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Open AccessEditorial

Statement of Peer Review

by Sehyun Tak

Eng. Proc. 2025, 102(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025102013 - 11 Aug 2025

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Abstract

In submitting conference proceedings to Engineering Proceedings, the Volume Editors of the proceedings would like to certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review by the designated expert referees and were administered by [...] Read more.

In submitting conference proceedings to Engineering Proceedings, the Volume Editors of the proceedings would like to certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review by the designated expert referees and were administered by the Volume Editors strictly following the policies [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2025 Suwon ITS Asia Pacific Forum)

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4 pages, 162 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Understanding Commuters’ Willingness to Shift to Transfer-Type Buses Using a Latent Class Model

by Hwan-Seung Lee and Ho-Chul Park

Eng. Proc. 2025, 102(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025102001 - 22 Jul 2025

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Abstract

The Korean government proposes introducing a transfer-type bus system to reduce urban congestion. Transfer-type buses turn around at the Seoul border, requiring passengers to transfer to other modes to reach downtown. These buses have shorter routes, allowing reduced headways and increased bus supply. [...] Read more.

The Korean government proposes introducing a transfer-type bus system to reduce urban congestion. Transfer-type buses turn around at the Seoul border, requiring passengers to transfer to other modes to reach downtown. These buses have shorter routes, allowing reduced headways and increased bus supply. While this approach reduces congestion in the downtown area, it may cause transfer resistance, making it essential to analyze willingness to shift (WTS). This study uses a latent class model to categorize potential interregional bus users into three types: transfer avoidance, cost-sensitive, and time-sensitive. Over 50% of users in each group express WTS, showing a positive response to the transfer-type bus introduction. The choice model results indicate that the travel time and cost of direct type buses affect WTS, suggesting that policies should consider these factors for effective implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2025 Suwon ITS Asia Pacific Forum)

4 pages, 243 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of High-Speed Rail Demand Forecasting Incorporating Multi-Station Access Probabilities

by Seo-Young Hong and Ho-Chul Park

Eng. Proc. 2025, 102(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025102002 - 22 Jul 2025

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Abstract

This study develops a high-speed rail demand prediction model based on access probability, which quantifies the likelihood of passengers choosing a departure station among multiple alternatives. Traditional models assign demand to the nearest station or rely on manual calibration, often failing to reflect [...] Read more.

This study develops a high-speed rail demand prediction model based on access probability, which quantifies the likelihood of passengers choosing a departure station among multiple alternatives. Traditional models assign demand to the nearest station or rely on manual calibration, often failing to reflect actual travel behavior and requiring excessive time and resources. To address these limitations, this study integrates survey data, real-world datasets, and machine learning techniques to model station choice behavior more accurately. Key influencing factors, including headway, access time, parking availability, and transit connections, were identified through passenger surveys and incorporated into the model. Machine learning algorithms improved prediction accuracy, with SHAP analysis providing interpretability. The proposed model achieved high accuracy, with an average error rate below 3% for major stations. Scenario analyses confirmed its applicability in network expansions, including GTX openings and the integration of mobility as a service. This model enhances data-driven decision-making for rail operators and offers insights for rail network planning and operations. Future research will focus on validating the model across diverse regions and refining it with updated datasets and external data sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2025 Suwon ITS Asia Pacific Forum)

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7 pages, 1190 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Influence of Selective Security Check on Heterogeneous Passengers at Metro Stations

by Zhou Mo, Maricar Zafir and Gueta Lounell Bahoy

Eng. Proc. 2025, 102(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025102003 - 22 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Security checks (SCs) at metro stations are regarded as an effective measure to address the heightened security risks associated with high ridership. Introducing SCs without exacerbating congestion requires a thorough understanding of their impact on passenger flow. Most existing studies were conducted where [...] Read more.

