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Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings
Volume 32
Issue 1
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Environ. Earth Sci. Proc., 2025, ECWS-8

The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences

14–16 October 2024

Volume Editor:
Helena M. Ramos, University of Lisbon, Portugal

Number of Papers: 20
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Cover Story (view full-size image): The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences (ECWS-8), building on seven successful previous conferences, will focus on key water-related issues including adaptive water resources [...] Read more.
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8 pages, 1000 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Extreme Rainfall Analysis Including Seasonality in Athens, Greece
by Konstantinos Vantas and Athanasios Loukas
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032001 - 15 Jan 2025
Viewed by 705
Abstract
Extreme rainfall analysis is essential for accurate flood hazard assessment. Traditional approaches, such as the use of annual maxima, may overlook seasonal variations and lead to underestimated precipitation extremes, compromising effective flood risk management strategies. This study applies a point process model to [...] Read more.
Extreme rainfall analysis is essential for accurate flood hazard assessment. Traditional approaches, such as the use of annual maxima, may overlook seasonal variations and lead to underestimated precipitation extremes, compromising effective flood risk management strategies. This study applies a point process model to uninterrupted daily rainfall records (1901–2023) from the National Observatory of Athens meteorological station in Thiseion. This method analyzes both the frequency of exceedances above a given threshold and the values of those exceedances, incorporating seasonality into the modeling process. Preliminary analysis using annual maxima revealed no statistically significant trend but indicated clear monthly seasonality in precipitation extremes. By incorporating seasonality, the point process method yielded estimates up to 22% higher than those obtained using traditional annual maxima approaches, such as those employed in Greece’s National Flood Risk Management Plans. These findings highlight the need for a revision of current methodologies, which could significantly impact flood risk assessments and management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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8 pages, 3405 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Nature-Based Solutions Applied in Urban Drainage Systems: A Case Study Using GIS-Based Hydrological Modeling
by Lineker Max Goulart Coelho
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032002 - 24 Jan 2025
Viewed by 729
Abstract
This work aims to show a streamlined framework to assess Nature-based Solution (NbS) scenarios in stormwater management. Different scenarios for NbS were assessed using computational modeling to estimate the extension of flooded areas. Scenario 1 represents the current situation with no NbS implemented, [...] Read more.
This work aims to show a streamlined framework to assess Nature-based Solution (NbS) scenarios in stormwater management. Different scenarios for NbS were assessed using computational modeling to estimate the extension of flooded areas. Scenario 1 represents the current situation with no NbS implemented, Scenario 2 increased vegetation cover, Scenario 3 used linear gardens, and Scenario 4 rain gardens. Hydrological modeling combined Georeferenced Information System (GIS) and flooding spot analysis. Scenarios 3 and 4 were able to avoid flooding, with almost no flooding spots. The results indicate that the proposed assessment framework was an efficient way to compare different scenarios for stormwater management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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8 pages, 4076 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Regional Frequency Analysis of Annual Maximum Rainfall and Sampling Uncertainty Quantification
by Marios Billios and Lampros Vasiliades
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032003 - 24 Jan 2025
Viewed by 609
Abstract
Accurate quantile estimation of extreme precipitation is crucial for hydraulic infrastructure design but is often hindered by limited data records, leading to uncertainties. This study applies regional frequency analysis (RFA) using L-moments, comparing classical and Bayesian approaches to quantify uncertainties. Data from 55 [...] Read more.
Accurate quantile estimation of extreme precipitation is crucial for hydraulic infrastructure design but is often hindered by limited data records, leading to uncertainties. This study applies regional frequency analysis (RFA) using L-moments, comparing classical and Bayesian approaches to quantify uncertainties. Data from 55 rainfall stations in Thessaly, Greece, are analyzed through clustering using PCA and k-means. The Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution is fitted to delineated clusters, and uncertainties are assessed via bootstrap and MCMC methods. Results highlight consistency in location and scale estimates, with Bayesian methods offering narrower uncertainty bounds, demonstrating improved reliability for long-term rainfall prediction and design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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9 pages, 1915 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Rainwater Harvesting in Social Housing: An Analysis Across Twelve Cities in Brazil
by Maria Clara Sampaio Rosa e Silva, Igor Catão Martins Vaz and Enedir Ghisi
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032004 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 500
Abstract
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has emerged as a promising technique to improve water security amid the escalating effects of climate change. However, a comprehensive evaluation of various rainwater harvesting solutions is needed to promote sustainable practices in the building sector. This study aims to [...] Read more.
