The aim of the “Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy” Section of Brain Sciences (ISSN: 2076-3425) is to publish articles that integrate research, patient care, and education, and can connect neuroscientists, clinicians, and neuroanatomists to each other. The scope of this Section includes descriptive neurosurgical anatomy, human neuroscientific molecular anatomy, minimally invasive surgical techniques, neuroimaging studies, neuropathology, intraoperative visualization technologies, functional neurosurgical procedures, human clinical research studies, and literature reviews.

As all of the articles published in our journal are of an open access format, you have free and unlimited access to the full text. We welcome you to read our most highly cited papers published in 2021 and 2022, which are listed below:

1. “Focused Ultrasound in Neuroscience. State of the Art and Future Perspectives”
by Giuseppe Roberto Giammalva, Cesare Gagliardo, Salvatore Marrone, Federica Paolini, Rosa Maria Gerardi, Giuseppe Emmanuele Umana, Kaan Yağmurlu, Bipin Chaurasia, Gianluca Scalia, Federico Midiri et al.
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010084
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/1/84

2. “Microsurgical Anatomy of the Inferomedial Paraclival Triangle: Contents, Topographical Relationships and Anatomical Variations”
by Grzegorz Wysiadecki, Maciej Radek, R. Shane Tubbs, Joe Iwanaga, Jerzy Walocha, Piotr Brzeziński and Michał Polguj
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(5), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050596
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/5/596

3. “Neurosurgical Management and Outcome Parameters in 237 Patients with Spondylodiscitis”
by Mirza Pojskić, Barbara Carl, Vincent Schmöckel, Benjamin Völlger, Christopher Nimsky and Benjamin Saβ
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(8), 1019; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081019
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/8/1019

4. “Diagnostic, Surgical, and Technical Considerations for Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Patients with Osteopenia and Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review”
by Sauson Soldozy, Samuel R. Montgomery, Jr., Danyas Sarathy, Steven Young, Anthony Skaff, Bhargav Desai, Jennifer D. Sokolowski, Faheem A. Sandhu, Jean-Marc Voyadzis, Kaan Yağmurlu et al.
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(2), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020241
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/2/241

5. “Intraoperative Computed Tomography-Based Navigation with Augmented Reality for Lateral Approaches to the Spine”
by Mirza Pojskić, Miriam Bopp, Benjamin Saß, Andreas Kirschbaum, Christopher Nimsky and Barbara Carl
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(5), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050646
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/5/646

6. “The Role of KRAS Mutations in Cortical Malformation and Epilepsy Surgery: A Novel Report of Nevus Sebaceous Syndrome and Review of the Literature”
by Chiara Pepi, Luca de Palma, Marina Trivisano, Nicola Pietrafusa, Francesca Romana Lepri, Andrea Diociaiuti, Francesca Diomedi Camassei, Giusy Carfi-Pavia, Alessandro De Benedictis, Camilla Rossi-Espagnet et al.
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(6), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060793
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/6/793

7. “Surgical Aspects of Corpus Callosotomy”
by Takehiro Uda, Noritsugu Kunihiro, Ryoko Umaba, Saya Koh, Toshiyuki Kawashima, Shohei Ikeda, Kotaro Ishimoto and Takeo Goto
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(12), 1608; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121608
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/12/1608

8. “Corpus Callosotomy in 3 Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Dogs with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy”
by Rikako Asada, Satoshi Mizuno, Yoshihiko Yu, Yuji Hamamoto, Tetsuya Anazawa, Daisuke Ito, Masato Kitagawa and Daisuke Hasegawa
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(11), 1462; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111462
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/11/1462

9. “Endoscopic Bilateral Optic Nerve Decompression for Treatment of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension”
by Ethem Göksu, Baran Bozkurt, Deniz İlhan, Ahmet Özak, Musa Çırak and Kaan Yağmurlu
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(3), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030324
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/3/324