Security checks (SCs) at metro stations are regarded as an effective measure to address the heightened security risks associated with high ridership. Introducing SCs without exacerbating congestion requires a thorough understanding of their impact on passenger flow. Most existing studies were conducted where SCs are mandatory and fixed at certain locations. This study presents a method for advising the scale and placement for SCs under a more relaxed security setting. Using agent-based simulation with heterogeneous profiles for both inbound and outbound passenger flow, existing bottlenecks are first identified. By varying different percentages of passengers for SCs and locations to deploy SCs, we observe the influence on existing bottlenecks and suggest a suitable configuration. In our experiments, key bottlenecks are identified before tap-in fare gantries. When deploying SCs near tap-in fare gantries as seen in current practices, a screening percentage of beyond 10% could exacerbate existing bottlenecks and also create new bottlenecks at SC waiting areas. Relocating the SC to a point beyond the fare gantries helps alleviate congestion. This method provides a reference for station managers and transport authorities for balancing security and congestion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2025 Suwon ITS Asia Pacific Forum)

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9 pages, 2459 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Beyond the Red and Green: Exploring the Capabilities of Smart Traffic Lights in Malaysia

by Mohd Fairuz Muhamad@Mamat, Mohamad Nizam Mustafa, Lee Choon Siang, Amir Izzuddin Hasani Habib and Azimah Mohd Hamdan

Eng. Proc. 2025, 102(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025102004 - 22 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Traffic congestion poses a significant challenge to modern urban environments, impacting both driver satisfaction and road safety. This paper investigates the effectiveness of a smart traffic light system (STL), a solution developed under the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) initiative by the Ministry of [...] Read more.

Traffic congestion poses a significant challenge to modern urban environments, impacting both driver satisfaction and road safety. This paper investigates the effectiveness of a smart traffic light system (STL), a solution developed under the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) initiative by the Ministry of Works Malaysia, to address these issues in Malaysia. The system integrates a network of sensors, AI-enabled cameras, and Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) technology to gather real-time data on traffic volume and vehicle classification at congested intersections. This data is utilized to dynamically adjust traffic light timings, prioritizing traffic flow on heavily congested roads while maintaining safety standards. To evaluate the system’s performance, a comprehensive study was conducted at a selected intersection. Traffic patterns were automatically analyzed using camera systems, and the performance of the STL was compared to that of traditional traffic signal systems. The average travel time from the start to the end intersection was measured and compared. Preliminary findings indicate that the STL significantly reduces travel times and improves overall traffic flow at the intersection, with average travel time reductions ranging from 7.1% to 28.6%, depending on site-specific factors. While further research is necessary to quantify the full extent of the system’s impact, these initial results demonstrate the promising potential of STL technology to enhance urban mobility and more efficient and safer roadways by moving beyond traditional traffic signal functionalities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2025 Suwon ITS Asia Pacific Forum)

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13 pages, 1869 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Pedestrian Model Development and Optimization for Subway Station Users

by Geon Hee Kim and Jooyong Lee

Eng. Proc. 2025, 102(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025102005 - 23 Jul 2025

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Abstract

This study presents an AI-enhanced pedestrian simulation model for subway stations, combining the Social Force Model (SFM) with LiDAR trajectory data from Samseong Station in Seoul. To reflect time-dependent behavioral differences, RMSProp-based optimization is performed separately for the morning peak, leisure hours, and [...] Read more.

This study presents an AI-enhanced pedestrian simulation model for subway stations, combining the Social Force Model (SFM) with LiDAR trajectory data from Samseong Station in Seoul. To reflect time-dependent behavioral differences, RMSProp-based optimization is performed separately for the morning peak, leisure hours, and evening peak, yielding time-specific parameter sets. Compared to baseline models with static parameters, the proposed method reduces prediction errors (MSE) by 50.1% to 84.7%. The model integrates adaptive learning rates, mini-batch training, and L2 regularization, enabling robust convergence and generalization across varied pedestrian densities. Its accuracy and modular design support real-world applications such as pre-construction design testing, post-opening monitoring, and capacity planning. The framework also contributes to Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs) by enabling predictive, data-driven evaluation of pedestrian flow dynamics in complex station environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2025 Suwon ITS Asia Pacific Forum)