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has emerged as a promising technique to improve water security amid the escalating effects of climate change. However, a comprehensive evaluation of various rainwater harvesting solutions is needed to promote sustainable practices in the building sector. This study aims to evaluate the water saving potential in multi- and single-family social housing buildings in twelve cities in Brazil. Computer simulations were performed for 60 scenarios, comprising five social housing reference models and using rainfall data from twelve representative cities of Brazil’s bioclimatic zones. The results show that single-family houses presented a higher potential for potable water savings (20 to 22%) than multi-family housing models (2 to 3%), mainly due to their higher roof-area-to-resident ratio. Single-family buildings exhibit more significant variability in absolute savings (standard deviation), while multi-family buildings are more sensitive to variability relative to their means (higher CVs). Furthermore, due to uneven rainfall distribution and storage limitations, water savings potential does not correlate linearly with total annual rainfall. Normalised results reveal that buildings with a lower population density achieve higher water savings per area and inhabitant. This study demonstrated that building and climate characteristics influence rainwater harvesting, offering valuable insights for promoting sustainable water management practices in social housing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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9 pages, 1595 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Innovative Solutions for Smart Water Grids: Insights from Patent Analysis
by Ahmed Fatimi
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032005 - 11 Feb 2025
Viewed by 630
Abstract
The “Smart Water Grid” integrates the internet of things, information, and communications technologies for efficient, sustainable water management, using sensors and controls to tackle issues like leaks and overuse. Patent analysis aids this technology monitoring, revealing trends and solutions and enabling innovation to [...] Read more.
The “Smart Water Grid” integrates the internet of things, information, and communications technologies for efficient, sustainable water management, using sensors and controls to tackle issues like leaks and overuse. Patent analysis aids this technology monitoring, revealing trends and solutions and enabling innovation to overcome challenges in smart water distribution systems. This study highlights the global distribution of patent filings, and the leading companies and technologies involved in smart water grid innovation. Patent data reveals a focus on communication and control technologies, as well as data transmission and processing (as reflected by the dominant patent classifications) within the smart water grid space, highlighting the importance of communication technologies in this field. In summary, smart water grid innovation is driven by the integration of efficient water management, with a global focus led by the United States and China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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7 pages, 1892 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Assessing the Environmental and Economic Footprint of Leakages in Water Distribution Networks
by Athanasios V. Serafeim, Anastasios Perdios, Nikolaos Th. Fourniotis, George Kokosalakis and Andreas Langousis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032006 - 14 Feb 2025
Viewed by 439
Abstract
All urban and agricultural water distribution networks (WDNs), irrespective of their physical and operational characteristics, encounter substantial leakages which result in significant water losses, environmental degradation through increased carbon emissions, and noteworthy economic burdens. The current work aims to quantify both the environmental [...] Read more.
All urban and agricultural water distribution networks (WDNs), irrespective of their physical and operational characteristics, encounter substantial leakages which result in significant water losses, environmental degradation through increased carbon emissions, and noteworthy economic burdens. The current work aims to quantify both the environmental impact, estimated in terms of CO2 emissions, and the economic implications associated with leakages and evaluate the effect of the most widely used leakage reduction strategies. The current approach is applied to the water distribution network of the city of Patras in Western Greece. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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11 pages, 933 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Alleviating Health Risks for Water Safety: A Systematic Review on Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Modelling of Proximity-Dependent Emerging Pollutants in Aquatic Systems
by Marc Deo Jeremiah Victorio Rupin, Kylle Gabriel Cruz Mendoza and Rugi Vicente Rubi
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032007 - 21 Feb 2025
Viewed by 662
Abstract
Emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, and microplastics are a growing ecological risk affecting water and soil resources. Another challenge in current wastewater treatments includes tracking and treating these pollutants, which can be costly. As a growing concern, emerging pollutants [...] Read more.
Emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, and microplastics are a growing ecological risk affecting water and soil resources. Another challenge in current wastewater treatments includes tracking and treating these pollutants, which can be costly. As a growing concern, emerging pollutants do not have lower limit levels and can be detrimental to aquatic resources in minuscule amounts. Thus, the assessment of multiple emerging water pollutants in community-based water sources such as surface water and groundwater is a prioritized area of study for water resource management. It provides a basis for the ecological health management of arising diseases such as cancer and dengue caused by unsafe water sources. Accordingly, by utilizing artificial intelligence, wide-range and data-driven insights can be synthesized to assist in water resource management and propose solution pathways without the need for exhaustive experimentation. This systematic review examines the artificial intelligence-assisted modelling of water resource management for emerging water pollutants, notably machine learning and deep learning models, with proximity dependence and correlated synergistic health effects for both humans and aquatic life. This study underscores the increasing accumulation of these emerging pollutants and their toxicological effects on the community and how data-driven modelling can be utilized to assist in addressing research gaps related to water treatment methods for these pollutants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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10 pages, 3740 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Mitigating the Global Potable Water Crisis: A Systematic Review of Emerging Urban Stormwater Conversion Technologies
by Kylle Gabriel Cruz Mendoza, Marc Deo Jeremiah Victorio Rupin and Rugi Vicente Rubi
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032008 - 25 Jan 2025
Viewed by 226
Abstract
The wide-scale management and treatment of urban stormwater is a promising technological advancement to address the ongoing global potable water crisis. About 26% of the global population have unsafe drinking water and 46% have no safely managed water for sanitation. However, the lack [...] Read more.
The wide-scale management and treatment of urban stormwater is a promising technological advancement to address the ongoing global potable water crisis. About 26% of the global population have unsafe drinking water and 46% have no safely managed water for sanitation. However, the lack of a regulatory framework for urban stormwater usage and uncertainty in water quality pose significant threats to its wide-scale application. A total of 76 articles were gathered through the Scopus database, 63 of which were screened individually for their eligibility, and only 35 articles were selected as the most compatible with the study. Emerging conversion technologies provide a more efficient and cost-effective means to convert urban stormwater to potable water. Urban stormwater management, such as capture in large cisterns and run-off capture, provides the necessary means to properly collect and manage stormwater, while engineered stormwater treatment systems, such as stormwater biofilters, provide high reliability and performance while having zero energy consumption. By utilizing an efficient urban stormwater management system and appropriate treatment technologies, urban stormwater can be used to alleviate the problem of potable water scarcity. This study delves into utilizing urban stormwater for the generation of potable water, evaluates conversion technologies and presents its applications to mitigate the global potable water crisis. Urban stormwater management systems are thoroughly examined and treatment processes are investigated, highlighting the importance of using appropriate technologies in potable water generation. Through conversion technologies, high-volume urban stormwater can be transformed into potable drinking water, addressing water resource management problems and the ongoing global potable water crisis. This systematic review will identify existing conversion technologies and research gaps and pave the way for more efficient and cost-effective conversion technologies that will use high-volume urban stormwater for the production of water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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9 pages, 1933 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Sugar Industry Wastewater Treatment Through Photosynthetic Microbial Desalination Cells: A Sustainable Approach
by Syeda Safina Ali and Zeshan Sheikh
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032009 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 413
Abstract
The expansion of the sugar industry has resulted in large amounts of untreated effluent, necessitating the development of energy-efficient treatment technologies, like microbial desalination cells (MDCs). However, the high cost and potential toxicity of chemical cathode catalysts limit MDC performance, making biocathodes a [...] Read more.
