Abstract
In this paper, the authors introduce the notion of neutrosophic double controlled metric spaces as a generalization of neutrosophic metric spaces. For this purpose, two non-comparable functions, ξ and Γ, are used in triangle inequalities. The authors prove several interesting results for contraction mappings with non-trivial examples. At the end of the paper, the authors prove the existence, and the uniqueness, of the integral equation to support the main result.
Keywords:
double controlled metric space; neutrosophic metric space; fixed point results; integral equation MSC:
47H10; 54H25
1. Introduction
The concept of metric spaces and the Banach contraction principle are the backbone of the field of fixed-point theory. Axiomatic interpretation of metric space attracts thousands of researchers towards spaciousness. So far, there have been many generalizations on metric spaces. This tells us of the beauty, attraction and expansion of the concept of metric spaces.
The notion of fuzzy sets was proposed by Zadeh []. The adjective “fuzzy” seems to be a very popular, and very frequent, one in contemporary studies concerning the logical and set-theoretical foundations of mathematics. The main reason for this quick development is, in our opinion, easy to be understood. The world that surrounds us is full of uncertainty for the following reasons: the information we obtain from the environment, the notions we use, and the data resulting from our observations or measurements are, in general, vague and incorrect. So, every formal description of the real world, or some of its aspects, is, in every case, only an approximation and an idealization of the actual state. Notions like fuzzy sets, fuzzy orderings, fuzzy languages, etc., enable us to handle, and to study, the degree of uncertainty mentioned above in a purely mathematical and formal way.
The concept of fuzzy sets has succeeded in shifting a lot of mathematical structures within its concept. Schweizer and Sklar [] defined the notion of continuous t-norms. Kramosil and Michalek [] introduced the notion of fuzzy metric spaces. They applied the concept of fuzziness, via continuous t-norms, to classical notions of metric and metric spaces and compared the notions thus obtained with those resulting from some other, namely probabilistic, statistical generalizations of metric spaces. Garbiec [] provided the fuzzy interpretation of Banach contraction principle in fuzzy metric spaces. Ur-Reham et al. [] proved some α − ϕ-fuzzy cone contraction results with integral type application.
Fuzzy metric spaces only deal with membership functions. An intuitionistic fuzzy metric space was established by Park [] that is used to deal with both membership and non-membership functions. Konwar [] presented the concept of an intuitionistic fuzzy b-metric space and proved several fixed-point theorems. Kirişci and Simsek [] introduced the notion of neutrosophic metric spaces that is used to deal with membership, non-membership and naturalness. Simsek and Kirişci [] proved some amazing fixed-point results in the context of neutrosophic metric spaces. Sowndrarajan et al. [] proved some fixed-point results in the setting of neutrosophic metric spaces. Itoh [] proved an application regarding random differential equations in Banach spaces. Mlaiki [] coined the concept of controlled metric spaces and proved several fixed-point results for contraction mappings. Sezen [] presented the notion of controlled fuzzy metric spaces and proved various contraction mapping results. Recently, Saleem et al. [] introduced the concept of fuzzy double controlled metric spaces. For related articles, see [,,,,,].
In this paper, the authors used the notion of fuzzy double controlled metric spaces introduced in [] and neutrosophic metric spaces introduced in [] to define the notion of neutrosophic double controlled metric spaces. The main objectives of this paper are as follows:
- To introduce the notion of neutrosophic double controlled metric spaces
- To prove several fixed-point theorems for contraction mappings
- To enhance the literature of fuzzy fixed-point theory
- To find the existence of uniqueness of the solution of an integral equation.
2. Preliminaries
In this section, the authors provide some definitions that will be helpful for readers to understand the main section.
Definition 1
([]). A binary operation ∗: is called a continuous triangle norm if:
- is continuous;
- Ifandwiththen
Definition 2
([]). A binary operation : is called a continuous triangle conorm if:
- is continuous;
- If and with then
Definition 3
([]). Given are non-comparable functions, if satisfies the following conditions:
for all , then, is said to be a double controlled metric space.
Definition 4
([]). Suppose and are given non-comparable functions, is a continuous t-norm and is a fuzzy set on is said to be a fuzzy double controlled metric on , for all if:
- is left continuous.
Then, is said to be a fuzzy double controlled metric space.