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4 pages, 406 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Virtual Capacity Expansion of Stations in Bikesharing System: Potential Role of Single Station-Based Trips

by Gyugeun Yoon

Eng. Proc. 2025, 102(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025102006 - 25 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Bikeshare systems usually relocate bikes to respond to a mismatch between demand and bike supply, imposing substantial costs to operators despite the effort to encourage users to participate in voluntary rebalancing. This study initiates a search for a new strategy that can involve [...] Read more.

Bikeshare systems usually relocate bikes to respond to a mismatch between demand and bike supply, imposing substantial costs to operators despite the effort to encourage users to participate in voluntary rebalancing. This study initiates a search for a new strategy that can involve single station-based (SSB) riders and consider their bikes as the reserve of the current bike balance, resulting in the virtual expansion of station capacity. Thus, the behaviors of bike riders related to SSB trips are compared to investigate the potential applications. The results from analyzing the data of Citi Bike in New York City indicate that 13.4% of total trips were SSB, and the average trips per origin and destination (OD) pair was 2.6 times higher. Also, distinctive characteristics such as mean trip time regarding user groups and bike types were statistically significant within numerous OD pairs, implying the need for separate policies for both groups. Based on the analysis, stations with the highest expected benefit are identified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2025 Suwon ITS Asia Pacific Forum)

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4 pages, 976 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Developing a Risk Recognition System Based on a Large Language Model for Autonomous Driving

by Donggyu Min and Dong-Kyu Kim

Eng. Proc. 2025, 102(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025102007 - 29 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Autonomous driving systems have the potential to reduce traffic accidents dramatically; however, conventional modules often struggle to accurately detect risks in complex environments. This study presents a novel risk recognition system that integrates the reasoning capabilities of a large language model (LLM), specifically [...] Read more.

Autonomous driving systems have the potential to reduce traffic accidents dramatically; however, conventional modules often struggle to accurately detect risks in complex environments. This study presents a novel risk recognition system that integrates the reasoning capabilities of a large language model (LLM), specifically GPT-4, with traffic engineering domain knowledge. By incorporating surrogate safety measures such as time-to-collision (TTC) alongside traditional sensor and image data, our approach enhances the vehicle’s ability to interpret and react to potentially dangerous situations. Utilizing the realistic 3D simulation environment of CARLA, the proposed framework extracts comprehensive data—including object identification, distance, TTC, and vehicle dynamics—and reformulates this information into natural language inputs for GPT-4. The LLM then provides risk assessments with detailed justifications, guiding the autonomous vehicle to execute appropriate control commands. The experimental results demonstrate that the LLM-based module outperforms conventional systems by maintaining safer distances, achieving more stable TTC values, and delivering smoother acceleration control during dangerous scenarios. This fusion of LLM reasoning with traffic engineering principles not only improves the reliability of risk recognition but also lays a robust foundation for future real-time applications and dataset development in autonomous driving safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2025 Suwon ITS Asia Pacific Forum)

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5 pages, 1355 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of Detection and Prediction Response Technology for Black Ice Using Multi-Modal Imaging

by Seong-In Kang and Yoo-Seong Shin

Eng. Proc. 2025, 102(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025102008 - 29 Jul 2025

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Abstract

As traffic accidents caused by black ice during the winter continue to occur, there is a growing need for technologies that enable drivers to recognize and respond to black ice in advance. In particular, to reduce major accidents and associated casualties, it is [...] Read more.