The expansion of the sugar industry has resulted in large amounts of untreated effluent, necessitating the development of energy-efficient treatment technologies, like microbial desalination cells (MDCs). However, the high cost and potential toxicity of chemical cathode catalysts limit MDC performance, making biocathodes a promising alternative. This study investigates the efficiency of a Scenedesmus obliquus-inoculated photosynthetic microbial desalination cell (PMDC) in the cathode chamber to treat sugar industry effluent, desalinate water, and generate electricity. The performance of the PMDC is compared to that of traditional MDCs. The results showed that the PMDC achieved 21.6% desalination, 73.8% anode COD removal, and a maximum power density of 6.8 mW/m2, outperforming MDC by 6.43%, 18.5%, and 112.5%, respectively. These results demonstrate that the PMDC offers an effective, energy-efficient alternative to MDCs with added benefits of nutrient removal and algal biomass production at the cathode, making it a promising solution for water and wastewater treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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6 pages, 1201 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Potential of Green Roofs to Support Urban Rainwater Management: Hydraulic Experimental Assessment
by Lineker Max Goulart Coelho, Solbritt Christiansen and Jesper Molin
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032010 - 27 Feb 2025
Viewed by 285
Abstract
Green roofs are one of the most widely used nature-based technologies, but there are no consolidated design standards to estimate their rainwater volume retention at both the national and international levels. So, the goal of this study is to analyze the annual rainwater [...] Read more.
Green roofs are one of the most widely used nature-based technologies, but there are no consolidated design standards to estimate their rainwater volume retention at both the national and international levels. So, the goal of this study is to analyze the annual rainwater retention capacity of different types of green roofs based on experimental real-time monitoring data collected for 12 months. The experimental setup was installed at Ballerup in Denmark and consisted of three pitched roofs, each one with 25 m2 of surface area. The green roofs presented variations in their annual rainwater retention capacity, ranging from 20% to 50%. Peak flow attenuation varied from 10% to 90% in both green roofs, depending on rain intensity and the duration of dry periods. These findings can be used as a baseline to support future studies addressing the definition of design standards and guidelines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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8 pages, 5067 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Flood-Risk Map for Büyükçekmece District Based on Socioeconomic Factors
by Gülşah Kılıç and Filiz Bektaş Balçık
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032011 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 504
Abstract
Büyükçekmece District, located on Istanbul’s European side, faces flood risks due to climate change, uncontrolled urbanization, and inadequate stream rehabilitation. This study aims to develop a flood-risk map of the district and link it to socioeconomic factors for the purpose of developing improved [...] Read more.
Büyükçekmece District, located on Istanbul’s European side, faces flood risks due to climate change, uncontrolled urbanization, and inadequate stream rehabilitation. This study aims to develop a flood-risk map of the district and link it to socioeconomic factors for the purpose of developing improved flood-management strategies. Key factors such as slope, elevation, land use, proximity to rivers, and precipitation were weighted, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), to generate risk maps. The results indicate that 54% of Neighborhood 9 (Dizdariye) and 59% of Neighborhood 18 (Mimarsinan) fall into very high risk categories. Additionally, the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), calculated through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), revealed that Ahmediye and Kumburgaz neighborhoods exhibit the highest socioeconomic vulnerabilities, while Alkent 2000 and Sinanoba have the lowest. The research identifies the need to prioritize high-risk neighborhoods and integrate social vulnerability into flood management to reduce risk and enhance community resilience in Büyükçekmece District. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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6 pages, 779 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Techno-Economic Performance Assessment of Malt Dust Derived Biochar Application for Municipal Wastewater Treatment: A Water Reuse Strategy
by Pelin Soyertaş Yapıcıoğlu and Mehmet İrfan Yeşilnacar
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032012 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 179
Abstract
Wastewater is a sustainable water supply which uses reclamation and reuse processes to protect freshwater resources. Biochar application is considered an efficient and low-cost wastewater reclamation and reuse technique in recent years. From this perspective, this paper mainly aimed to obtain reclaimed water [...] Read more.