10. “Psoas Major Muscle Volume Does Not Affect the Postoperative Thigh Symptoms in XLIF Surgery”
by Wicharn Yingsakmongkol, Waranyoo Wathanavasin, Khanathip Jitpakdee, Weerasak Singhatanadgige, Worawat Limthongkul and Vit Kotheeranurak
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(3), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030357
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/3/357

11. “The Effect of Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Sleep Bruxism in Respiratory Polygraphy Study”
by Klaudia Kazubowska-Machnowska, Anna Jodkowska, Monika Michalek-Zrabkowska, Mieszko Wieckiewicz, Rafal Poreba, Marzena Dominiak, Pawel Gac, Grzegorz Mazur, Justyna Kanclerska and Helena Martynowicz
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(7), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12070828
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/9/1183 

12. “Management of Cavernous Carotid Artery Aneurysms: A Retrospective Single-Center Experience”
by Michael Karl Fehrenbach, Eric Dietel, Tim Wende, Johannes Kasper, Caroline Sander, Florian Wilhelmy, Ulf Quaeschling, Juergen Meixensberger and Ulf Nestler
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(3), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12030330
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/3/330

13. “Dissection of Mouse Hippocampus with Its Dorsal, Intermediate and Ventral Subdivisions Combined with Molecular Validation”
by Aneta Jaszczyk, Adrian M. Stankiewicz and Grzegorz R. Juszczak
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(6), 799; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12060799
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/6/799

14. “Wilhelm von Waldeyer: Important Steps in Neural Theory, Anatomy and Citology”
by Vicentiu Mircea Saceleanu, Aurel George Mohan, Razvan Adrian Covache-Busuioc, Horia Petre Costin and Alexandru Vlad Ciurea
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(2), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12020224
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/2/224

15. “Outcomes after Flow Diverter Treatment in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Meta-Analysis and Development of a Clinical Prediction Model (OUTFLOW)”
by Michelle F. M. ten Brinck, Viktoria E. Shimanskaya, René Aquarius, Ronald H. M. A. Bartels, Frederick J. A. Meijer, Petra C. Koopmans, Guido de Jong, Ajay K. Wakhloo, Joost de Vries and Hieronymus D. Boogaarts
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(3), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12030394
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/3/394

16. “Cranio-Orbito-Zygomatic Approach: Core Techniques for Tailoring Target Exposure and Surgical Freedom”
by Sabino Luzzi, Alice Giotta Lucifero, Alfio Spina, Matías Baldoncini, Alvaro Campero, Samer K. Elbabaa and Renato Galzio
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(3), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12030405
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/3/405

17. “Effects of Sound Interventions on the Permeability of the Blood–Brain Barrier and Meningeal Lymphatic Clearance”
by Sean Sachdeva, Sushmita Persaud, Milani Patel, Peyton Popard, Aaron Colverson and Sylvain Doré
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(6), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12060742
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/6/742

18. “Intrasaccular Flow Disruptor-Assisted Coiling of Intracranial Aneurysms Using the Novel Contour Neurovascular Systems and NEQSTENT: A Single-Center Safety and Feasibility Study”
by Francesco Diana, Marta de Dios Lascuevas, Simone Peschillo, Eytan Raz, Shinichi Yoshimura, Manuel Requena Ruiz, David Hernández Morales and Alejandro Tomasello
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(8), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12080991
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/8/991

19. “Brain Tissue Oxygenation-Guided Therapy and Outcome in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Single-Center Matched Cohort Study”
by Sami Barrit, Mejdeddine Al Barajraji, Salim El Hadweh, Olivier Dewitte, Nathan Torcida, Joachim Andre, Fabio Silvio Taccone, Sophie Schuind and Elisa Gouvêa Bogossian
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(7), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12070887
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/7/887

20. “Tailored Approach and Multimodal Intraoperative Neuromonitoring in Cerebellopontine Angle Surgery”
by Alessandro Izzo, Vito Stifano, Giuseppe Maria Della Pepa, Michele Di Domenico, Quintino Giorgio D'Alessandris, Grazia Menna, Manuela D'Ercole, Liverana Lauretti, Alessandro Olivi and Nicola Montano
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(9), 1167; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12091167
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/9/1167