Performance and Emissions of Camelina Biodiesel–Jet A Blends in a Micro-Gas Turbine as a Sustainable Pathway for Aviation

This study investigates the performance, emissions, and physicochemical characteristics of a small-scale gas turbine fueled with Jet A and camelina biodiesel blends (B10, B20, and B30). The blends were characterized by slightly higher density (up to +3%), viscosity (+12–18%), and lower heating value (−7–9%) compared to Jet A. These fuel properties influenced the combustion behavior and overall turbine response. Experimental results showed that exhaust gas temperature decreased by 40–60 °C and specific fuel consumption (SFC) increased by 5–8% at idle, while thrust variation remained below 2% across all operating regimes. Fuel flow was reduced by 4–9% depending on the blend ratio, confirming efficient atomization despite the higher viscosity. Emission measurements indicated a 20–30% reduction in SO₂ and a 10–35% increase in CO at low load, mainly due to the sulfur-free composition and lower combustion temperature of biodiesel. Transient response analysis revealed that biodiesel blends mitigated overshoot and undershoot amplitudes during load changes, improving combustion stability. Overall, the results demonstrate that camelina biodiesel–Jet A blends up to 30% ensure stable turbine operation with quantifiable environmental benefits and minimal performance penalties, confirming their suitability as sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs).