Immune Modulatory Effects of Probiotic Streptococcus thermophilus on Human Monocytes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. ST285 Alters Cytokine Gene Expression Levels of Monocytes
2.1.1. ST285 Causes Upregulation of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-23 and Downregulation of IL-1R1
2.1.2. Modulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
2.2. ST285 Alters Chemokine Gene Expression Levels of Monocytes
2.3. Significant Upregulation of Colony Stimulating Factor mRNA Expression Levels
2.4. ST285 Alters Toll-Like Receptor Gene Expression Levels of Monocytes
2.5. Cell Surface Markers CD14, CD86, and CD4 mRNA Expression Levels
2.6. Changes to Other Innate and Adaptive Molecules, mRNA Expression Levels
3. Discussion
3.1. ST285 Induces IL-1β and IL-6 and Downregulates IL-1R1
3.2. ST285 Changes the Expression of Cytokines Involved in Inflammation and Defense against Bacteria
3.3. ST285 Activates mRNA Expression of CXCL8 and Downregulates CCR5 and CCL2
3.4. ST285 Significantly Upregulates mRNA Expression Level of Colony Stimulating Factor
3.5. ST285 Downregulates mRNA Expression Levels of Toll-Like Receptors
3.6. ST285 Downregulates Cell Surface Markers CD14, CD86, and CD4
3.7. ST285 Differentially Downregulates mRNA Expression Level of Other Innate and Adaptive Immune Response Markers and Chemokines
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Bacterial Strains
4.1.1. Preparation of Live Bacterial Suspensions
4.1.2. Enumeration of Bacterial Cells
4.2. Isolation of Monocytes from Buffy Coats
4.3. Stimulation of Monocytes with ST285
4.4. RNA Extraction from Monocytes
4.5. Assessing Changes in the Expression of Genes Associated with Innate and Adaptive Immunity
4.6. Data Analysis
4.7. Statistical Analysis
4.8. Cytokine Production Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dargahi, N.; Johnson, J.C.; Apostolopoulos, V. Immune Modulatory Effects of Probiotic Streptococcus thermophilus on Human Monocytes. Biologics 2021, 1, 396-415. https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics1030023
Dargahi N, Johnson JC, Apostolopoulos V. Immune Modulatory Effects of Probiotic Streptococcus thermophilus on Human Monocytes. Biologics. 2021; 1(3):396-415. https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics1030023
Chicago/Turabian StyleDargahi, Narges, Joshua C. Johnson, and Vasso Apostolopoulos. 2021. "Immune Modulatory Effects of Probiotic Streptococcus thermophilus on Human Monocytes" Biologics 1, no. 3: 396-415. https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics1030023