Definition 5
([]). Take . Let be a continuous t-norm, be a continuous t-conorm, and be fuzzy sets on . If fulfils all
- is a non-decreasing function of;
- is a non-increasing function ofand
Then, is an intuitionistic fuzzy b-metric space.
Definition 6
([]). Let , is a continuous t-norm, be a continuous t-conorm, and are neutrosophic sets on is said to be a neutrosophic metric on , if for all the following conditions are satisfied:
- (1)
- (2)
- (3)
- (4)
- (5)
- (6)
- is continuous and;
- (7)
- (8)
- (9)
- (10)
- (11)
- is continuous and;
- (12)
- (13)
- (14)
- (15)
- (16)
- is continuous and
- (17)
- Ifthen
Then, is called a neutrosophic metric space.
3. Main Results
In this part, we present neutrosophic double controlled metric spaces and demonstrate some fixed-point results.
Definition 7.
Letandbe given non-comparable functions, be a continuous t-norm, be a continuous t-conorm andbe neutrosophic sets onis said to be a neutrosophic double controlled metric on, if for allthe following conditions are satisfied:
- (i)
- (ii)
- (iii)
- (iv)
- (v)
- (vi)
- is continuous and;
- (vii)
- (viii)
- (ix)
- (x)
- (xi)
- is continuous and;
- (xii)
- (xiii)
- (xiv)
- (xv)
- (xvi)
- is continuous and;
- (xvii)
- Ifthen
Then, is called a neutrosophic double controlled metric space.
Example 1.
Letbe two non-comparable functions given byDefineas
and
Then, is a neutrosophic double controlled metric space with continuous t-norm and continuous t-conorm,
Proof.
Here we prove (v), (x) and (xv) others are obvious.
Let Then
On the other hand,
and
That is,
Then it satisfies all Hence,
Now,
On the other hand,
and
That is,
Then it satisfies all Hence,
Now,
On the other hand,
and
That is,
Then it satisfies all Hence,
Hence, is a neutrosophic double controlled metric space. □
Remark 1.
The preceding example also satisfies for continuous t-normand continuous t-conorm
Example 2.
Letbe two non-comparable functions given by
Define as
Then, is a neutrosophic double controlled metric space with continuous t-norm and continuous t-conorm
Remark 2.
The above example also holds for
and
Remark 3.
The preceding example also satisfies for continuous t-normand continuous t-conorm
Example 3.
Letbe given by
The mapping defined by , and where
Define as
Then we have
Then is a neutrosophic double controlled metric space with continuous t-norm and continuous t-conorm
It is easy to see that, when then is a neutrosophic metric space and for is a neutrosophic double controlled metric space. This shows that a neutrosophic double controlled metric space is not a neutrosophic metric space but the converse is true.
Remark 4.
- (a)
- If we take in the above Examples 1 and 2, then the neutrosophic double controlled metric space becomes a neutrosophic metric space.
- (b)
- Every fuzzy double controlled metric space is a neutrosophic double controlled metric space of the form such that continuous t-norm and continuous t-conorm are associated as
- (c)
- All examples of fuzzy double controlled metric spaces in [] are neutrosophic double controlled metric spaces with respect to (b).
Definition 8.
Letis a neutrosophic double controlled metric space, an open ball is then definedwith centerradiusandas follows:
Theorem 1.
Every open ball is an open set in neutrosophic double controlled metric space.
Proof.
Consider be an open ball with center and radius . Assume Therefore, There exists such that due to If we take then for will exist such that Given and such that Then will exist such that and Choose Consider the open ball We will show that If we take then , Then
It shows that and
Now we will examine the fact that a neutrosophic double controlled metric space is not continuous. □
Example 4.
Letbe given by
Define as
The mapping defined by
Then, is a neutrosophic double controlled metric space with continuous t-norm and continuous t-conorm To illustrate the discontinuity, we have
However, since
One can assert that is not continuous.
Note, we are assuming the case in which the neutrosophic double controlled metric space is a Hausdorff and continuous. The continuity of the neutrosophic double controlled metric space means the continuity of the involved functions.
Definition 9.