Wastewater is a sustainable water supply which uses reclamation and reuse processes to protect freshwater resources. Biochar application is considered an efficient and low-cost wastewater reclamation and reuse technique in recent years. From this perspective, this paper mainly aimed to obtain reclaimed water using biochar application, with an aim of contributing to a circular economy. The major aim of this study was to assess the quality and reuse potential of treated water through the biochar adsorption process. The assessment was based on the EU (741/2020) wastewater reuse legislation. Turbidity, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), and E. coli analyses were performed to determine the effluent quality. In the end of the biochar adsorption process, a Class B reclaimed water quality according to EU legislation was obtained. This study validated that malt-dust-derived biochar is an efficient and low-cost adsorbent and can achieve a high quality of reclaimed water. An average reduction of 31.3% in operational costs was reported compared to an activated sludge system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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14 pages, 7545 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Water Quality Classification in Terms of WQI Using Machine Learning Algorithms in Keenjhar Lake, Pakistan
by Muhammad Imran, Danrong Zhang, Muhammad Zaman, Shazia Parveen and Nur E Jannat Mishu
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032013 - 7 Apr 2025
Viewed by 1118
Abstract
Water quality management is critical for sustainable resource utilization, public health protection, and environmental conservation. This study employs machine learning techniques to enhance the water quality classification (WQC) for Keenjhar Lake, Karachi, Pakistan, using a comprehensive dataset spanning from 1993 to 2022. Three [...] Read more.
Water quality management is critical for sustainable resource utilization, public health protection, and environmental conservation. This study employs machine learning techniques to enhance the water quality classification (WQC) for Keenjhar Lake, Karachi, Pakistan, using a comprehensive dataset spanning from 1993 to 2022. Three machine learning models, the Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Random Forest (RF) algorithms, were evaluated for their performance on a dataset comprising 360 monthly instances and 6 key water quality parameters: temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, BOD5, nitrate, fecal coliform, and total coliform. The models were assessed using statistical metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, Pearson’s correlation, and F1-score. Among the models, the SVM algorithm demonstrated superior performance, achieving a classification accuracy of 99.50% for WQC. This study highlights the integration of machine learning in water quality analysis as a novel approach for precise classification, offering insights into improved decision-making for water resource management and treatment strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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10 pages, 1782 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Vulnerability of Coastal Heritage in the Context of Climate Adaptation: A Review
by Aliki Gkaifyllia, Thomas Hasiotis and Ourania Tzoraki
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032014 - 8 Apr 2025
Viewed by 339
Abstract
Mediterranean coastal heritage sites face escalating threats from climate change, including sea-level rise, coastal erosion, and extreme weather events. These risks endanger both the physical preservation of archeological sites and thei socio-economic significance/contribution. This review evaluates advanced tools such as Geographic Information Systems [...] Read more.
Mediterranean coastal heritage sites face escalating threats from climate change, including sea-level rise, coastal erosion, and extreme weather events. These risks endanger both the physical preservation of archeological sites and thei socio-economic significance/contribution. This review evaluates advanced tools such as Geographic Information Systems (GISs), remote sensing, and flood modeling for assessing vulnerabilities and supporting adaptive conservation strategies. Significant research disparities among Mediterranean regions are identified, underscoring the need for equitable and collaborative frameworks. The findings emphasize the integration of innovative technologies with sustainable practices to safeguard cultural heritage, ensuring resilience against climate-induced risks and contributing to long-term conservation goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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7 pages, 1823 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Assessing the Vulnerability of Water Resources to Drought by Applying the Standardized Drought Vulnerability Index to the Lake Karla Basin
by Stylianos Voudouris, Athanasios Loukas, Pantelis Sidiropoulos and Lampros Vasiliades
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032015 - 17 Apr 2025
Viewed by 202
Abstract
Drought as an extreme weather phenomenon has recently become more frequent with significant impacts on water resources, such as reduced infiltration and surface runoff. To assess the vulnerability of water resources to drought, the Standardized Drought Vulnerability Index (SDVI) was applied to the [...] Read more.
