Improved Turbulence Prediction in Turbomachinery Flows and the Effect on Three-Dimensional Boundary Layer Transition †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Numerical Method
3. Cascade Test-Cases
3.1. Durham Cascade
3.1.1. Spanwise Distribution
3.1.2. Boundary Layer Behavior
3.2. Langston Cascade
3.2.1. Suction Side Flow
3.2.2. Sidewall Flow
4. Low-Speed Axial Compressor Rig
4.1. Global Design Parameter
4.2. Boundary Layer Behavior
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
bv | viscous blending function for VB-approach |
cf | friction coefficient |
cp | pressure coefficient |
htot,1,m,MS | total enthalpy at inlet (circumferentially averaged at mid span) |
k | turbulent kinetic energy |
lax | axial chord length |
lT | turbulent length scale |
mass flow | |
rpm | revolutions per minute |
t/T | dimensionless wake passing period |
x | axial direction |
y+ | dimensionless wall distance |
z/h | dimensionless spanwise direction |
C | calibration constant |
E | instantaneous output voltage from anemometer |
E0 | anemometer voltage obtained under zero-flow conditions |
Fonset,CF | cross-flow transition trigger |
Fonset,γ | transition trigger within original -ReΘ model |
HS | streamwise shape factor |
IGV | Inlet Guide Vane |
Ma2 | Mach number at outlet |
P | power output |
Re | Reynolds number |
ReΘ | momentum loss thickness Reynolds number |
3D displacement thickness Reynolds number | |
S | Strain rate |
S2s | horseshoe vortex suction side leg |
S2p | horseshoe vortex pressure side leg |
TC1,local | dimensionless threshold value of local Arnal criterion |
Tu1 | turbulence intensity at inlet |
AVDR | Axial Velocity Density Ratio |
CFD | Computational Fluid Dynamics |
DLR | German Aerospace Center |
GCI | Grid Convergence Index |
k- lT = 9.4 mm | k- + -ReΘ for lT = 9.4 mm |
Q3D | Quasi-3-dimensional |
QWSS | Quasi Wall Shear-Stress |
SST | k- SST + -ReΘ |
SST-CF | k- SST + -ReΘ with cross-flow modification [30] |
(U)RANS | Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes |
VB | k- with modification [10] + -ReΘ |
VB-CF | k- with modification [10] + -ReΘ with cross-flow modification [30] |
inlet angle | |
numerical intermittency | |
effective numerical intermittency from -ReΘ transition model | |
total pressure loss coefficient | |
Isentropic-to-mechanical efficiency | |
eddy viscosity | |
total pressure ratio (circumferentially averaged at mid span) | |
wall shear-stress | |
turbulent dissipation rate | |
turbulent dissipation rate in free stream |
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Bode, C.; Friedrichs, J.; Frieling, D.; Herbst, F. Improved Turbulence Prediction in Turbomachinery Flows and the Effect on Three-Dimensional Boundary Layer Transition. Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2018, 3, 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp3030018
Bode C, Friedrichs J, Frieling D, Herbst F. Improved Turbulence Prediction in Turbomachinery Flows and the Effect on Three-Dimensional Boundary Layer Transition. International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power. 2018; 3(3):18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp3030018
Chicago/Turabian StyleBode, Christoph, Jens Friedrichs, Dominik Frieling, and Florian Herbst. 2018. "Improved Turbulence Prediction in Turbomachinery Flows and the Effect on Three-Dimensional Boundary Layer Transition" International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power 3, no. 3: 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp3030018