Underutilized Fruit Crops of Indian Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: Importance, Conservation and Utilization Strategies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Characteristics and Potential Uses of Indigenous Underutilized Fruit Crops
2.1. Indian Jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana L.)
2.2. Indian Gooseberry (Emblica officinalis G.)
2.3. Lasora (Cordia myxa L.)
2.4. Bael [Aegle marmelos L. (Correa)]
2.5. Kair [Capparis decidua (Forsk.)]
2.6. Karonda (Carissa carandas L.)
2.7. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.)
2.8. Wood Apple [Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle]
2.9. Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.)
2.10. Jamun (Syzygium cumunii Skeels)
2.11. Jharber (Ziziphus nummularia Burm. f.)
2.12. Mahua [Madhuca longifolia (Koenig)]
2.13. Pilu (Salvadora persica L.)
2.14. Khejri [Prosopis cineraria (Druce.) L.]
2.15. Mulberry (Morus alba L.)
2.16. Chironji (Buchana nialanzan)
2.17. Manila tamarind [Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.]
2.18. Timroo (Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.)
2.19. Khirni (Manilkara hexendra L.)
Common Names | Species | Drought Tolerant | Marginal/ Poor Soils | Vitamins | Mineral Elements | Antioxidants | Medicinal Properties | Shelf-Life | Consumed Form |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aonla (Indian Gooseberry) | Emblica officinalis G. | Yes [163] | Yes [163] | C [31] | Ca, Fe, P [30,32] | Leucoanthocyanins, gallic acid, ascorbic acid [30,32] | Yes [30] | Perishable [33] | Raw, processed [34,35] |
Bael | Aegle marmelos L. (Correa) | Yes [45] | Yes [45] | B1, B2, A, C [164] | Fe, Ca, K, P [165,166] | Marmelosin, psoralen [50,166] | Yes [49,50] | Very low perishability [167] | Processed [51,168] |
Ber (Indian Jujube) | Ziziphus mauritiana L. | Yes [23,42] | Yes [53] | C, A, B [11,72,85] | Ca, P, K, Rb, Br, La [45,48,74] | Carotenoids [102] | Yes [8] | Perishable [68,89] | Raw, dry, processed [1,26,103] |
Chironji | Buchanania lanzan | Yes [137] | Yes [137,169] | B1, B2, C [170] | P, Ca, Fe [139] | Polyphenolics [170,171] | Yes [81,141,142] | Highly perishable (fruit) very low perishability (kernel) [172] | Raw, processed [139] |
Custard apple | Annona squamosa L. | Yes [173] | Yes [173] | A B1, B2, B3, C, E [82,83] | K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe [174] | Carotenoid, flavonoids [83,84,174] | Yes [82,83] | Perishable [175] | Raw, processed [84] |
Jamun | Syzygium cumunii Skeels | Yes [176] | Yes [176] | C, B, E [177,178] | K, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe [179] | Ascorbic acid, phenolics [86,178] | Yes [87,88] | Highly perishable [176] | Raw, processed [89] |
Jharber | Ziziphus nummularia Burm. f. | Yes [10,91] | Yes [10] | C, B group, A [22] | K, P, Ca, Fe, Na [180] | Phenolics and ascorbic acid [92] | Yes [92] | Very low perishability [22] | Raw, dry [22] |
Kair | Capparis decidua (Forsk.) | Yes [53,54] | Yes [52] | A, C, E [57,181] | AI, P, Na, Mg, Fe, Ca [57,182] | Rutin, tocopherols, carotinoids [182,183,184] | Yes [57] | Very low perishability [56] | Processed [56] |
Karonda | Carissa carandas L. | Yes [185,186] | Yes [187] | C, A [61,62] | Fe, Ca, Mg, P [61,62] | Phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins [61,62] | Yes [188] | Moderately perishable [186,187] | Raw, processed [60] |
Khejri | Prosopis cineraria (Druce.) L. | Yes [113,114] | Yes [113,114] | K1, A, C [189] | Ca, P, Fe, Zn [121,122] | Phenolics, carotenoids, saponin [123] | Yes [123,126] | Moderately perishable [126] | Dry, processed [126] |
Khirni | Manilkara hexandra L. | Yes [159] | Yes [158] | A, C, E [160] | Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, Se [189] | Quercetin, myricetin, rutin [160] | Yes [161,162] | Highly perishable [190] | Raw, processed [191] |
Lasora | Cordia myxa L. | Yes [192] | Yes [193] | C [10] | Ca, P, Zn, Fe [41,194,195] | Polyphenols, flavonoids [41,194,196] | Yes [197] | Perishable [198] | Processed [39,199] |
Mahua | Madhuca longifolia Koenig | Yes [200,201] | Yes [200] | C, A [201] | Ca, P [202] | Ascorbic acid [98] | Yes [101,102] | Very low perishability [201] | Processed [99,100] |
Manila tamarind | Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. | Yes [148] | Yes [148] | C, B6, B1 [203] | K, P, Ca, Fe, Zn [204] | Anthocyanins, polyphenolics [145,205] | Yes [146,147] | Moderately perishable [206] | Raw, processed [207] |
Mulberry | Morus alba L. | Yes [127] | Yes [127] | C, E, K [208] | Fe, Cu, Mg, K, Se, Na [208] | Zeaxanthin, resveratrol [208] | Yes [132,135] | Highly perishable [208] | Raw, processed [130,131] |
Pilu | Salvadora persica L. | Yes [103,104] | Yes [103,104] | E, C, A [209] | K, Cl, Na, S, Fe [210] | Polyphenols, flavonoids. carotenoids [209] | Yes [105,108] | Highly perishable [110] | Processed [110] |
Tamarind | Tamarindus indica L. | Yes [211] | Yes [211] | C, K, B6 [65] | K, Ca, P, Na, Fe, Zn [65] | Polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids [67,68] | Yes [67,68] | Very low perishability [66,212] | Raw, processed [66] |
Timroo | Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. | Yes [213] | Yes [213] | C, A [214] | K, Ca, P [214] | Polyphenolics, beta-carotene [152,153,154] | Yes [155,157] | Perishable [214] | Raw, processed [215] |
Wood apple | Feronia limonia L. | Yes [71] | Yes [71] | A, B2, C [216] | Ca, P, Fe[216] | Phenolics [216,217] | Yes [74,75,76] | Very low perishability [218] | Processed [77,78] |
3. Diversity and Conservation of Genetic Resources of Indigenous Underutilized Fruit Crops
4. Strategies for the Improvement and Promotion of Underutilized Fruit Crops
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- U.N. World Population Prospects. UN.org. 2021. Available online: https://population.un.org/wpp/ (accessed on 11 December 2020).
- Grebmer, V.K.J.; Bernstein, R.; Alders, O.; Dar, R.; Kock, F.; Rampa, M.; Wiemers, K.; Acheampong, A.; Hanano, B.; Higgins, R.; et al. Global Hunger Index—One Decade to Zero Hunger: Linking Health and Sustainable Food Systems; Welthungerhilfe: Bonn, Germany, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Anonymous. International Food Policy Research Institute, Global Nutrition Report 2016: From Promise to Impact: Ending Malnutrition by 2030; International Food Policy Research Institute: Washington, DC, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- NHB. Indian Horticulture Database-2019; National Horticulture Board, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare, Government of India: New Delhi, India, 2019.