Drought as an extreme weather phenomenon has recently become more frequent with significant impacts on water resources, such as reduced infiltration and surface runoff. To assess the vulnerability of water resources to drought, the Standardized Drought Vulnerability Index (SDVI) was applied to the hydrological basin of Lake Karla in Thessaly, Central Greece. The Lake Karla basin has a semi-arid climate and is an agricultural basin in which water-demanding crops are cultivated. The SDVI is a composite index that integrates all types of droughts and, with its holistic approach, can be used as a monitoring tool to provide knowledge for the delineation of vulnerable areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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9 pages, 2763 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
A Sediment Supply Assessment in a Touristic Zone: A Case Study of West Cyprus
by Stamatia Papasarafianou, Giada Varra, Luca Cozzolino and Ourania Tzoraki
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032016 - 23 Apr 2025
Viewed by 243
Abstract
Sediment transport plays a crucial role in shaping coastal and riverine environments, influencing both natural and human activities. This study assesses sediment supply from the entire basin of a touristic zone of Cyprus, where coastal erosion and sediment deposition impact infrastructure, tourism, and [...] Read more.
Sediment transport plays a crucial role in shaping coastal and riverine environments, influencing both natural and human activities. This study assesses sediment supply from the entire basin of a touristic zone of Cyprus, where coastal erosion and sediment deposition impact infrastructure, tourism, and environmental sustainability. Human activities, such as dam construction, further disrupt the sediment balance. This study focuses on Coral Bay and Potima Gulf, a popular tourist destination along an ~11 km shoreline in western Cyprus, fed by four small rivers draining a total area of 66.5 km2. The sustainability of the Coral Bay–Potima system is threatened by the Mavrokolympos stream dam, which traps upstream sediments. Using the USLE method, mean sediment yield at the basin outlet is estimated at 888 t km−2 yr−1. These findings underscore the link between watershed processes and sustainable coastal management, emphasizing the need for integrated sediment transport assessments in touristic coastal zones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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7 pages, 4672 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Performance Evaluation of the ERA5, MERRA-2, and PERSIANN-CDR Gridded Products in the Tambo Basin
by Cristhian Apaza-Vilca, Maria Liz Mamani-Yupanqui and Efrain Lujano
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032017 - 22 Apr 2025
Viewed by 163
Abstract
Gridded meteorological data help to address the scarcity of data in sparse hydrometeorological networks, but their validation is crucial. This study evaluated the performance of ERA5, MERRA-2, and PERSIANN-CDR gridded products in the Tambo basin, comparing their data with meteorological stations and basin-wide [...] Read more.
Gridded meteorological data help to address the scarcity of data in sparse hydrometeorological networks, but their validation is crucial. This study evaluated the performance of ERA5, MERRA-2, and PERSIANN-CDR gridded products in the Tambo basin, comparing their data with meteorological stations and basin-wide averages using the Pearson correlation coefficient (CC), percent bias (PBIAS), and root mean square error (RMSE). PERSIANN-CDR showed the best performance (CC: 0.84–0.94, PBIAS: 6.90–83.10%, RMSE: 21.97–38.78 mm/month). MERRA-2 underestimated precipitation, while ERA5, despite its high correlation (CC: 0.83–0.94), overestimated it. PERSIANN-CDR is the recommended product for the region, providing a better representation of precipitation for hydrological studies and water resource management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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7 pages, 1349 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Synthesis and Photocatalytic Performance of g-C3N4/ZnO Nanocomposites for the Efficient Degradation of Dyes Under Sunlight
by Suneel, Mohd Arsh Khan, Neda Tabassum, Abdul Rahman Khan, Zainab Feroz and Qazi Inamur Rahman
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032018 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 197
Abstract
In recent years, carbon-derived nanomaterials have been efficiently utilized for wastewater treatment. Herein, we report a facile route to synthesize g-C3N4/ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) by utilizing thermal condensation methods and demonstrateits photocatalytic performance against Rhodamine-B (RhB) and Reactive blue-171 (Rb171) [...] Read more.
