An Overview of the Biological Features, Distribution, and Conservation of a Critically Endangered Riverine Catfish, Bagarius bagarius (Hamilton, 1822), in the Natural Waters of Bangladesh
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biological Features, Ecology, and Population Trends
2.1. Identification
- a.
- Head region:
- i.
- It has a large, osseous, and naked head which is greatly depressed, and its snout is sharply conical without pointing [18].
- ii.
- iii.
- iv.
- v.
- b.
- Middle region:
- c.
- Caudal region:
2.2. Records of Length and Weight
2.3. Ambiguity with Other Species
2.4. Food and Feeding Habit
2.5. Reproduction
2.6. Habitat and Ecology
2.7. Population Trends
3. Distribution, IUCN Status, and Economic Importance
3.1. Distribution
3.2. Conservation Status
3.3. Economic Importance
4. Status of Inland Fish Habitats in Bangladesh
5. Major Threats
5.1. Over-Fishing and Indiscriminate Harvesting
5.2. Habitat Degradation
5.3. Siltation
5.4. Water Pollution
5.5. Invasive Fish Species
5.6. Climate Change
6. Management and Conservation Aspects in Bangladesh
6.1. Actions Taken
- Employment of different acts and rules related to fisheries,
- Implementation of different fisheries projects for enhancing inland fish stocks and their conservation,
- Establishment of fish-friendly structures, and
- Habitat restoration program.
6.1.1. Acts and Rules Related to Fisheries
6.1.2. Fisheries Projects Targeting Inland Fish Conservation
6.1.3. Fisheries Friendly Structures
Fish Sanctuaries
Fish Migration Friendly Structures
6.1.4. Habitat Restoration
6.2. Research Gaps and Actions Needed
6.3. Future Possible Impacts of B. bagarius Conservation Efforts
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Length (cm) | Weight (gm) | References |
---|---|---|
16.1–21 (TL) | 20–45 | [4] |
28.1–42.2 (TL) | 70–257 | [26] |
6.2–81.5 (TL) | 1.35–2364 | [27] |
10.2–41.5 (TL) | - | [26] |
4.08–19.2 (SL) | - | [22] |
Name of the Wetlands with District | References |
---|---|
Padma River, Rajshahi | [40,41] |
Meghna River, Bhola, Chandpur | [4,42] |
Choto Jamuna River, Naogaon | [43] |
Brahmaputra River, Gaibandha | [44] |
Old Brahmaputra River, Mymensingh | [45,46] |
Khiru River, Mymensingh | [47] |
Banar River, Mymensingh | [10] |
Teesta River, Lalmonirhat | [48] |
Ghaghat River, Gaibandha | [49] |
Atrai River, Dinajpur | [50] |
Punarbhaba River, Dinajpur | [50] |
Turag River, Gazipur | [51] |
Kangsha River, Someshwari River, Netrokona | [52] |
Someshwari River, Netrokona | [53] |
Sangu River, Bandarban | [54] |
Lohalia River, Patuakhali | [55] |
Andharmanik River, Patuakhali | [56] |
Payra River, Patuakhali | [57] |
Sibsa River, Khulna | [58] |
Rivers of Sundarbans, Khulna, Bagherhat and Satkhira | [59] |
Bhairab River, Jessore | [60] |
Surma River, Chela River, Katakhali Khal, Mirza Khal, Chhatak, Sunamganj | [11] |
Kushiyara River, Maulvibazar | [61] |
Juri River, Sylhet | [62] |
Shari-Goyain River, Sylhet | [63] |
Tanguar Haor, Sunamganj | [64,65] |
Hakaluki Haor, Moulvibazar | [66,67] |
Dekar Haor, Sunamganj | [68,69] |
Hail Haor, Moulavibazar | [70] |
Chalan Beel, Natore, Pabna, Sirajganj, Naogaon, Bogra | [71,72] |
Chinadi Beel, Narsingdi | [13] |
Dhanu River, Kishoreganj | [16] |
Chapaigachi Beel, Kushtia | [73] |
Name of the Habitats | Area (ha) | Production (kg/ha) |
---|---|---|
A. Open waters | ||
i. Floodplains | 2,651,567 | 294 |
ii. River and tributaries | 8,53,863 | 389 |
iii. Beels | 114,161 | 903 |
iv. Kaptai Lake | 68,800 | 185 |
v. Sundarbans | 177,700 | 118 |
B. Closed waters | ||
i. Ponds | 404,497 | 5059 |
ii. Prawn/Shrimp farms | 257,888 | 1047 |
iii. Baors | 5671 | 1934 |
iv. Seasonal cultured water bodies | 151,942 | 1487 |
Pollutant Type | Point Sources | Non-Point Sources |
---|---|---|
Pathogens | Raw sewage | Agricultural runoff and waste |
Solid urban waste | Leachate from septic tank, waste of animal | |
Excreta of human and animal | ||
Heavy metals | Industrial discharges mainly from tannery and textile industries | Pesticide runoff |
Mine effluents | Smelting | |
Power plants | ||
Pharmaceutical wastes | ||
Organic chemicals | Industrial discharges mainly from tannery and textile industries | Agricultural runoff |
Wastes from urban areas | Runoff from agro farms, pasture, and household wastes | |
Nutrients | Wastewater of treatment plants | Agricultural runoff |
Excreta of human and animal | Household wastes | |
Thermal | Electric power plants | |
Effluents from industries | ||
Sedimentation | Construction related runoff from sites, smaller than 20,000 m2 | Construction related runoff from sites, larger than 20,000 m2 |
Agricultural runoff | ||
Soil erosion | ||
Radioactivity | Natural occurring radioactivity |