- Gora, J.S.; Verma, A.K.; Singh, J.; Chaudhary, D.R. Climate Change and Production of Horticultural Crops. In Agriculture Impact of Climate Change; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2019; pp. 45–61. [Google Scholar]
- Chatzistathis, T.; Fanourakis, D.; Aliniaeifard, S.; Kotsiras, A.; Delis, C.; Tsaniklidis, G. Leaf Age-Dependent Effects of Boron Toxicity in Two Cucumis melo Varieties. Agronomy 2021, 11, 759. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mumivand, H.; Shayganfar, A.; Tsaniklidis, G.; Bistgani, Z.E.; Fanourakis, D.; Nicola, S. Pheno-Morphological and Essential Oil Composition Responses to UVA Radiation and Protectants: A Case Study in Three Thymus Species. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sanwal, S.K.; Mann, A.; Kumar, A.; Kesh, H.; Kaur, G.; Rai, A.K.; Kumar, R.; Sharma, P.C.; Kumar, A.; Bahadur, A.; et al. Salt Tolerant Eggplant Rootstocks Modulate Sodium Partitioning in Tomato Scion and Improve Performance under Saline Conditions. Agriculture 2022, 12, 183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berwal, M.K.; Haldhar, S.M.; Ram, C.; Shil, S.; Kumar, R.; Gora, J.S.; Singh, D. Calligonum polygonoides L. as Novel Source of Bioactive Compounds in Hot Arid Regions: Evaluation of Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 1156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rathore, M. Nutrient content of important fruit trees from arid zone of Rajasthan. J. Hortic. For. 2009, 1, 103–108. [Google Scholar]
- Mantri, N.; Patade, V.; Penna, S.; Ford, R.; Pang, E. Abiotic stress responses in plants: Present and future. In Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2012; pp. 1–19. [Google Scholar]
- Zorb, C.; Geilfus, C.M.; Dietz, K.J. Salinity and crop yield. Plant Biol. 2019, 21, 31–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ashraf, M.; Harris, P.J. Abiotic Stresses: Plant Resistance through Breeding and Molecular Approaches; Haworth Press: New York, NY, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Chundawat, B.S. Arid Fruit Culture; Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.: New Delhi, India, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Pareek, S.; Mukherjee, S.; Paliwal, R. Floral biology of ber—A Review. Agric. Rev. 2007, 28, 277–282. [Google Scholar]
- Adhikary, T.; Kundu, S.; Chattopadhayay, P.; Ghosh, B. Flowering Intensity and Sex Ratio of Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.). Int. J. Bio-Res. Stress Manag. 2019, 10, 107–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, R.S.; Nath, V.; Tewari, J.C. Lasora—A promising fruit tree for arid ecosystem. Deco Mirror 1996, 3, 5–11. [Google Scholar]
- Thind, S.K.; Mahal, J.S. Package of Practices for Cultivation of Fruits; Additional Director of Communication for Punjab Agricultural University: Ludhiana, India, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Saroj, P.L. Global Scenario for Arid and Semi-Arid Fruit Production for Combating Hunger. In Proceedings of the National Conference on Arid Horticulture for Enhancing Productivity and Economic Empowerment Held at ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner, India, 27–29 October 2018; pp. 1–14. [Google Scholar]
- Anjum, S.A.; Xie, X.; Wang, L.C.; Saleem, M.F.; Man, C.; Lei, W. Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2011, 6, 2026–2032. [Google Scholar]
- Bhargava, R.; Berwal, M.K. Adaptation for Drought Tolerance in Arid Horticultural Crops; CIAH/Tech./Pub. No. 66; ICAR-Central Institute for Arid Horticulture: Bikaner, India, 2018; p. 30. [Google Scholar]
- Meghwal, P.R.; Khan, M.A.; Tewari, J.C. Ber: Growing ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam) for Sustainable Income and Employment in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions; Director, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute: Jodhpur, India, 2007; p. 26. [Google Scholar]
- Maciuk, A.; Lavaud, C.; Thépenier, P.; Jacquier, M.J.; Ghédira, K.; Zèches-Hanrot, M. Four new dammaranesaponins from Zizyphus lotus. J. Nat. Prod. 2004, 67, 1639–1643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abdoul-Azize, S. Potential Benefits of Jujube (Zizyphus lotus L.) Bioactive Compounds for Nutrition and Health. J. Nutr. Metabol. 2016, 2867470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Feyssa, D.H.; Njoka, J.T.; Asfaw, Z.; Nyangito, M.M. Wild edible fruits of importance for human nutrition in semi-arid parts of East Shewa Zone, Ethiopia: Associated indigenous knowledge and implications to food security. Pak. J. Nutr. 2011, 10, 40–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Anjum, M.A.; Rauf, M.A.; Bashir, H.; Ahmad, A. The evaluation of biodiversity in some indigenous Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) germplasm through physico-chemical analysis. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus 2018, 17, 39–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, M.; Wang, M. Germplasm Resources of Chinese Jujube; China Forestry Publ. House: Beijing, China, 2009. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Yao, S.; Heyduck, R. Ornamental Jujube Cultivar Evaluation in the Southwestern United States. HortTechnol. 2018, 28, 557–561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tiwari, J.P.; Mishra, D.S.; Mishra, K.K.; Mishra, N.K. Aonla. In Medicinal and Aromatic Crops; Jitendra, S., Ed.; Avishkar Publishers and Distributors: Jaipur, India, 2007; pp. 112–123. [Google Scholar]
- Ganachari, A.; Thangavel, K.; Ali, S.M.; Nidoni, U.; Ananthacharya, A. Physical properties of Aonla fruit relevant to the design of processing equipments. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol. 2010, 2, 7562–7566. [Google Scholar]
- Barthakur, N.N.; Arnold, N.P. Chemical analysis of Emblica (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) and its potential as food source. Hortic. Sci. 1991, 47, 99–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rajkumar, N.V.; Theres, M.; Kuttan, R. Emblica officinalis fruits afford protection against experimental gastric ulcers in rates. Pharm. Biol. 2001, 39, 375–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Priya, M.D.; Khatkar, B.S. Effect of processing methods on keeping quality of aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) preserve. Int. Food Res. J. 2013, 20, 617–622. [Google Scholar]
- Choptra, R.N. ; Chopra’s Indigenous Drugs of India, 2nd ed.; U.N. Dhur and Sons Private Ltd.: Calcutta, India, 1958. [Google Scholar]
- Gopalan, C. Nutritive Value of Indian Foods; National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of medical research: Hyderabad, India, 2002; p. 53. [Google Scholar]
- Stewart, J.L.; Brandis, D. The Forest Flora of North-West and Central India; Singh, B., Singh, M.P., Eds.; New Connaught Place: Dehradun, India, 1992; p. 602. [Google Scholar]
- Ahuja, S.C.; Ahuja, S.; Ahuja, U. Nutraceautical wild Fruits of India-Lasora (Cordia)-History, Origin and Folklore Scholars. Acad. J. Biosci. 2020, 8, 187–209. [Google Scholar]
- Reddy, V.R.; Kumar, R.; Saroj, P.L. Indigenous Ornamental Flora for Arid Landscapes. 2019, pp. 105–111. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336937366_Indigenous_ornamental_flora_for_arid_landscapes (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- Bhatnagar, P.; Singh, J.; Meena, C.B. Lasoda that blooms on tree trunk—A report. HortFlora Res. Spectr. 2016, 5, 175–176. [Google Scholar]
- Wassel, G.; El-Menshawi, B.; Saeed, A.; Maharan, G.; El-Merzabain, M. Screening of selected plants for pyrrolizidine alkaloids and antitumor activity. Pharmazie 1987, 42, 709. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Jamkhande, P.G.; Barde, S.R.B.; Patwekar, S.L.; Tidke, P.S. Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Cordia dichotoma (Indian cherry). Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2013, 3, 1009–1012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Meghwal, P.R.; Singh, A. Lasoda or Gonda; Breeding of Underutilized Fruit Crops; Jaya Publishing House: New Delhi, India, 2015; pp. 247–253. [Google Scholar]
- Gopal, M. India through the Ages; Guatam, K.S., Ed.; Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India: New Delhi, India, 1990; p. 79.
