Endocrines, Volume 4, Issue 3

Pituitary apoplexy (PA) is a rare medical emergency. The sudden pressure increase in the sella turcica may determine compression on the surrounding structures determining the classical symptomatology associated, especially visual field impairment and...

We report a case of a 19-year-old male referred to the Endocrine Unit because of gynecomastia. Initial investigation revealed elevated levels of estradiol (E2) along with secondary hypogonadism (hypotestosteronemia and severe oligoasthenoteratozoospe...

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors were once known as a class of glycemic-lowering agents to treat type 2 diabetes. As the evolving evidence from recent cardiorenal trials on these agents has shown—e.g., EMPA-REG OUTCOME, DECLAR...

Corosolic acid (CA), a natural compound derived from the Banaba tree (Lagerstroemia speciosa), has attracted attention for its potential therapeutic properties in the management of metabolic diseases. This narrative review aims to summarize the curre...

Phosphorus is essential for all living organisms. It plays an important role in maintaining biological functions, such as energy metabolism, cell membrane formation, and bone mineralization. Various factors in the intestine, kidneys, and bones regula...

The association between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and coeliac disease (CD) is well known. Metabolic control of thirty-seven patients aged between 1 and 18 years, with coexisting T1D and CD were evaluated. The control group includes 37 patients affected o...

Leydig cells, located in the testis interstitial space, are the primary source of testosterone in males. Testosterone plays critical roles in both reproductive and metabolic functions and therefore is essential for male health. Steroidogenesis must b...

Background: The prevalence of thyroid disease has seen a rapid increase in recent times, primarily attributed to the fast pace of lifestyles that often result in poor dietary choices, work-life imbalances, social stress, genetic mutations, and improv...

Interstitial expansion is associated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) loss in many renal diseases, including diabetic nephropathy. The Renin–Angiotensin System Study (RASS) tested whether a 5-year renin–angiotensin system (RAS) block...

Primary amenorrhea (PA) describes the complete absence of menses by the age of 15 years. It is a devastating diagnosis that can affect the adolescent’s view of her femininity, sexuality, fertility and self-image. A normal menstrual cycle can oc...