Leaders’ STARA Competencies and Green Innovation: The Mediating Roles of Challenge and Hindrance Appraisals
Abstract
1. Introduction
- RQ1: What is the impact of leaders’ STARA abilities on hotel staff members’ green, creative behavior?
- RQ2: How does the link between leaders’ STARA abilities and green innovation become mediated by workers’ challenge appraisals?
- RQ3: How do employees’ hindrance appraisals mediate the effect of leaders’ STARA abilities on green innovation?
2. Underpinned Theories
2.1. Person–Job Fit
2.2. Cognitive Appraisal Theory
3. The Hypotheses Development
3.1. Leader STARA Competence (LSC) and Green Innovative Behavior (GIB)
3.2. Leader STARA Competence (LSC) and Challenge Appraisal of STARA Technologies
3.3. Leader STARA Competence (LSC) and Hindrance Appraisal of STARA Technologies
3.4. Challenge Appraisal of STARA Technologies and Green Innovative Behavior
3.5. Hindrance Appraisal of STARA Technologies and Green Innovative Behavior
3.6. Challenge and Hindrance Appraisal of STARA Technologies Mediate the Relationship Between Leader STARA Competence and Green Innovative Behavior
4. Methods
4.1. Measures
4.2. Data Gathering Methods
4.3. Data Analysis
5. Results
5.1. Common Method Bias (CMB) and Data Normality
5.2. Outer Model Evaluation
5.3. Structural Model Assessment and Hypotheses Testing
Multi-Group Analysis (MGA) Based on Gender Group
6. Discussion and Conclusions
6.1. Discussion
6.2. Theoretical Implications
6.3. Practical Implications
7. Study Limitations and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Group (N = 446) | Frequency | % |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Male | 300 | 67.3 | |
Female | 146 | 32.7 | |
Age group | |||
18–29 | 204 | 45.7 | |
30–39 | 131 | 29.4 | |
40–49 | 81 | 18.2 | |
50–59 | 30 | 6.7 | |
From 60 and more | - | - | |
Education | |||
High School | 36 | 8.1 | |
Middle school | 239 | 53.6 | |
Bachelor’s Degree | 118 | 26.5 | |
Postgraduate | 10 | 2.2 | |
Other | 43 | 9.6 | |
Experience | |||
Below 2 Years | 110 | 24.7 | |
Between 2 and 5 Years | 110 | 24.7 | |
Between 5 and 10 Years | 75 | 16.8 | |
Over 10 Years | 151 | 33.9 |
Measures | λ (>0.7) | VIF (<5) | M | SD | SK | KU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leader STARA competence (LSC) (α = 0.885, CR = 0.921, AVE = 0.744) | ||||||
LSC_1 | 0.863 | 2.241 | 3.845 | 1.148 | −0.688 | −0.439 |
LSC_2 | 0.854 | 2.256 | 3.751 | 1.184 | −0.546 | −0.700 |
LSC_3 | 0.875 | 2.530 | 3.814 | 1.182 | −0.661 | −0.536 |
LSC_4 | 0.857 | 2.191 | 3.814 | 1.145 | −0.614 | −0.613 |
Challenge appraisal of STARA (CAS) (α = 0.921, CR = 0.944, AVE = 0.808) | ||||||
CAS_1 | 0.905 | 3.241 | 3.590 | 1.308 | −0.605 | −0.713 |
CAS_2 | 0.915 | 3.437 | 3.664 | 1.279 | −0.608 | −0.749 |
CAS_3 | 0.902 | 3.072 | 3.704 | 1.283 | −0.702 | −0.531 |
CAS_4 | 0.874 | 2.577 | 3.839 | 1.224 | −0.761 | −0.466 |
Hindrance appraisal of STARA (HAS) (α = 0.871, CR = 0.912, AVE = 0.722) | ||||||
HAS_1 | 0.832 | 1.980 | 3.516 | 0.989 | −0.310 | −0.323 |
HAS_2 | 0.861 | 2.237 | 3.491 | 0.982 | −0.225 | −0.371 |
HAS_3 | 0.849 | 2.121 | 3.502 | 0.980 | −0.294 | −0.288 |
HAS_4 | 0.855 | 2.172 | 3.561 | 0.929 | −0.304 | −0.049 |
Green innovative behavior (GIB) (α = 0.864, CR = 0.908, AVE = 0.711) | ||||||
