Fungal Resistance to Echinocandins and the MDR Phenomenon in Candida glabrata
1
Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
2
Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Fungi 2018, 4(3), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4030105
Received: 16 August 2018
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Revised: 28 August 2018
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Accepted: 30 August 2018
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Published: 1 September 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Treatments for Fungal Infections)
Candida glabrata has thoroughly adapted to successfully colonize human mucosal membranes and survive in vivo pressures. prior to and during antifungal treatment. Out of all the medically relevant Candida species, C. glabrata has emerged as a leading cause of azole, echinocandin, and multidrug (MDR: azole + echinocandin) adaptive resistance. Neither mechanism of resistance is intrinsic to C. glabrata, since stable genetic resistance depends on mutation of drug target genes, FKS1 and FKS2 (echinocandin resistance), and a transcription factor, PDR1, which controls expression of major drug transporters, such as CDR1 (azole resistance). However, another hallmark of C. glabrata is the ability to withstand drug pressure both in vitro and in vivo prior to stable “genetic escape”. Additionally, these resistance events can arise within individual patients, which underscores the importance of understanding how this fungus is adapting to its environment and to drug exposure in vivo. Here, we explore the evolution of echinocandin resistance as a multistep model that includes general cell stress, drug adaptation (tolerance), and genetic escape. The extensive genetic diversity reported in C. glabrata is highlighted.
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Keywords:
Candida glabrata; drug resistance; tolerance; FKS; MSH2; echinocandin; azole
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MDPI and ACS Style
Healey, K.R.; Perlin, D.S. Fungal Resistance to Echinocandins and the MDR Phenomenon in Candida glabrata. J. Fungi 2018, 4, 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4030105
AMA Style
Healey KR, Perlin DS. Fungal Resistance to Echinocandins and the MDR Phenomenon in Candida glabrata. Journal of Fungi. 2018; 4(3):105. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4030105
Chicago/Turabian StyleHealey, Kelley R., and David S. Perlin. 2018. "Fungal Resistance to Echinocandins and the MDR Phenomenon in Candida glabrata" Journal of Fungi 4, no. 3: 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4030105
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