As traffic accidents caused by black ice during the winter continue to occur, there is a growing need for technologies that enable drivers to recognize and respond to black ice in advance. In particular, to reduce major accidents and associated casualties, it is essential to provide timely information and prevent incidents through accurate prediction. This paper proposes an artificial intelligence (AI) technology capable of detecting and predicting black ice using multimodal data. The study aims to enable a preemptive response in the field of digital disaster safety and discusses the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach in real-world road environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2025 Suwon ITS Asia Pacific Forum)

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8 pages, 1609 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of a Multidirectional BLE Beacon-Based Radio-Positioning System for Vehicle Navigation in GNSS Shadow Roads

by Tae-Kyung Sung, Jae-Wook Kwon, Jun-Yeong Jang, Sung-Jin Kim and Won-Woo Lee

Eng. Proc. 2025, 102(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025102009 - 29 Jul 2025

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Abstract

In outdoor environments, GNSS is commonly used for vehicle navigation and various location-based ITS services. However, in GNSS shadow roads such as tunnels and underground highways, it is challenging to provide these services. With the rapid expansion of GNSS shadow roads, the need [...] Read more.

In outdoor environments, GNSS is commonly used for vehicle navigation and various location-based ITS services. However, in GNSS shadow roads such as tunnels and underground highways, it is challenging to provide these services. With the rapid expansion of GNSS shadow roads, the need for radio positioning technology that can serve the role of GNSS in these areas has become increasingly important to provide accurate vehicle navigation and various location-based ITS services. This paper proposes a new GNSS shadow road radio positioning technology using multidirectional BLE beacon signals. The structure of a multidirectional BLE beacon that radiates different BLE beacon signals in two or four directions is introduced, and explains the principle of differential RSSI technology to determine the vehicle’s location using these signals. Additionally, the technology used to determine the vehicle’s speed is described. A testbed was constructed to verify the performance of the developed multidirectional BLE beacon-based radio navigation system. The current status and future plans of the testbed installation are introduced, and the results of position and speed experiments using the testbed for constant speed and deceleration driving are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2025 Suwon ITS Asia Pacific Forum)

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4 pages, 1714 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Study on High-Precision Vehicle Navigation for Autonomous Driving on an Ultra-Long Underground Expressway

by Kyoung-Soo Choi, Yui-Hwan Sa, Min-Gyeong Choi, Sung-Jin Kim and Won-Woo Lee

Eng. Proc. 2025, 102(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025102010 - 5 Aug 2025

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Abstract

GPSs typically have an accuracy ranging from a few meters to several tens of meters. However, when corrected using various methods, they can achieve an accuracy of several tens of centimeters. In autonomous driving, a positioning accuracy of less than 50 cm is [...] Read more.

GPSs typically have an accuracy ranging from a few meters to several tens of meters. However, when corrected using various methods, they can achieve an accuracy of several tens of centimeters. In autonomous driving, a positioning accuracy of less than 50 cm is required for lane-level positioning, route generation, and navigation. However, in environments where GPS signals are blocked, such as tunnels and underground roads, absolute positioning is impossible. Instead, relative positioning methods integrating IMU, IVN, and cameras are used. These methods are influenced by numerous variables, however, such as vehicle speed and road conditions, resulting in lower accuracy. In this study, we conducted experiments on current vehicle navigation technologies using an autonomous driving simulation vehicle in the Suri–Suam Tunnel of the Seoul Metropolitan Area 1st Ring Expressway. To recognize objects (lane markings/2D/3D) for position correction inside the tunnel, data on tunnel and underground road infrastructure in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province was collected, processed, refined, and trained. Additionally, a Loosely Coupled-based Kalman Filter was designed and applied for the fusion of GPSs, IMUs, and IVNs. As a result, an error of 113.62 cm was observed in certain sections. This suggests that while the technology is applicable for general vehicle lane-level navigation in ultra-long tunnels spanning several kilometers for public service, it falls short of meeting the precision required for autonomous driving systems, which demand lane-level accuracy. Therefore, it was concluded that infrastructure-based absolute positioning technology is necessary to enable precise navigation inside tunnels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2025 Suwon ITS Asia Pacific Forum)

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12 pages, 8263 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparing Dynamic Traffic Flow Between Human-Driven and Autonomous Vehicles Under Cautious and Aggressive Vehicle Behavior

by Maftuh Ahnan and Dukgeun Yun

Eng. Proc. 2025, 102(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025102011 - 5 Aug 2025

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Abstract

This study explores the impact of driving behaviors, specifically cautious and aggressive, on the performance of human-driven vehicles (HDVs) and autonomous vehicles (AVs) in traffic flow dynamics. It focuses on various metrics, including level of service (LOS), average speed, traffic volume, queue delays, [...] Read more.