GIB_1 | 0.797 | 1.808 | 3.305 | 1.200 | −0.009 | −0.970 |
GIB_2 | 0.857 | 2.095 | 3.435 | 1.252 | −0.273 | −0.927 |
GIB_3 | 0.860 | 2.217 | 3.383 | 1.225 | −0.145 | −1.024 |
GIB_4 | 0.857 | 2.131 | 3.352 | 1.281 | −0.197 | −1.047 |
CAS | GIB | HAS | LSC | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Challenge appraisal of STARA (CAS) | 0.899 | |||
Green innovative behavior (GIB) | 0.504 | 0.843 | ||
Hindrance appraisal of STARA (HAS) | −0.274 | −0.419 | 0.850 | |
Leader STARA competence (LSC) | 0.593 | 0.505 | −0.527 | 0.862 |
CAS | GIB | HAS | LSC | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Challenge appraisal of STARA (CAS) | ||||
Green innovative behavior (GIB) | 0.563 | |||
Hindrance appraisal of STARA (HAS) | 0.305 | 0.480 | ||
Leader STARA competence (LSC) | 0.655 | 0.572 | 0.599 |
Path Coefficients | β | t Value | Sig. | Result | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct Effects | ||||||
H1: LSC→ GIB | 0.189 | 2.891 | 0.004 | ✔ | ||
H2: LSC → CAS | 0.593 | 12.621 | 0.000 | ✔ | ||
H3: LSC → HAS | −0.527 | 15.845 | 0.000 | ✔ | ||
H4: CAS → GIB | 0.330 | 5.147 | 0.000 | |||
H5: HAS → GIB | −0.230 | 4.763 | 0.000 | |||
Indirect mediating effect | ||||||
H6: LSC → CAS → GIB | 0.195 | 4.660 | 0.000 | ✔ | ||
H6: LSC → HAS → GIB | 0.121 | 4.709 | 0.000 | ✔ | ||
Challenge appraisal of STARA (CAS) | R2 | 0.351 | Q2 | 0.267 | ||
Green innovative behavior (GIB) | R2 | 0.358 | Q2 | 0.235 | ||
Hindrance appraisal of STARA (LSC) | R2 | 0.278 | Q2 | 0.189 |
The Path | β-diff (Female - Male) | Sig. (Female vs. Male) |
---|---|---|
Direct effect | ||
H1: LSC → GIB | 0.165 | 0.882 |
H2: LSC → CAS | 0.116 | 0.882 |
H3: LSC → HAS | 0.063 | 0.833 |
H4: CAS → GIB | 0.048 | 0.361 |
H5: HAS → GIB | 0.040 | 0.658 |
Indirect mediating effect | ||
H6 and 7: LSC → GIB | 0.026 | 0.395 |
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Fayyad, S.; Elsawy, O.; Wafik, G.M.; Abotaleb, S.A.; Ali Abdelrahman, S.A.; Abdel Moneim, A.; Omran, R.; Attia, S.; Mansour, M.A. Leaders’ STARA Competencies and Green Innovation: The Mediating Roles of Challenge and Hindrance Appraisals. Tour. Hosp. 2025, 6, 202. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6040202
Fayyad S, Elsawy O, Wafik GM, Abotaleb SA, Ali Abdelrahman SA, Abdel Moneim A, Omran R, Attia S, Mansour MA. Leaders’ STARA Competencies and Green Innovation: The Mediating Roles of Challenge and Hindrance Appraisals. Tourism and Hospitality. 2025; 6(4):202. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6040202
Chicago/Turabian StyleFayyad, Sameh, Osman Elsawy, Ghada M. Wafik, Siham A Abotaleb, Sarah Abdelrahman Ali Abdelrahman, Azza Abdel Moneim, Rasha Omran, Salsabil Attia, and Mahmoud A. Mansour. 2025. "Leaders’ STARA Competencies and Green Innovation: The Mediating Roles of Challenge and Hindrance Appraisals" Tourism and Hospitality 6, no. 4: 202. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6040202
APA StyleFayyad, S., Elsawy, O., Wafik, G. M., Abotaleb, S. A., Ali Abdelrahman, S. A., Abdel Moneim, A., Omran, R., Attia, S., & Mansour, M. A. (2025). Leaders’ STARA Competencies and Green Innovation: The Mediating Roles of Challenge and Hindrance Appraisals. Tourism and Hospitality, 6(4), 202. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6040202