- Mani, A.; Singh, A.K.; Jain, N.; Misra, S. Flowering, Fruiting and Physiochemical Characteristics of Bael (Aegle marmelos Correa) Grown in Northern Districts of West Bengal. Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol. 2002, 23, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, A.K.; Singh, S.; Saroj, P.L.; Krishna, H.; Singh, R.S.; Singh, R.K. Research status of bael (Aegle marmelos) in India: A review. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 2019, 89, 1563–1571. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, A.K.; Singh, S.; Saroj, P.L. Bael (Production Technology); Technical Bulletin; ICAR-CIAH: Rajasthan, India, 2018; Volume 67, pp. 1–53. [Google Scholar]
- Slathia, P.S.; Paul, N.; Gupta, S.K.; Sharma, B.C.; Kumar, R.; Kher, S.K. Traditional uses of under-utilized tree species in sub-tropical rainfed areas of Kathua, Jammu & Kashmir. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 2016, 16, 164–169. [Google Scholar]
- Manandhar, N.P. Plants and People of Nepal; Timber Press: Portland, OR, USA, 2002; ISBN 0-88192-527-6. [Google Scholar]
- Hasan, M.A.; Singh, S.R.; Majhi, D.; Devi, H.L.; Singh, Y. Significance of minor fruits in health care. In Proceedings of the International Convention of Botanicals in Integrated Health Care, Organized by Agri-horticultural Society of India, Kolkata, India, 26–28 December 2010; pp. 162–166. [Google Scholar]
- Neeraj, V.B.; Johar, V. Bael (Aegle marmelos) Extraordinary Species of India: A Review. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 2017, 6, 1870–1887. [Google Scholar]
- Dashora, L.K. Genetic resources of sub-tropical underutilized fruits. Proceedings of National Seminar on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, India, 9–11 January 2013; pp. 54–61. [Google Scholar]
- Meghwal, P.R.; Tiwari, J.C. Kair (Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew—A multipurpose woody species for arid regions. For. Trees Livelihoods 2002, 12, 313–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muthana, K.D. Capparis decidua. In Trees for Dry/and; Hocking, D., Ed.; Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.: New Delhi, India, 1993; pp. 141–143. [Google Scholar]
- Vyas, G.; Sharma, R.; Kumar, V.; Sharma, T.B.; Khandelwal, V. Diversity analysis of Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. Using biochemical and molecular parameters. Genet. Res. Crop. Evol. 2005, 6, 905–911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pareek, O.P. Horticultural development in arid regions. Indian Hortic. 1978, 23, 25–30. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, D.; Singh, R.K. Kair (Capparis decidua): A potential ethnobotanical weather predictor and livelihood security shrub of the arid zone of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 2011, 10, 146–155. [Google Scholar]
- Goyal, M.; Nagori, B.P.; Sasmal, D. Sedative and anticonvulsant effects of an alcoholic extract of Capparis decidua. J. Nat. Med. 2009, 63, 375–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sawant, B.R.; Desai, U.T.; Ranpise, S.A.; More, T.A.; Sawant, S.V. Genotypic and Phenotypic variability in Karonda (Carissa caranda L.). J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ. 2002, 27, 266–268. [Google Scholar]
- Kumar, D.; Pandey, V.; Nath, V. Karonda (Carissa conjesta)-An Underutilized Fruit Crop. In Underutilized and Underexploited Horticultural Crops; Peter, K.V., Ed.; New India Publishing Agency: New Delhi, India, 2007; Volume 1, pp. 313–325. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, A.K.; Singh, P. Power of significance of difference among fruit and seed size parameters of karonda (Carrisa carandus Linn.). Ann. Agric. Res. 1998, 19, 6671. [Google Scholar]
- Gopalan, C.; Ramasastri, B.V.; Balasubramanian, S.C. Nutritive Value of Indian Foods; Narasinga Rao, B.S., Deosthale, Y.G., Pant, K.C., Eds.; National Institute of Nutrition: Hyderabad, India, 1989. [Google Scholar]
- Panda, D.; Panda, S.; Pramanik, K.; Mondal, S. Karonda (Carissa spp.): An Underutilized Minor Fruit Crop with Therapeutic and Medicinal Use. Int. J. Econ. Plants 2014, 1, 36–41. [Google Scholar]
- Storrs, A.E.G. Know your Trees. Some Common Tree Found in Zambia; Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU): Nairobi, Kenya, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Coronel, R.E. Tamarindus indica, L. In Plant Resources of South East Asia, Wagenongen: Pudoc No.2 Edible Fruits and Nuts; Verheij, E.W.M., Coronel, R.E., Eds.; PROSEA Foundation: Bogor, Indonesia, 1991; pp. 298–301. [Google Scholar]
- Soong, Y.Y.; Barlow, P.J. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of selected fruit seeds. Food Chem. 2004, 88, 411–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El-Siddig, K.; Gunasena, H.P.M.; Prasad, B.A.; Pushpakumara, D.K.N.G.; Ramana, K.V.R.; Vijayan, P.; Williams, J.T. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.); Southampton Centre for Under-utilised Crops: Southampton, UK, 2006; p. 188. [Google Scholar]
- Pugalenthi, M.; Vadivel, V.; Gurumoorthi, P.; Janardhanan, K. Composative nutritional evaluation of little known legumes, Tamarindus indica, Erythirna indica and Sesbania bispinosa. Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyst. 2004, 4, 107–123. [Google Scholar]
- Ronke, R.A.; Saidat, O.G.; Abdulwahab, G. Coagulation-Flocculation Treatment of Wastewater Using Tamarind Seed Powder. Int. J. ChemTech Res. 2016, 9, 771–780. [Google Scholar]
- Suresh, C.; Reddy, D.; Harinath, Y.; Naik, B.R.; Seshaiah, K.; Reddy, A.V.R. Development of wood apple shell (Feronia acidissima) powder biosorbent and its application for the removal of Cd (II) from aqueous solution. Sci. World J. 2014, 154809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hiwale, S. Wood Apple (Feronia limonia Linn.) Sustainable Horticulture in Semiarid Dry Lands; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2015; pp. 225–235. [Google Scholar]
- Troup, R.S. The Silviculture of Indian Trees, Vol. III; Lauraceae to Coniferae. Pub. under the authority of His Majesty’s secretary of state for India in Council; Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK, 1921; pp. 101–103. [Google Scholar]
- Bhore, D.P. Lecture on Dryland Horticulture Advances in Arid Zone Fruits; Mahatma Phule Agricultural University: Rahuri, India, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- Arora, R.K.; Anjula, P. Wild Edible Plants of India-Diversity, Conservation and Use; National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources: New Delhi, India, 1996; pp. 229–259. [Google Scholar]
- Lim, T. Limonia acidissima Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands; Belin/Heidelberg, Germany; London, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2012; Volume II: Fruits, pp. 884–889. [Google Scholar]
- Pandey, S.; Satpathy, G.; Gupta, R.K. Evaluation of nutritional, phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of exotic fruit “Limonia acidissima”. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 2014, 3, 81–88. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, A.; Singh, S.; Yadav, V.; Sharma, B. Genetic variability in wood apple (Feronia limonia) from Gujarat. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 2016, 86, 1504–1508. [Google Scholar]
- Vidhya, R.; Narain, A. Development of preserved products using under exploited fruit, wood apple (Limonia acidissima). Am. J. Food Technol. 2011, 6, 279–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Singhania, N.; Kajla, P.; Bishnoi, S.; Barmanray, A.; Ronak. Development and storage studies of wood apple (Limonia acidissima) chutney. Int. J. Chem. Stud. 2020, 8, 2473–2476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nalwadi, V.C.; Sulikeri, G.S.S.; Singh, C.D. Floral biology study of custard apple under Dharwar condition. Progress. Hortic. 1975, 7, 15–24. [Google Scholar]
- Sahoo, S.C.; Panda, J.M.; Mohanty, D. Studies on floral biology of custard apple under Bhubaneshwer condition. Orissa J. Hortic. 2000, 28, 43–45. [Google Scholar]
- Patil, R.N.; Rothe, S.P. Buchanania lanzan: An enormous medicinal value. IJARIIE 2017, 3, 2395–4396. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, K.; Li, H.; Yuan, C.; Huang, Y.; Chen, Y.; Liu, J. Identification of phenological growth stages of sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) using the extended BBCH-scale. Sci. Hortic. 2015, 181, 76–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Senthil, R.; Silambarasan, R. Annona: A new biodiesel for diesel engine: A comparative experimental investigation. J. Energy Inst. 2015, 88, 459–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zahid, M.; Mujahid, M.; Singh, P.K.; Farooqui, S.; Singh, K.; Shahla, P.; Arif, M. Annona squamosa LINN. (Custard apple): An aromatic medicinal plant fruit with immense nutraceutical and therapeutic potentials. Int. J. Pharmacogen. Sci. Res. 2018, 9, 1745–1759. [Google Scholar]
- Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.J. Hortus Thirds—A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada; MacMillan Publishing Co.: New York, NY, USA, 1978; pp. 457–458. [Google Scholar]
- Sagrawat, H.; Mann, A.; Kharya, M. Pharmacological Potential of Eugenia Jambolana: A Review. Pharmacogn. Mag. 2006, 2, 96–104. [Google Scholar]
- Ratsimamanga, A.; Loiseau, A.; Ratsimamanga, S. Action of a Hypoglycemic Agent Found in the Young Bark of Eugenia jambolania [sic] (Myrtaceae) on Induced Hyperglycemia of the Rabbit and Continuation of Its Purification. Comptes Rendus Hebd. Seances L’academie Des. Sci. D Sci. Nat. 1973, 277, 2219–2222. [Google Scholar]