In recent years, carbon-derived nanomaterials have been efficiently utilized for wastewater treatment. Herein, we report a facile route to synthesize g-C3N4/ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) by utilizing thermal condensation methods and demonstrateits photocatalytic performance against Rhodamine-B (RhB) and Reactive blue-171 (Rb171) under open air sunlight. The crystalline nature of synthesized NCs was examined by utilizing X-ray diffraction; however, their purity was evaluated through Fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR), which conveyed that the synthesized NCs exhibited excellent crystallinity and purity. Moreover, the g-C3N4/ZnO NCs displayed efficient photocatalytic activity of 82.60 and 74.46% for RhB and Rb171, respectively, in 125 min of sunlight exposure. The degradation of the dyes followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics with apparent rate constants of 0.01531 and 0.01012 min−1 for RhB and Rb171, respectively, and their half-life was found to be 45.27 and 68.49 min. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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13 pages, 3074 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Evaluation of Surface Area Dynamics of Manta and Beleu Lakes
by Ana Jeleapov
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032019 - 3 Jun 2025
Viewed by 11
Abstract
This study evaluated the surface area and volume dynamics of the largest and most important natural lakes in the Republic of Moldova: Manta and Beleu. Lakes and surrounding areas represent the main natural ecosystem of the country, are a shelter to thousands of [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the surface area and volume dynamics of the largest and most important natural lakes in the Republic of Moldova: Manta and Beleu. Lakes and surrounding areas represent the main natural ecosystem of the country, are a shelter to thousands of animals and plant species, and are included in the protected areas network. The lakes are situated in the Lower Prut floodplain, with the main water sources being the Prut River through channels, as well as groundwater, surface runoff and precipitation. Regulations of the Prut River flow, climate change, and the increasing frequency of droughts and floods have a certain impact on lake extension and volume dynamics. The main methods used to evaluate surface area variation are the analysis of satellite images (Landsats, from 1975 to 2024) and the application of the NDWI index. As a result, it was identified that the extent of Beleu Lake varied from 0 to 19 km2, and that of Manta Lake from 5 to 27 km2. The actual average surface area is 7–11 km2 for Beleu and 15–19 km2 for Manta. The last catastrophic drought in 2022 decreased the surface area of Beleu by up to 3.7 km2 and that of Manta by up to 5 km2, while the most recent floods in 2020 extended the area of Beleu by up to 12 km2 and that of Manta by up to 27.3 km2. The volumes of Beleu vary from 0 to 40 mil.m3, with an average of 6.5–9 mil.m3, and of Manta from 4.5 mil.m3 to 55 mil.m3, with an average of 15–22 mil.m3. The shoreline lengths corresponding to the average water surface areas are 14–20 km for Beleu and 35–40 km for Manta. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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Proceeding Paper
Assessment of Machine Learning Techniques to Estimate Reference Evapotranspiration at Yauri Meteorological Station, Peru
by Efrain Lujano, Rene Lujano, Juan Carlos Huamani and Apolinario Lujano
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032020 - 4 Jun 2025
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Abstract
Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is crucial for agriculture and is traditionally estimated using the Penman–Monteith (PM) method, which relies on multiple climatic variables. This study assessed machine learning (ML) techniques to estimate ETo at the Yauri meteorological station in Peru. Two ML models—K-nearest neighbors [...] Read more.
Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is crucial for agriculture and is traditionally estimated using the Penman–Monteith (PM) method, which relies on multiple climatic variables. This study assessed machine learning (ML) techniques to estimate ETo at the Yauri meteorological station in Peru. Two ML models—K-nearest neighbors (KNN) and artificial neural networks (ANN)—were tested and compared against both the PM and the Hargreaves–Samani (HS) methods. Their accuracy was measured using metrics such as mean absolute error (MAE), anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE), and spectral angle (SA). The results indicate that ML techniques can effectively estimate ETo, providing robust alternatives in areas with limited meteorological data, thus enhancing water resource management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)
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