysis identified suspenders as the critical failure components in the Tacoma collapse. This work develops a comprehensive performance-based design framework that improves the safety, robustness, and resilience of long-span suspension bridges against complex nonlinear aerodynamic effects while enabling cost-effective, targeted reinforcement strategies to advance modern bridge engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Techniques for Seismic and Wind Resilience: Innovations in Safety and Performance)

36 pages, 7791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inspection Data-Driven Machine Learning Models for Predicting the Remaining Service Life of Deteriorating Bridge Decks

by Gitae Roh, Changsu Shim and Hyunhye Song

Buildings 2025, 15(15), 2799; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15152799 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

The bridge deck is more vulnerable to deterioration than other structural components. This is due to its direct exposure to environmental factors such as vehicular loads, chloride ingress, and freeze–thaw cycles. The resulting accelerated degradation often results in a serviceability life that is [...] Read more.

The bridge deck is more vulnerable to deterioration than other structural components. This is due to its direct exposure to environmental factors such as vehicular loads, chloride ingress, and freeze–thaw cycles. The resulting accelerated degradation often results in a serviceability life that is shorter than the intended design life. However, the absence of standardized condition assessment methods coupled with clear definitions of remaining service life has limited the establishment of rational guidelines for repair and strengthening. In a bid to address this lack, this study focuses on PSC-I type bridges in South Korea, utilizing long-term field inspection data to analyze environmental, structural, and material factors—including reinforcement corrosion, chloride diffusion, and freeze–thaw actions. Environmental zoning was applied based on regional conditions, while structural zoning was performed according to load characteristics, thereby allowing the classification of deck regions into moment zones and cantilever sections. Machine learning models were employed to identify dominant deterioration mechanisms, with the validity of the zoning classification being evaluated via model accuracy and SHAP value analysis. Additionally, a regression-based approach was proposed to estimate the remaining service life of the bridge deck for each corrosion phase, thereby providing a quantitative framework for durability assessment and maintenance planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Knowledge Management in the Building and Construction Industry)

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28 pages, 3313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Drivers, Barriers and Policy Interventions for Implementing Digitalization in the Construction Industry of Pakistan

by Waqas Arshad Tanoli

Buildings 2025, 15(15), 2798; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15152798 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Digitalization is rapidly reshaping the global construction industry; however, its adoption in developing countries, such as Pakistan, remains limited and uneven. Hence, this study investigates and evaluates the current status of digital technology integration in Pakistan’s construction industry, with a primary focus on [...] Read more.

Digitalization is rapidly reshaping the global construction industry; however, its adoption in developing countries, such as Pakistan, remains limited and uneven. Hence, this study investigates and evaluates the current status of digital technology integration in Pakistan’s construction industry, with a primary focus on key tools, implementation challenges, and necessary policy interventions. Using a three-phase mixed-method approach involving a literature review, expert interviews, and a nationwide survey, this research identifies Building Information Modeling, Geographic Information Systems, and E-Procurement as essential technologies with strong potential to improve transparency, efficiency, and collaboration. However, adoption is hindered by a lack of awareness, limited technical expertise, and the absence of a cohesive national policy. This study also highlights that the private sector shows greater readiness compared to the public sector; however, systemic barriers persist across both sectors. Based on stakeholder insights, a three-part policy strategy was also proposed. This includes establishing a national regulatory framework, investing in capacity-building programs, and providing financial or institutional incentives to encourage the adoption of these measures. The findings emphasize that digitalization is not just a technical upgrade; it represents a pathway to improved governance and more efficient infrastructure delivery. With timely and coordinated policy action, the construction industry in Pakistan can align itself with global innovation trends and move toward a more sustainable and digitally empowered future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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26 pages, 674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toward Standardised Construction Pipeline Data: Conceptual Minimum Dataset Framework

by Elrasheid Elkhidir, James Olabode Bamidele Rotimi, Tirth Patel, Taofeeq D. Moshood and Suzanne Wilkinson

Buildings 2025, 15(15), 2797; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15152797 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

The construction industry is a cornerstone of New Zealand (NZ)’s economic growth, yet strategic infrastructure planning is constrained by fragmented and inconsistent pipeline data. Despite the increasing availability of construction pipeline datasets in NZ, their limited clarity, interoperability, and standardisation impede effective forecasting, [...] Read more.

The construction industry is a cornerstone of New Zealand (NZ)’s economic growth, yet strategic infrastructure planning is constrained by fragmented and inconsistent pipeline data. Despite the increasing availability of construction pipeline datasets in NZ, their limited clarity, interoperability, and standardisation impede effective forecasting, policy development, and investment alignment. These challenges are compounded by disparate data structures, inconsistent reporting formats, and semantic discrepancies across sources, undermining cross-agency coordination and long-term infrastructure governance. To address this issue, the study begins by assessing the quality of four prominent pipeline datasets using Wang and Strong’s multidimensional data quality framework. This evaluation provides a necessary foundation for identifying the structural and semantic barriers that limit data integration and informed decision-making. The analysis examines four dimensions of data quality: accessibility, intrinsic quality, contextual relevance, and representational clarity. The findings reveal considerable inconsistencies in data fields, classification systems, and levels of detail across the datasets. Building on these insights, this study also develops a conceptual minimum dataset (MDS) framework comprising three core thematic categories: project identification, project characteristics, and project budget and timing. The proposed conceptual MDS includes unified data definitions, standardised reporting formats, and semantic alignment to enhance cross-platform usability and data confidence. This framework applies to the New Zealand context and is designed for replication in other jurisdictions, supporting the global push toward open, high-quality infrastructure data. The study contributes to the construction informatics and infrastructure planning by offering a practical solution to a critical data governance issue and introducing a transferable methodology for developing minimum data standards in the built environment to enable more informed, coordinated, and evidence-based decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Big Data and Machine/Deep Learning in Construction)

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