- Giri, J.; Sathidevi, T.; Dushyanth, N. Effect of jamun seed extract on alloxan induced diabetes in rats. J. Diabetic Assoc. India 1985, 25, 115–119. [Google Scholar]
- Dastur, J. Useful Plants of India and Pakistan, 2nd ed.; D.B. Taraporevala Sons & Co.: Mumbai, India, 1943. [Google Scholar]
- Saxena, S.K. Morphology and Ecology. In Bordi (Zizyphus nummularia) a Shrub of the Indian arid Zone Its Role in Silvipasture; Mann, H.S., Saxena, S.K., Eds.; Central Arid Zone Research Institute: Jodhpur, India, 1981; pp. 3–9. [Google Scholar]
- Padaria, J.C.; Yadav, R.; Tarafdar, A.; Lone, S.A.; Kumar, K.; Sivalingam, P.N. Molecular cloning and characterisation of drought stress responsive abscisic acid stress ripening (Asr1) gene from wild jujube, Ziziphus nummularia wight and Arn. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2016, 43, 849–859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kumar, S.; Garg, V.K.; Kumar, N.; Sharma, P.K.; Chaudhary, S.; Upadhyay, A. Pharmacognostical studies on the leaves of Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. F.). Eur. J. Exper. Biol. 2011, 1, 77–83. [Google Scholar]
- Bohra, H.C.; Ghosh, P.K. Nutritive value of pala for ruminants. In Bordi, a Shrub of Indian Arid Zone—Its Role in Silvipasture; Mann, H.S., Saxena, S.K., Eds.; Central Arid Zone Research Institute: Jodhpur, India, 1981; pp. 42–47. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, S.; Meghwal, P.R. Socio-economic and horticultural potential of Ziziphus species in arid regions of Rajasthan India. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 2020, 67, 1301–1313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Behl, P.N.; Sriwasrawa, G.S. Herbs Useful in Dermatological Therapy; CBS Publishers and Distributors: New Delhi, India, 2002; Volume 2, pp. 94–95. [Google Scholar]
- Wakte, K.V.; Kad, T.D.; Zanan, R.L.; Nadaf, A.B. 2011. Mechanism of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in Bassia latifolia Roxb. flowers. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants 2011, 17, 231–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Patel, M.; Pradhan, R.C.; Naik, S. Physical properties of fresh mahua. Int. UnionGeod. Geophys. 2011, 25, 303–306. [Google Scholar]
- Patel, M. Biochemical Investigations of Fresh Mahua (Madhuca indica) Flowers for Nutraceuticals. Ph.D. Thesis, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Behera, S.; Ray, R.C.; Swain, M.R.; Mohanty, R.C.; Biswal, A.K. Traditional and Current Knowledge on the Utilization of Mahua (L.) Flowers Madhuca latifolia by the Santhal Tribe in Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India. Ann. Trop. Res. 2016, 38, 94–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pinakin, D.J.; Kumar, V.; Kumar, A.; Gat, Y.; Suri, S. Mahua a boon for pharmacy and food industry. Curr. Res. Nutr. Food Sci. 2018, 6, 371–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Devi, N.; Sangeetha, R. Madhuca longifolia (Sapotaceae) A review of its phytochemical and pharmacological profile. Int. J. Pharmacogen. Biosci. 2016, 7, 106–114. [Google Scholar]
- Shrirao, A.V.; Kochar, N.I.; Chandewar, A.V. Madhuca longifolia (Sapotaceae): A review of its traditional use and phytopharmacological profile. Res. Chron. Health Sci. 2017, 3, 45–50. [Google Scholar]
- DeCraene, L.R.; Wanntorp, L. Floral development and anatomy of Salvadoraceae. Ann. Bot. 2009, 104, 913–923. [Google Scholar]
- Gautam, G.K.; Vidyasagar, G.; Dwivedi, S.C. Study on Medicinal Plants from Indian Origin—A Text Book of Indian Medicinal Plants; Lambert Academic Publication: Chisinau, Republic of Moldova, 2012; pp. 5–7. [Google Scholar]
- Malik, S.; Ahmed, S.S.; Haider, S.I.; Muzaffer, A. Salvadoricine—A new indole alkaloid from the leaves of Salvadora persica. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 28, 163–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- WHO, World Health Organization. Prevention of Oral Diseases; WHO offset publication No. 103; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1987; p. 61. [Google Scholar]
- Mathur, S.; Shekhawat, G.S.; Batra, A. Micropropagation of Salvadorapersica via cotyledonary nodes. Indian J. Biotechnol. 2002, 1, 197–200. [Google Scholar]
- Bukar, A.; Danfillo, I.S.; Adeleke, O.A.; Ogunbodede, E.O. Traditional oral health practices among Kanuri women of Borno State, Nigeria. Odontostomatol. Trop. 2004, 27, 25–31. [Google Scholar]
- Khatak, S.; Khatak, A.A.; Siddqui, N.; Vasudeva, A.; Aggarwal, P.; Aggarwal, M. Salvadora persica. Pharmacogn. Rev. 2010, 4, 209–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rao, C.K.; Geetha, B.L.; Suresh, G. Red List of Threatened Vascular Plant Species in India: Compiled from the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants; ENVIS, Botanical Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests: Kolkata, India, 2003.
- USNAS (United States National Academy of Sciences). Firewood Crops: Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Production; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1980; pp. 150–151. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, Y.; Singh, D.; Nair, M.G. Pods of Khejri (Prosopis cineraria) consumed as a vegetable showed functional food properties. J. Funct. Foods 2012, 4, 116–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arshad, M.; Ashraf, M.; Arif, N. Morphological variability of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce, from the Cholistan Desert, Pakistan. Genet. Res. Crop. Evol. 2006, 53, 1589–1596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramoliya, P.J.; Patel, H.M.; Joshi, J.B.; Pandey, A.N. Effect of salinization of soil on growth and nutrient accumulation in seedlings of Prosopis cineraria. J. Plant Nutr. 2006, 29, 283–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, M.A.R. The Indigenous Trees of the United Arab Emirates; Dubai Municipality: Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 1999; p. 150. [Google Scholar]
- Pasiecznik, N.M.; Harris, P.J.C.; Smith, S.J. Identifying Tropical Prosopis Species: A Field Guide; Association HDR; HDRA Publishing: Coventry, UK, 2004; p. 26. [Google Scholar]
- Khasgiwal, P.C.; Mithal, B.M. Studies on Prosopis spicigera gum. Part II: Emulsifying properties and HLB value. Indian J. Pharm. 1970, 32, 82–85. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, G.; Singh, B.; Tomar, U.K.; Sharma, S. A Manual for Dryland Afforestation and Management; Published for Arid Forest Research Institute; Scientific Publishers (India): Jodhpur, India, 2016; ISBN 978-81-7233-978-4. Available online: www.afri.icfre.org (accessed on 21 December 2021).
- Mann, H.S.; Shankarnarayan, K.A. The role of Prosopis cineraria in an agropastoral system in western Rajasthan. In Browse in Africa; Le Houerou, H.N., Ed.; International Livestock Center for Africa: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1980; pp. 437–442. [Google Scholar]
- Yadav, R.S.; Yadav, B.L.; Chhipa, B.R. Litter dynamics and soil properties under different tree species in a semi-arid region of Rajasthan, India. Agrofor. Syst. 2008, 73, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pareek, O.P.; Nath, V. Variability in Horticultural traits of Khejri in Thar Desert. IPGRI Newsl. Asia Pac. Ocean. 1997, 24, 23–25. [Google Scholar]
- Samadia, D.K. Thar Shobha: New khejri variety. Indian Hortic. 2016, 61, 12–13. [Google Scholar]
- Sharma, N.; Garg, V.; Paul, A. Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidative potential of Prosopis cineraria bark. Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 2010, 25, 193–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Malik, A.; Kalidhar, S.B. Phytochemical examination of Prosopis cineraria L. Druce leaves. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 2007, 69, 576–578. [Google Scholar]
- Persia, F.A.; Rinaldini, E.; Hapon, M.B.; Gamarra-Luques, C. Overview of Genus Prosopis Toxicity Reports and its Beneficial Biomedical Properties. J. Clin. Toxicol. 2016, 6, 326–333. [Google Scholar]
- Afifi, H.S.A.; Al-Rub, I.A. Prosopis cineraria as an unconventional legumes, nutrition and health benefits. In Legume Seed Nutraceutical Research; Jimenez-Lopez, J.C., Clemente, A., Eds.; Intech Open: London, UK, 2018; Volume 1, pp. 69–86. [Google Scholar]
- Khan, M.A.; Rahman, A.A.; Islam, S.; Khandokhar, P.; Parvin, S.; Islam, M.B.; Hossain, M.; Rashid, M.; Sadik, G.; Nasrin, S.; et al. A comparative study on the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from different parts of Morus alba L. (Moraceae). BMC Res. Notes 2013, 6, 24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yigit, D.; Akar, F.; Baydas, A.; Buyukyildiz, M. Elemental composition of various mulberry species. Asian J. Chem. 2010, 22, 3554–3560. [Google Scholar]
- Vijayan, K.; Chakraborti, S.P.; Ghosh, P.D. Screening of mulberry (Morus spp.) for salinity tolerance through in vitro seed germination. Indian J. Biotechnol. 2004, 3, 47–51. [Google Scholar]
- Ercisli, S.; Orhan, E. Chemical composition of white (Morus alba), red (Morus rubra) and black (Morus nigra) mulberry fruits. Food Chem. 2007, 103, 1380–1384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singhal, B.K.; Khan, M.A.; Dhar, A.; Baqual, F.M.; Bindroo, B.B. Approaches to industrial exploitation of mulberry (Mulberry sp.) fruits. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. 2009, 18, 83–99. [Google Scholar]
- Dat, N.T.; Binh, P.T.; Quynh, T.P.; Van Minh, C.; Huong, H.Y.; Lee, J.J. Cytotoxic prenylated flavonoids from Morus alba. Fitoterapia. 2010, 81, 1224–1227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gupta, G.; Imran, K.; Firoz, A. Anxiolytic activity of moralbosteroid, a steroidal glycoside isolated from Morus alba. Phytopharmacology 2013, 4, 347–353. [Google Scholar]