This study explores the impact of driving behaviors, specifically cautious and aggressive, on the performance of human-driven vehicles (HDVs) and autonomous vehicles (AVs) in traffic flow dynamics. It focuses on various metrics, including level of service (LOS), average speed, traffic volume, queue delays, carbon emissions, and fuel consumption, to assess their effects on overall performance. The findings reveal significant differences between cautious and aggressive AVs, particularly at varying market penetration rates (MPRs). Aggressive autonomous vehicles demonstrate greater traffic efficiency compared to their cautious counterparts. They achieve higher levels of service, improving from poor performance at low MPRs to significantly better performance at higher MPRs and in fully autonomous scenarios. In contrast, cautious AVs often experience poor service ratings at low MPRs, with an improvement in performance only at higher MPRs. Regarding environmental performance, aggressive AVs outperform cautious ones in terms of reduced emissions and fuel consumption. The emissions produced by aggressive AVs are significantly lower than those from cautious AVs, and they further decrease as the MPRs increases. Additionally, aggressive AVs show a considerable reduction in fuel usage compared to cautious AVs. While cautious AVs improve slightly at higher MPRs, they continue to generate higher emissions and consume more fuel than their aggressive counterparts. In conclusion, aggressive AVs offer better traffic efficiency and environmental performance than both cautious AVs. Their ability to improve road efficiency and reduce congestion positions them as a valuable asset for sustainable transportation. Strategically incorporating aggressive AVs into transportation systems could lead to significant advancements in traffic management and environmental sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2025 Suwon ITS Asia Pacific Forum)

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6 pages, 1076 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Applying Transformer-Based Dynamic-Sequence Techniques to Transit Data Analysis

by Bumjun Choo and Dong-Kyu Kim

Eng. Proc. 2025, 102(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025102012 - 7 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Transit systems play a vital role in urban mobility, yet predicting individual travel behavior within these systems remains a complex challenge. Traditional machine learning approaches struggle with transit trip data because each trip may consist of a variable number of transit legs, leading [...] Read more.

Transit systems play a vital role in urban mobility, yet predicting individual travel behavior within these systems remains a complex challenge. Traditional machine learning approaches struggle with transit trip data because each trip may consist of a variable number of transit legs, leading to missing data and inconsistencies when using fixed-length tabular representations. To address this issue, we propose a transformer-based dynamic-sequence approach that models transit trips as variable-length sequences, allowing for flexible representation while leveraging the power of attention mechanisms. Our methodology constructs trip sequences by encoding each transit leg as a token, incorporating travel time, mode of transport, and a 2D positional encoding based on grid-based spatial coordinates. By dynamically skipping missing legs instead of imputing artificial values, our approach maintains data integrity and prevents bias. The transformer model then processes these sequences using self-attention, effectively capturing relationships across different trip segments and spatial patterns. To evaluate the effectiveness of our approach, we train the model on a dataset of urban transit trips and predict first-mile and last-mile travel times. We assess performance using Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). Experimental results demonstrate that our dynamic-sequence method yields up to a 30.96% improvement in accuracy compared to non-dynamic methods while preserving the underlying structure of transit trips. This study contributes to intelligent transportation systems by presenting a robust, adaptable framework for modeling real-world transit data. Our findings highlight the advantages of self-attention-based architectures for handling irregular trip structures, offering a novel perspective on a data-driven understanding of individual travel behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2025 Suwon ITS Asia Pacific Forum)

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