Name of Act, Ordinance and Regulations | Applicable Area | Major Scopes |
---|---|---|
East Bengal protection and conservation of Fish Act 1950 | East Pakistan | Protects all types of aquatic organisms and water bodies. |
The Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation Act, 1973 | Bangladesh | Fisheries Development Corporation was created under this act. |
The protection and conservation of fish (amendment) ordinance, 1982 | Bangladesh | This amendment was brought to make the previous acts more effective. |
The protection and regulations for conservation of fish rules, 1985 | Bangladesh | Fisheries conservation. |
The new fisheries management policy, 1988 | Bangladesh | Provides provisions for leasing Fisheries resources to real fisherman. |
National Environment Policy, 1995 | Bangladesh | Restoration of aquatic waterbodies |
Aquatic environment protection law | Bangladesh | Protects habitats of aquatic organisms. |
National Fisheries Policy, 1998 | Bangladesh | Development of fisheries sector through various conservation efforts including maintenance of biodiversity and ecological balance. |
National Water Policy, 1999 | Bangladesh | Ensuring suitable environment for fishes and other aquatic organisms. |
National Land Use Policy, 2001 | Bangladesh | Protection of decaying inland water bodies. |
Project Name | Duration | Scale of Project | Major Scopes |
---|---|---|---|
Community Based Fisheries Management (CBFM) Project | 1995–2007 | 10 rivers (partly), 7 beels and two baor sites in east, north, south and central Bangladesh |
|
Fourth Fisheries Project (FFP) | 1999–2004 | 49 sites covering 33 of the 64 districts in Bangladesh |
|
Management of Aquatic Ecosystem through Community Husbandry (MAECH) Project | 1998–2003 | Kangsha-Malijhi site from the north-central, the Turag-Bangshi site from the central and the Hail Haor from the northeast part of Bangladesh |
|
Name of Structure | Water Body | District |
---|---|---|
Sariakandi fish pass | Between Jamuna and Bangali River | Bogra, Rajshahi |
Kasimpur regulator and fish pass | Manu River | Moulovibazer, Sylhet |
Jugini regulator and fish pass | Lohajong River | Tangail, Dhaka |
Moricherdana fish pass | Mohanonda River | Chapainawabganj, Rajshahi |
Research Activities | References |
---|---|
Details about the keratinization of its skin | [91] |
Origin, form and network of cranial nerves | [92] |
Identification of 3-Hydroxyretinol (Vitamin a3), a chromogen in the liver oil of B. bagarius | [93] |
An insight of its skin | [23] |
Some of its morphometric and meristic characteristics and its comparison with some other species of genus Bagarius | [22] |
A detail on the morphology and histology of its digestive tract | [20] |
Study on some deformities of this species from Nepal | [94] |
Food and feeding habit | [31,33] |
Length-weight relationship from Indus River, Pakistan, Ganga River, India and Ravi River, north-western India | [25,26,27] |
Studies on its genetics | [29,30,95] |
Post-harvest processing | [75] |
Morphometric and meristic features of this fish | [18] |
Features and status in Bangladesh | [21] |
Its availability status in the Padma and Meghna river, Bangladesh | [4] |
Effects of organochlorine and organophosphate pollution on its reproductive physiology | [96] |
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Saha, S.; Nasren, S.; Pandit, D.; Mian, S. An Overview of the Biological Features, Distribution, and Conservation of a Critically Endangered Riverine Catfish, Bagarius bagarius (Hamilton, 1822), in the Natural Waters of Bangladesh. Conservation 2021, 1, 350-367. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation1040027
Saha S, Nasren S, Pandit D, Mian S. An Overview of the Biological Features, Distribution, and Conservation of a Critically Endangered Riverine Catfish, Bagarius bagarius (Hamilton, 1822), in the Natural Waters of Bangladesh. Conservation. 2021; 1(4):350-367. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation1040027
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaha, Shuva, Shamima Nasren, Debasish Pandit, and Sohel Mian. 2021. "An Overview of the Biological Features, Distribution, and Conservation of a Critically Endangered Riverine Catfish, Bagarius bagarius (Hamilton, 1822), in the Natural Waters of Bangladesh" Conservation 1, no. 4: 350-367. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation1040027
APA StyleSaha, S., Nasren, S., Pandit, D., & Mian, S. (2021). An Overview of the Biological Features, Distribution, and Conservation of a Critically Endangered Riverine Catfish, Bagarius bagarius (Hamilton, 1822), in the Natural Waters of Bangladesh. Conservation, 1(4), 350-367. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation1040027