- Zheng, S.; Liao, S.; Zou, Y.; Qu, Z.; Shen, W.; Shi, Y. Mulberry leaf polyphenols delay aging and regulate fat metabolism via the germline signaling pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. AGE 2014, 36, 9719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kiran, T.; Yuan, Y.Z.; Andrei, M.; Fang, Z.; Jian, G.Z.; Zhao, J.W. 1-Deoxynojirimycin, its potential for management of non-communicable metabolic disorders. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2019, 89, 88–99. [Google Scholar]
- Hemavathy, J.; Prabhakar, J.V. Lipid Composition of Chironji (Buchanania lanzan) Kernel. J. Food Compos. Anal. 1988, 1, 366–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pandey, G.P. Effects of Gaseous Hydrogen Fluoride on the leaves of Terminalia tomentosa and Buchanania lanzan Trees. J. Environ. Pollut. 1985, 37, 323–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, S.; Singh, A.K.; Appara, V.V. Genetic diversity in chironji (Buchanania lanzan) under semi-arid ecosystem of Gujarat. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 2006, 76, 695–698. [Google Scholar]
- Khare, C.P. Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany; New York, NY, USA, 2007; p. 104. [Google Scholar]
- Reddy, D.S. Assessment of nootropic and amnestic activity of centrally acting agents. Indian J. Pharmaol. 1997, 29, 208–221. [Google Scholar]
- Gandhi, H.R. Diabetes and coronary artery disease Importance of risk factors. Cardiol. Today 2001, 1, 31–134. [Google Scholar]
- Chitra, V.; Dharani, P.P.; Pavan, K.K.; Narayana, R.A. Wound healing activity of alcoholic extract of Buchanania lanzan in albino rats. Int. J. ChemTech Res. 2009, 1, 1026–1031. [Google Scholar]
- Brewbaker, J.L. Pithecellobium dulce—Sweet and thorny. In NFT Highlights; Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association (NFTA): Oahu, HI, USA, 1992; No.92-01. [Google Scholar]
- Franco, O.L.; Melo, F.R. Osmoprotectants—A plant strategy in response to osmotic stress. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 2000, 47, 137–144. [Google Scholar]
- Shukla, S.; Jain, S. Incorporation of manila tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce) pulverize as a source of antioxidant in Muffin cake. J. Food Sci. Res. 2017, 8, 386–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Megala, J.; Geetha, A. Free radical-scavenging and H+, K+-ATPase inhibition activities of Pithecellobium dulce. Food Chem. 2010, 121, 1120–1128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arul, S.S.; Muthukumaran, P. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of leaf extract of Pithecellobium dulce Benth. Int. J. PharmTech Res. 2011, 3, 337–341. [Google Scholar]
- Hiwale, S. Non-Traditional Crops: Manila Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.). In Sustainable Horticulture in Semiarid Dry Lands; Springer: New Delhi, India, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Malik, S.K.; Choudhury, R.; Dharial, O.P.; Bhandari, D.C. Genetic Resources of Tropical Underutilized Fruits of India; NBPGR: New Delhi, India, 2010; Volume 17. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, M.P.; Singh, J.K.; Mohanka, R.; Sah, R.B. Forest Environment and Biodiversity; Daya Publishing House: Delhi, India, 2007; p. 214. [Google Scholar]
- Behera, M.C.; Nath, M.R. Financial valuation of non-timber forest products flow from tropical dry deciduous forests in Boudh district, Orissa. Int. J. Farm Sci. 2014, 2, 83–94. [Google Scholar]
- Guo, C.; Yang, J.; Wei, J.; LiY, X.J.; Jiang, Y. Antioxidant activities of peel, pulp and seed fractions of common fruits as determined by FRAP assay. Nutr. Res. 2003, 23, 1719–1726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ribeiro, S.M.R.; Barbosa, L.C.A.; Queiroz, J.H.; Knodler, M.; Schieber, A. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Brazilian mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties. Food Chem. 2008, 110, 620–626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhat, R.; Karim, A.A. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of selected tropical fruits from Malaysia, extracted with different solvents. Food Chem. 2009, 115, 785–788. [Google Scholar]
- Mallavadhani, U.V.; Panda, A.K.; Rao, Y.R. Pharmacology and Chemotaxonomy of Diospyros. Phytochemistry 1970, 49, 901–951. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orwa, C.; Mutua, A.; Kindt, R.; Jamnadass, R.; Simons, A. Agroforest Tree Database: A Tree Species Reference and Selection Guide Version 4.0; World Agroforestry Centre ICRAF: Nairobi, Kenya, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Hmar, B.Z.; Mishra, S.; Pradhan, R.C. Physico-Chemical, Mechanical and Antioxidant Properties of Kendu (Diospyros Melanoxylon Roxb.). Curr. Res. Nutr. Food Sci. 2017, 5, 214–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Anonymous. Collection of specimen bonsai plants at government sunder nursery, CPWD, Nizamuddin, New Delhi. In Handbook of Horticulture; Central Public Works Department Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India: New Delhi, India, 2020. Available online: https://cpwd.gov.in/Publication/CPWDHortHhandbook.pdf (accessed on 8 December 2021).
- Bose, T.K. Fruits of India—Tropical and Subtropical; Naya Prokash: Calcutta, India, 1985. [Google Scholar]
- Xian-Zi, T.S. Manilkara Adanson, Fam. Pl. 2: 166. 1763, nom. cons. Flora China 1996, 5, 206. [Google Scholar]
- Raju, V.S.; Reddy, K.N. Ethno-medicine for dysentery and diarrhoea from Khammam district of Andhra Pradesh. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 2005, 4, 443–447. [Google Scholar]
- Chanda, S.; Parekh, J. Assessment of antimicrobial potential of Manilkara hexandra leaf. Pharmacogn. J. 2010, 2, 448–455. [Google Scholar]
- Chadha, K.L. Handbook of Horticulture; Indian Council of Agricultural Research: New Delhi, India, 2013; pp. 140–142. [Google Scholar]
- Bhardwaj, R.L.; Nandal, U. Nutritional and therapeutic potential of bael (Aegle marmelos) fruit juice: A review. Nutr. Food Sci. 2015, 45, 895–919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, K.; Chauhan, E.S. Nutritional and phytochemical evaluation of fruit pulp powder of Aegle marmelos. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 2017, 10, 809–814. [Google Scholar]
- Sarkar, T.; Salauddin, M.; Chakraborty, R. In-depth pharmacological and nutritional properties of bael (Aegle marmelos): A critical review . J. Agric. Food Res. 2020, 2, 100081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, A.K.; Chaurasiya, A.K. Post Harvest Management and value addition in Bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.). Int. J. Interdiscip. Multidiscip. Stud. 2014, 1, 65–77. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, A.; Sharma, H.K.; Kaushal, P.; Upadhyay, A. Bael (Aegle marmelos Correa) products processing: A review. Afr. J. Food Sci. 2014, 8, 204–215. [Google Scholar]
- Malik, S.K.; Chaudhury, R.; Panwar, N.S.; Dhariwal, O.P.; Choudhary, R.; Susheel, K. Genetic resources of chironji (Buchanania lanzan S): A socio-economic important tree species of central Indian population. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 2012, 59, 615–623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Phogat, N.; Bisht, V.; Purwar, S. Chironji (Buchanania lanzan) Wonder Tree: Nutritional and Therapeutic Values. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 2020, 9, 3033–3042. [Google Scholar]
- Warokar, A.S.; Ghante, M.H.; Duragkar, N.J.; Bhusari, K.P. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Buchananialanzan Kernel. Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res. 2010, 44, 363–368. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, J.; Naik, R.K.; Patel, S.; Mishra, N.K. Design and Development of Chironji (Buchanania lanzan) Decorticator. Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 2016, 5, 46–51. [Google Scholar]
- Rajput, C.B.S. Custard apple. In Fruits of India Tropical and Subtropical; Bose, T.K., Ed.; Naya Prakash pub.: Calcutta, India, 1985; pp. 479–486. [Google Scholar]
- Kumar, M.; Changan, S.; Tomar, M.; Prajapati, U.; Saurabh, V.; Hasan, M.; Sasi, M.; Maheshwari, C.; Singh, S.; Dhumal, S.; et al. Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Leaves: Nutritional Composition, Phytochemical Profile, and Health-Promoting Biological Activities. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tanuja; Rana, D.K.; Rathi, D.S. Shelf Life Enhancement of Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.) under Sub-Tropical Conditions of Garhwal Hills. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 2021, 10, 3175–3180. [Google Scholar]
- Mishra, D.S.; Singh, A.K.R.; Singh, S.; Singh, A.K.; Swamy, G.S.K. Jamun. In Tropical and Sub Tropical Fruit Crops: Crop Improvement and Varietal Wealth, Part II; Ghosh, S.N., Ed.; Jaya Pub. House: Delhi, India, 2014; pp. 375–387. [Google Scholar]
- Shahnawaz, M.; Sheikh, S.A.; Nizamani, S.M. Determination of Nutritive Values of Jamun Fruit (Eugenia jambolana) Products. Pak. J. Nutr. 2009, 8, 1275–1280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Carr, A.C.; Frei, B.A. Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999, 69, 1086–1107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nath, V.; Kumar, D.; Pandey, V. Fruits for the Future, Vol 1: Well Versed Arid and Semi Arid Fruits; Satish Serial Publishing House: Delhi, India, 2008; p. 264. [Google Scholar]
- Anonymous. Composition of Ziziphus nummularia Leaves on Dry Weight Basis; The Wealth of India: New Delhi, India, 1976; p. 120. [Google Scholar]