Letis a neutrosophic double controlled metric space and be a sequence inThenis said to be:
- (a)
- a convergent exists if there exists such that
- (b)
- a Cauchy sequence, if and only if for each there exists such that
If every Cauchy sequence convergent in then is called a complete neutrosophic double controlled metric space.
Lemma 1.
Letbe a Cauchy sequence in neutrosophic double controlled metric space such thatwheneverwithThen the sequencecan converge to, at most, one limit point.
Proof.
Contrarily, assume that and Then, Suppose
That is Hence that is, the sequence converges to, at most, one limit point. □
Lemma 2.
Letis a neutrosophic double controlled metric space. If for someand for any
then
Proof.
(1) implies that
Now
Also, by dint of (iii), (viii) and (xiii), that is,
Now, we will prove the neutrosophic double controlled Banach contraction theorem. □
Theorem 2.
Supposeis a complete neutrosophic double controlled metric space in the company ofand suppose that
for all and . Let be a mapping satisfying
for all and Then has a unique fixed point.
Proof.
and
Let be a point of and define a sequence by , By utilising for all we obtain
and
We obtain
for any , we deduce
and
Using (4) in the above inequalities, we deduce
Using (2), we deduce
and
i.e., is a Cauchy sequence. Since is a complete neutrosophic double controlled metric space, there exists
Now look into the fact that is a fixed point of , utilizing we get
and
Hence, .
Now, we examine the uniqueness. Let for some , then
and
by using □
Corollary 1.
Supposeis a complete neutrosophic double controlled metric space in the company ofand suppose that
for all and . Let be a mapping satisfying
for alland Then,has a unique fixed point.
Proof.
Easy to prove by using Theorem 1 and Lemma 2. □
Definition 10.
Letbe a neutrosophic double controlled metric space. A mapis an ND-controlled contraction if there exists, such that
and
for all
Now, we prove the theorem for ND-controlled contraction.
Theorem 3.
Letbe a complete neutrosophic double controlled metric space withand suppose that
for all and . Let be a ND-controlled contraction. Further, suppose that for an arbitrary where. Then, has a unique fixed point.
Proof.
Let be a point of and define a sequence by , By using and for all we deduce
Carrying on in this manner, we deduce
We obtain
and
for any , we deduce
and
and
Therefore,
and
i.e., is a CS. Since be a complete neutrosophic double controlled metric space, there exists
Now, we examine that is a fixed point of , utilising we get
Using the above inequality, we obtain
and
Hence, . Now, we examine the uniqueness. Let for some , then
is a contradiction,
is a contradiction, and,
Is a contradiction. Therefore, we must have , hence, □
Example 5.
Letbe two non-comparable functions given by
and
Define as
Then, is a complete neutrosophic double controlled metric space with continuous t-norm and continuous t-conorm
Define and take then
and
As a result, all of the conditions of Theorem 1 are met, and 0 is the only fixed point for
4. Application to Fredholm Integral Equation
Suppose is the set of real value continuous functions defined on .
Suppose the integral equation:
where is a fuzzy function of and Define by means of
and
with continuous t-norm and continuous t-conorm define by Define as
Then is a complete neutrosophic double controlled metric space.
Suppose that for and . Also, let Then, the integral Equation (12) has a unique solution.
Proof.
Define by
Now, for all , we deduce
and
As a result, all of the conditions of Theorem 1 are satisfied and operator has a unique fixed point. This indicates that an integral Equation (12) has a unique solution. □
Example 6.
Assume the following non-linear integral equation
Then it has a solution in
Proof.
Let be defined by
and set and , where , and . Then we have
Furthermore, see that where Then, it is easy to see that all other conditions of the above application are easy to examine and the above problem has a solution in □
5. Conclusions
This paper introduced the concept of neutrosophic double controlled fuzzy metric spaces, as well as various new types of fixed-point theorems that can be proved in this novel environment. Furthermore, we offered a non-trivial example to show that the proposed solutions are viable. We have complemented our work with an application that shows how the developed approach outperforms the literature-based methods. Our conclusions and conceptions augment a generalized number of previously published results, since our structure is more general than the class of fuzzy and double controlled fuzzy spaces.
Author Contributions
This article was written equally by all contributors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Data Availability Statement
On request, the data used to support the findings of this study can be obtained from the corresponding author.
Conflicts of Interest
There are no competing interests declared by the authors.
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