- Chaturvedi, Y.; Nagar, R. Level of beta carotene and effects of processing on selected fruits and vegetables of the arid zone of India. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2001, 56, 127–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, S.; Sharma, R.; Kumar, V.; Govind, K.; Vyas, G.K.; Rathore, A. Combining molecular-marker and chemical analysis of C. decidua in the Thar Desert of Western Rajasthan (India). Int. J. Trop. Biol. 2013, 61, 311–320. [Google Scholar]
- Abra, H.H.; Ali, M. Phytochemistry and bioactivities of a harsh terrain plant: Capparis decidua (Forsk) Edgew. Nat. Prod. Ind. J. 2011, 7, 222–229. [Google Scholar]
- Ghangro, I.H.; Ghangro, A.B.; Channa, M.J. Nutritional assessment of non conventional vegetable C. decidua flower. Rawal Med. J. 2015, 40, 214–216. [Google Scholar]
- Tripathi, P.C.; Karumakaran, G.; Sankar, V.; Senthilkumar, R. Karonda: A Potential Fresh Fruit of Future; Central Horticultural Experiment Station Indian Institute of Horticultural Research: Chettalli, India, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Chadha, K.L. Karonda. In Handbook of Horticulture; Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research: New Delhi, India, 2003; p. 200. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, S.K.; Singh, A.K.; Meghwal, P.R.; Singh, A.; Swamy, G.S.K. Karonda. In Tropical and Sub Tropical Fruit Crops: Crop Improvement and Varietal Wealth Part.1; Ghosh, S.N., Ed.; Jaya Publishing House: New Delhi, India, 2014; Volume 13, pp. 393–402. [Google Scholar]
- Dahot, M.U. Free Radicals, Antioxidants, and Human Disease: Curiosity, Cause, or Consequence. Lancet 1993, 52, 253–265. [Google Scholar]
- Bhumi, B.; Shukla, Y.M.; Patel, V.H. Nutritional Profile of an Underutilized Indian Fruit: Rayan [Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard. Indian J. Agric. Biochem. 2016, 29, 51–53. [Google Scholar]
- Morais, P.L.D.; Oliveira, L.C.; Alves, R.E.; Alves, J.D.; Paiva, A. Amadurecimiento de sapoti (Manilkara zapota L.) submetidoao 1-metilciclopropeno. Rev. Bras. Frutic. 2006, 28, 369–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lata, K.; Singh, S.K.; Kumar, R.; Jhajuria, S. Potential of Dry Khirni (Manilkara hexandra Roxb.) Fruits as Nutritional Substitute. J. Krishi Vigyan. 2019, 8, 231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meghwal, P.R.; Singh, A.; Kumar, P.; Morwal, B.R. Diversity, distribution and horticultural potential of Cordia myxa Roxb.: A promising underutilized fruit species of arid and semi-arid regions of India. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 2014, 61, 1633–1643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meghwal, P.R.; Singh, A.; Singh, D. Research status of lasora (Cordia myxa L.) in India—A review. Curr. Hortic. 2021, 9, 15–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meghwal, P.R.; Singh, D.; Swami, S.; Singh, A. Assessment of Nutritional and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Selected Genotypes of Cordia Myxa L.: A Potential Underutilized Fruit Crop of Indian Arid Zone. 2021. Available online: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-811273/v1 (accessed on 10 December 2021).
- Aberoumand, A. Preliminary Evaluation of Some Phytochemical and Nutrients Constituents of Iranian Cordia myxa Fruits. Int. J. Agric. Food Sci. 2011, 1, 30–33. [Google Scholar]
- Musa, A.; Mostafa, E.M.; Al-Sanea, M.M.; Ahmed, S.R.; Mostafa-Hedeab, G.; Abdelgawad, M.A. Insights studies for certain natural fda approved polyphenolics and repurposing for COVID-19. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2020, 11, 1390–1395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sason, R.; Anita, S. The Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Cordia dichotoma: A Review. Ayushdhara 2015, 2, 155–161. [Google Scholar]
- Haq, M.A.; Alam, M.J.; Hasnain, A.A. Novel Edible Coating to increase Shelf life of Chilgoza (Pinus geradiana). Food Sci. Technol. 2013, 50, 306–311. [Google Scholar]
- Vidyasagar, G.; Jadhav, A.G.; Narkhede, S.P.; Narkhede, S.B. Isolation and Comparative Evaluation of Cordia dichotoma Forst. Mucilage as a Binding Agent with Standard Binder. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 2010, 2, 722–726. [Google Scholar]
- Bisht, V.; Solanki, N.; Dalal, N. Mahua an important Indian species: A review. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 2018, 7, 3414–3418. [Google Scholar]
- Malik, S.K.; Choudhary, R.; Panwar, N.S.; Dhariwal, O.P.; Deswal, R.P.S.; Pathak, N.; Chaudhary, R. Prospect traditional importance of Indian butter tree and genetic resources management. Indian Hortic. 2021, 66, 34–37. [Google Scholar]
- Kureel, R.S.; Kishor, R.; DevDutt, A.P. Mahua—A Potential Tree Born Oilseed; National Oilseed and Development Board; Ministry of Agriculture Govt. of India: Gurgaon, India, 2009; pp. 1–27.
- Pio-Leon, J.F.; Diaz-Camacho, S.; Montes-Avila, J. Nutritional and nutraceutical characteristics of white and red Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth fruits. Fruits 2013, 68, 397–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ambasta, S.P. (Ed.) The Useful Plants of India; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research: New Delhi, India, 1986; p. 918. [Google Scholar]
- Ung, L.; Pattamatta, U.; Carnt, N.; Wilkinson-Berka, J.L.; Liew, G.; White, A.J. Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species: A review of their role in ocular disease. Clin. Sci. 2017, 131, 2865–2883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rao, G.N.; Nagender, A.; Satyanarayana, A.; Rao, D.G. Preparation, chemical composition and storage studies of quamachil (Pithecellobium dulce L.) aril powder. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2011, 48, 90–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Parrotta, J.A. Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Guamuchil, Madras thorn. Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) Legume Family; USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Forestry: New Orleans, LA, USA, 1991; Volume 5, p. 40. [Google Scholar]
- Jan, B.; Parveen, R.; Zahiruddin, S. Nutritional constituents of mulberry and their potential applications in food and pharmaceuticals: A review. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2021, 28, 3909–3921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumari, A.; Parida, A.K.; Rangani, J.; Panda, A. Antioxidant Activities, Metabolic Profiling, Proximate Analysis, Mineral Nutrient Composition of Salvadora persica Fruit Unravel a Potential Functional Food and a Natural Source of Pharmaceuticals. Front. Pharmacol. 2017, 8, 61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ene-Obong, H.N.; Okudu, H.O.; Asumugha, U.V. Nutrient and phytochemical composition of two varieties of Monkey kola (Cola parchycarpa and Cola lepidota): An underutilised fruit. Food Chem. 2016, 193, 154–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Satya, S.S.; Narina; Catanzaro, C.J. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.), an Underutilized Fruit Crop with Potential Nutritional Value for Cultivation in the United States of America: A Review. Asian Food Sci. J. 2018, 5, 1–15. [Google Scholar]
- Obulesu, M.; Sila, B. Color changes of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) pulp during fruit development, ripening, and storage. Int. J. Food Proper. 2011, 14, 538–549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chavan, S.B.; Uthappa, A.R.; Sridhar, K.B.; Keerthika, A.; Handa, A.K.; Newaj, R. Trees for life: Creating sustainable livelihood in Bundelkhand region of central India. Curr. Sci. 2016, 111, 994–1002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jamil, Z.; Mohite, A.M.; Sharma, N. Phyto-chemical and nutritional profiling of tendu fruit (Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.) And evaluation of its shelf stability. Plant Arch. 2021, 21, 656–664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kala, C.P. Harvesting and supply chain analysis of ethnobotanical species in the Pachmarhi biosphere reserve of India. Am. J. Environ. Protec. 2013, 1, 20–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bag, S.K.; Srivastav, P.P.; Mishra, H.N. Optimization of process parameters for foaming of Bael (Aegle marmelos L.) fruit pulp. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2011, 4, 1450–1458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nithya, N.; Saraswathi, U. In vitro antioxidant and antibacterial efficacy of Feronia elephantum Correa fruit. Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour. 2010, 1, 301–305. [Google Scholar]
- Moazzem, M.S.; Sikder, M.B.H.; Zzaman, W. Shelf-Life Extension of Wood Apple Beverages Maintaining Consumption-Safe Parameters and Sensory Qualities. Beverages 2019, 5, 25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gautam, P.L.; Singh, A.K.; Srivastava, M.; Singh, P.K. Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights: A Review. Indian J. Genet. Plant Breed. 2012, 25, 9–30. [Google Scholar]
- Dhillon, B.S.; Tyagi, R.A.; Lal, A.; Saxena, S. (Eds.) Plant Genetic Resource Management; Narosa Pulishing House: New Delhi, India, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Marie, H. Why conserve crop diversity. Indian J. Plant Genet. Resour. 2016, 29, 258–260. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, G. Checklist of Commercial Varieties of Fruits; Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Ministry of Agriculture Krishi Bhawan: New Delhi, India, 2012. Available online: https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/pdf/tech_bulletin/national/Checklist_of_CommercialFruits-18-01-13.pdf (accessed on 10 December 2021).
- Singh, A.K.; Singh, S.; Saroj, P.L. Scientific cultivation of aonla. Kerala Karshakan 2020, 10, 40–47. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, A.K.; Singh, S.; Saroj, P.L.; Singh, G.P. Improvement and production technology of bael (Aegle marmelos) in India—A review. Curr. Hortic. 2021, 9, 3–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, A.K.; Singh, S.; Saroj, P.L.; Mishra, D.S.; Yadav, V.; Kumar, R. Cultivation of underutilized fruit crops in hot semi-arid regions: Developments and challenges—A review. Curr. Hortic. 2020, 8, 12–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meghwal, P.R.; Vashistha, B.B.; Singh, A.; Prasad, R.N. CAZRI Ber 2018: New early variety of ber. Indian J. Hortic. 2019, 64, 11–13. [Google Scholar]
- Meghwal, P.R.; Kumar, P. Effect of supplementary irrigation and mulching on vegetative growth, yield and quality of ber. Indian J. Hortic. 2014, 71, 571–573. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, S.; Singh, A.K.; Rao, V.V.A.; Bhargawa, R. Thar Priya: A new chironji variety. Indian Hortic. 2015, 61, 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- Krishna, H.; Saroj, P.L.; Maheshwari, S.K.; Singh, R.S.; Meena, R.K.; Chandra, R.; Parashar, A. Underutilized fruits of arid & semi-arid regions for nutritional and livelihood security. Int. J. Minor Fruits Med. Aromat. Plants 2019, 5, 1–14. [Google Scholar]
- Rymbai, H.; Patel, N.L.; Patel, C.R.; Reddy, A.G.K.; Hiwale, S.S.; Chovatia, R.S.; Varu, D.K. Custard Apple. In Crop Improvement and Varietal Wealth, Tropical and Sub Tropical Fruit crops; Jaya Publishing House: New Delhi, India, 2019; Volume 7, pp. 237–268. [Google Scholar]
- Encina, C.L.; Padilla, I.M.G.; Carzola, J.M.; Caro, E. Tissue culture in cherimoya. Acta Hortic. 1999, 497, 289–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- George, A.P.; Nissen, R.J. Propagation of Annona Species: A Review. Sci. Hortic. 1987, 33, 75–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shrivastava, R.; Dubey, S.; Dwivedi, A.P.; Pandey, C.S.; Banafar, R.N.S. Effect of recipe treatment and storage period on biochemical composition of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) nectar. Progress. Hortic. 2013, 45, 110–114. [Google Scholar]
- Khodifad, B.C.; Kumar, N.; Vyas, D.K.; Seth, N.; Prem, M. Pre and Post-harvest Practices, Processing and Value Addition of Custard Apple. Intl. J. Food. Ferment. Technol. 2016, 6, 219–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, S.; Singh, A.K.; Mishra, D.S.; Appa Rao, V.V. Effect of shoot pruning on yield and fruit quality of jamun cv. Goma Priyanka. Indian J. Arid Hortic. 2017, 12, 100–102. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, S.; Singh, A.K.; Bagle, B.G. Propagating jamun successfully. Indian Hortic. 2007, 52, 31–33. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, A.K.; Bajpai, A.; Singh, V.K.; Ravishankar, H.; Tandon, D.K. The Jamun (Syzygium cuminii Skeels); Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture (ICAR): Rehmankhera, India, 2009; pp. 1–28. [Google Scholar]
- Meghwal, P.R.; Singh, A. Underutilized Fruits Research in Arid Regions: A Review. Ann. Arid Zone. 2016, 56, 23–36. [Google Scholar]
- Mahla, H.R.; Singh, J.P. Assessment of in-situ Variability in Kair (Capparis decidua) Germplasm for Utilization in Genetic Improvement through ex-situ Conservation. Ann. Arid Zone. 2013, 52, 109–112. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, D.; Bhardwaj, R.; Chaudhary, M.K.; Meena, M.L.; Wangchu, L. Panchkutta: A Unique Indigenous Food of Thar Desert for Biodiversity Conservation and Nutritional Security. In Proceedings of the Indigenous and traditional food systems in Asia and the Pacific, Organized by FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 31 May–2 June 2012; pp. 168–174. [Google Scholar]
- Meghwal, P.R.; Singh, A.; Singh, S.K. Maru Gaurav: New karonda variety. Indian Hortic. 2020, 23, 30–31. [Google Scholar]
- Srivastava, A.; Sarkar, P.K.; Bishnoi, S.K. Value addition in under-exploited fruits of Karonda (Carissa carandus L.): An earning opportunity for rural communities in India. Rashtriya Krishi 2017, 12, 161–163. [Google Scholar]
- Samadia, D.K. Thar Sobha: Grow for Horticultural Exploitation; Technical Folder; ICAR—Central Institute for Arid Horticulture: Bikaner, India, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Samadia, D.K. Thar Sobha: New khejri varieity. Indian Hortic. 2016, 61, 1–2. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, S.; Singh, A.K.; Rao, V.V.A.; Bhargawa, R. Thar Rituraj: A new khirni variety. Indian Hortic. 2015, 60, 14–15. [Google Scholar]
- Meghwal, P.R.; Singh, A.; Singh, D. Enhancing the productivity of lasora (Cordia myxa L.) through genetic improvement and production management. In Proceedings of the National Conference on Arid Horticulture for Enhancing Productivity and Economic Empowerment, Organized by Indian Society for Arid Horticulture and ICAR-Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner, India, 27–29 October 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Meghwal, P.R.; Singh, A. Maru Samridhi: New lasora variety. Indian Hortic. 2019, 64, 32–33. [Google Scholar]
- Meghwal, P.R.; Singh, A.; Kumar, P. Evaluation of selected gonda genotypes (Cordia myxa L.) on different root stocks. Indian J. Hortic. 2014, 71, 415–418. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, S.; Singh, A.K.; Rao, V.V.A.; Bhargawa, R. Thar Madhu: A new mahua variety. Indian Hortic. 2016, 61, 27–29. [Google Scholar]
- Keerthika, R.; Rajangam, J.; Arumugam, T.; Venkatesan, K. Standardization of Propagation Techniques in Manila Tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.) var. PKM 1. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2020, 9, 269–277. [Google Scholar]
- Goyal, P.; Kachhwaha, S.; Kothari, S.L. Micro propagation of Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.)—A multipurpose leguminous tree and assessment of genetic fidelity of micropropagated plants using molecular markers. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants 2012, 18, 169–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lal, N.; Nath, V. Sweet Tamarind; Minor fruits: Nutraceutical importance and cultivation; Jaya Publishing House: Delhi, India, 2017; Volume 43, pp. 901–912. [Google Scholar]
- Krishnaswami, S. Mulberry Cultivation in South India; Central Silk Board: Bangalore, India, 1986; pp. 1–19. [Google Scholar]
- Begum, N.; Kiran, B.R.; Purushotham, R. Mulberry cultivation practices and diseases: An Overview. Int. J. Curr. Eng. Sci. Res. 2018, 5, 61–68. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, S.; Mishra, D.S.; Singh, A.K. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.). In Tropical Fruit Crops Theory to Practical Chapter: 16; Jaya Publishing House: Delhi, India, 2021; pp. 610–631. [Google Scholar]
- Bhore, D.P. Studies on propagation of tamarind (Tamarindus indica). Maharastra J. Hort. 1986, 3, 55–58. [Google Scholar]
- Awasthi, O.P.; Shukla, N. Effect of time on success of soft wood grafting in tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.). Range Manag. Agrof. 2003, 24, 31–34. [Google Scholar]
- Yadav, V.; Hiwale, S.S.; Singh, A.K.; Rao, V.V.A. Thar Gaurav: High-yielding wood apple variety for dry land. Indian Hortic. 2020, 65, 36–40. [Google Scholar]
- Angadi, S.G.; Raghavendra, V.N.; Allolli, T.B. Propagation of wood apple (Feronia limonia L.) by budding. Acta Hortic. 2011, 890, 175–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Crop | No. of Accessions |
---|---|
Ber | 487 |
Aonla | 159 |
Bael | 57 |
Karonda | 50 |
Timroo | 24 |
Manila Tamarind | 24 |
Mahua | 153 |
Khirni | 74 |
Phalsa | 36 |
Pilu | 207 |
Jamun | 198 |
Tamarind | 248 |
1717 |
Name of Crop | CIAH, Bikaner | RS, HAU, Bawal | NBPGR, Jodhpur | PAU, Abohar | CAZRI, Jodhpur |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ziziphus mauritiana | 318 | 47 | 26 | 34 | 40 |
Ziziphus rotundifolia | 22 | - | - | - | - |
Emblica officinalis | 50 | 6 | - | - | - |
Punica granatum | 154 | - | - | - | - |
Carissa carrandus | 4 | - | - | 13 | |
Cordia myxa | 65 | 30 | 17 | - | - |
Aegle marmelos | 17 | 10 | 5 | - | - |
Grewia subineaqualis | 06 | 04 | 04 | - | - |
Capparis decidua | 06 | 22 | 22 | - | 20 |
Syzigium cuminii | 50 | - | - | - | - |
Tamarindus indica | 25 | - | - | - | - |
Madhuca latifolia | 50 | - | - | - | - |
Buchanania lanzan | 30 | - | - | - | - |
Manilkara hexandra | 30 | - | - | - | - |
Species | Improved Varieties | Production Technologies | Major Value-Added Products | Ornamental and Other Values | Institute Involved |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aonla | NA-7, NA-10, NA-6, Anand-1, Anand-2, Laksmi-52, Goma Aishwaria [222,223] | Standarization of propagation (patch budding), high-density planting, canopy management, value addition, integrated nutrient management [223] | Candy, Chyawanpras, Shreds, Candy, Preserve, Squash, RTS, Pickle, Jelly, Leather, Toffee, aonla powder [34,35,223] | Avenue plantation [30] | ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner; ANDUAT, Ayodhya |
Bael | Goma Yashi, NB-5, NB-7, NB-9, Pant Aparna, Pant Sujata, Pant Shivani, Thar Divya, Thar Neelkanth, Thar Shristhi, Thar Prikriti, Thar Shivangi [224] | Standarization of propagation (patch budding), detoppng for promotion of scion wood in mother plant, planting geometry and high-density planting, plant architectural engineering, water and nutrient management, fruit drop and cracking management, bael-based cropping system [224] | Squash, preserve, candy [51,223,225] | Avenue plantation, windbreak plantation [48] | ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner; ANDUAT, Ayodhya; GBPUAT, Pantnagar |
Ber | Gola, Umran, Goma Kirti, Katha, Seb, Thar Sevika, Thar Bhuvraj, CAZRI Ber 2018 [22,226] | Standarization of propagation (T-budding), insitu budding, top-working, pruning and training system, high-density planting system, water and nutrient management, fruit fly and stone weevil management [22,227] | Osmodehydrated ber, Canned ber, Jam, Pickle [22] | Ornamental purpose, windbreak, bio-fencing, furniture [27,28] | ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner; NBPGR, New Delhi; HAU, Hisar; ICAR-CAZRI, Jodhpur |
Chironji | Thar Priya [228,229] | Standardization of propagation (soft wood grafting), insitu grafting, training and pruning, nutrient management, processing, value addition [228] | Dried seed [139] | Avenue plantation [137] | ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner (Raj); NIFTEM, Sonipat (Haryana) |
Custard apple | Arka Neelanchal Vikram, Arka Sahan, Balanagar [230] | Standardization of propagation (whip grafting), high-density planting system, canopy management, flower regulation, processing, value-added products [230,231,232] | Puree, jam, RTS, Juice, Frozen pulp [233,234] | Kitchen gardening [230] | ICAR-IIHR, Bangalore |
Jamun | Goma Prinynka [235] | Standardization of propagation (patch budding and soft wood grafting), high-density planting system, canopy management, processing, value addition [235,236,237] | Jamun Juice, RTS, Squash, Nectar, Jam, Vinegar, Wine, Jelly, Cider, Syrup [236,237] | Avenue and windbreak plantation [236,237] | ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner (Raj); ICAR-CAZRI, Jodhpur; ICAR-IIHR, Bangalore |
Jharber | - | Dehydrated products [238] | Churan, Bar, Toffee [238] | Bio-fencing, wind break, forest and soil restoration [238] | ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner |
Kair | CZJK-3 and CZJK5 [239] | Standarization of propagation (root cutting and tissue culture), post-harvest management, value addition [55,56,239] | Vegetable, Pickle panchkutta [240] | Bio-fencing, wind break, forest and soil restoration, ornamental value [52,53] | ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner; ICAR-CAZRI, Jodhpur |
Karonda | Thar Kamal, Konkan Bold, Maru Gaurav, Pant Manohar, Pant Sudarshan, Pant Suvarna [185,241] | Standardization of propagation (cutting/air layering), high-planting system, training and pruning, nutrient and water management, value addition[185,241] | Murabba, Jam, Jelly, Pickle, Chutney [185,241,242] | Bio-fencing in kitchen garden, orchards, windbreak, ornamental [38,58,59] | ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner (Raj); ICAR-CAZRI, Jodhpur; GBPUAT, Pantnagar (UK) |
Khejri | Thar Sobha, Thar Amruta [243] | Standardization of propagation (patch budding), water and nutrient management, canopy management, khejri-based model (HBCPSMA) [243,244] | Vegetables, Pickle, Biscuits [122] | Bio-fencing, wind break, forest and soil restoration, bonsai [38,118] | ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner |
Khirrni | Thar Rituraj [245] | Standardization of propagation (cleft grafting), plant spacing, canopy management, cropping system, value addition [225,245] | Dehydrated fruit, fruit bar, RTS, Jam [225] | Avenue plantation [158] | ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner(Raj) |
Lasora | Thar Bold, Maru Samaridhi, Karan Lasora [246,247,248] | Standarization of propagation (patch budding), canopy management, defoliation, integrated pest management, value addition [246,247,248] | Pickle, Beverage, Chutney [39] | Avenue and border plantation as windbreak [37,38] | ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner; ICAR-CAZRI, Jodhpur; SKNAU, Jobner |
Mahua | Thar Madhu [249] | Standardization of propagation (soft wood grafting), canopy management, nutrient and water management, post-harvest management, value addition (alcoholic beverage) [249] | Alcohol, Bakery, Vinegar, Syrup, Wine [98,99,100] | Avenue and ornamental plantation [249] | ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner (Raj); NIFTEM, Sonipat (Haryana) |
Manila tamarind | PKM 1 [250] | Standardization of propagation (cutting, micropropagation), value addition [251,252] | Dried seed, Oil extraction [207] | Bio-fencing, windbreak and shelterbelts [252] | ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner(Raj); TNAU, Tamilnadu |
Mulberry | Thar Lohit, Thar Harit, Delhi Local [253] | Standardization of propagation (cutting), mixed farming system, nutrient management, training and pruning system by Tamil Nadu Agriculture University [253,254] | Squash, RTS [130,131] | Avenue plantation, furniture [128] | ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner |
Pilu | - | Value-added products [106,110] | Squash, RTS, Miswak [106,110] | Avenue, wind break, forest and soil restoration [103,104] | ICAR-CAZRI, Jodhpur |
Tamarind | Periyakulam 1 (PKM1) [255] | Standardization of propagation (root/stem cutting, wedge grafting), water and nutrient management, insect-pest management, processing, value-added products [255,256,257] | Jam, Jelly, Syrup, Pulp Powder, Candy, Seed kernel powder [66] | Avenue plantation, wind break, ornamental as bonsai purpose [255] | TNAU, Tamilnadu, ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner |
Timroo | - | - | - | Avenue tree [149] | ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner(Raj) |
Wood apple | Thar Guarav [258] | Standardization of propagation (soft wood grafting), high-density planting system, processing, and value addition [258,259] | Chutney, Pickle, Frozen puree, sauce [77,78] | Boundry plantation of farms [258] | ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Meena, V.S.; Gora, J.S.; Singh, A.; Ram, C.; Meena, N.K.; Pratibha; Rouphael, Y.; Basile, B.; Kumar, P. Underutilized Fruit Crops of Indian Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: Importance, Conservation and Utilization Strategies. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8020171
Meena VS, Gora JS, Singh A, Ram C, Meena NK, Pratibha, Rouphael Y, Basile B, Kumar P. Underutilized Fruit Crops of Indian Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: Importance, Conservation and Utilization Strategies. Horticulturae. 2022; 8(2):171. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8020171
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeena, Vijay Singh, Jagan Singh Gora, Akath Singh, Chet Ram, Nirmal Kumar Meena, Pratibha, Youssef Rouphael, Boris Basile, and Pradeep Kumar. 2022. "Underutilized Fruit Crops of Indian Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: Importance, Conservation and Utilization Strategies" Horticulturae 8, no. 2: 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8020171
APA StyleMeena, V. S., Gora, J. S., Singh, A., Ram, C., Meena, N. K., Pratibha, Rouphael, Y., Basile, B., & Kumar, P. (2022). Underutilized Fruit Crops of Indian Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: Importance, Conservation and Utilization Strategies. Horticulturae, 8(2), 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8020171