Journal of Fungi

16 pages, 6960 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Profiling of Developmental Stages and Screening of Candidate Genes in Pholiota nameko

by Yao Zhu, Tingting Ma, Yichu Wang, Jiayi Liu, Xiaolong He, Junshen Wang, Pengfei Jin and Xiaopeng Gao

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070542 - 22 Jul 2026

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Abstract

The developmental cycle of Pholiota nameko can be divided into four stages: the mycelial stage (JS), the primordium stage (FH), the growth stage (SZ), and the maturity stage (CS). In this study, transcriptome sequencing was performed on P. nameko at these four stages, [...] Read more.

The developmental cycle of Pholiota nameko can be divided into four stages: the mycelial stage (JS), the primordium stage (FH), the growth stage (SZ), and the maturity stage (CS). In this study, transcriptome sequencing was performed on P. nameko at these four stages, followed by the screening of differentially expressed genes and functional annotation via Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. By integrating the annotation results of all differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we screened for candidate genes potentially correlated with the growth and development of P. nameko. The expression levels of these candidate genes were then compared using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to identify those with the highest expression. The results showed that in the FH vs. CS and SZ vs. CS comparisons, DEGs were mainly enriched in pathways related to protein processing, fatty acid metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism, suggesting that alterations in these specific metabolic pathways may be closely associated with the growth and development of P. nameko. Through analysis based on upregulation and log₂ fold change (log₂FC) values, further screening identified 13 candidate genes, and the gene Cluster-7415.13 with the highest expression level was preliminarily screened out through RT-qPCR analysis. This gene may be potentially involved in processes such as rapid cell expansion, cell wall synthesis, nutrient absorption, and active growth-stage metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Metabolomics and Genomics, 3rd Edition)

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14 pages, 658 KB

Open AccessArticle

Oxygenation-Based Severity Stratification and a Proposed Clinical Diagnostic Workflow for Non-HIV Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia: A Single-Center Observational Study

by Jing Chen, Min Wu, Zhonghua Deng, Yingqiu Ying and Ming Lu

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070541 - 22 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Non-HIV Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is a life-threatening opportunistic fungal pneumonia that may progress rapidly in immunocompromised hosts. Broad bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) molecular testing supports microbiologic recognition, but additional organisms often require bedside adjudication. We conducted a single-center observational study of 49 [...] Read more.

Non-HIV Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is a life-threatening opportunistic fungal pneumonia that may progress rapidly in immunocompromised hosts. Broad bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) molecular testing supports microbiologic recognition, but additional organisms often require bedside adjudication. We conducted a single-center observational study of 49 HIV-negative adults with clinically confirmed PJP, routine BALF metagenomic next-generation sequencing support, and complete 30-day follow-up. Diagnosis required compatible symptoms and chest computed tomography findings, microbiologic support for P. jirovecii, and infectious disease specialist exclusion of isolated colonization. The primary endpoint was ICU-level care requirement, defined as ICU admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, or 30-day all-cause mortality. Recent immunosuppressive exposure was present in 48 patients (98.0%). ICU-level care was required in 15 patients (30.6%); all ventilation and death events occurred in this group, and 30-day mortality was 10.2%. Baseline PaO2/FiO2 < 200 mmHg was associated with higher proportions of ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and death. Chronic kidney disease, lower creatinine clearance, higher lactate dehydrogenase, and bacterial co-pathogen context showed exploratory signals, whereas overall co-pathogen positivity was heterogeneous. These findings support integrating oxygenation status, host vulnerability, and conservative co-pathogen adjudication to guide escalation and antimicrobial decisions after BALF testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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32 pages, 4109 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Differences Between Two Fusarium oxysporum Formae Speciales During Cucumber Infection

by Ernest Nailevich Komissarov, Alfred Onele Obinna, Inna Alexandrovna Abdeeva, Mariya Vladimirovna Mokryakova, Sergey Alexandrovich Bruskin and Shamil Zavdatovich Validov

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070540 - 22 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum (Forc) V03-2g and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (Forl) ZUM2407 both cause foot and root rot in cucumber, but differ in host range. Forc V03-2g possesses Secreted in Xylem (SIX) effector genes, whereas Forl [...] Read more.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum (Forc) V03-2g and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (Forl) ZUM2407 both cause foot and root rot in cucumber, but differ in host range. Forc V03-2g possesses Secreted in Xylem (SIX) effector genes, whereas Forl ZUM2407 does not, raising questions about their distinct infection strategies on this host. Using comparative transcriptomic analysis (in cucumber at 7 and 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) and in tomato at 2 dpi) we show that Forl ZUM2407 induces a delayed defense response in cucumber compared to Forc V03-2g. In turn, Forc V03-2g rapidly activates accessory chromosome effectors on cucumber, while Forl ZUM2407 initially deploys core chromosome genes, activating distinct from Forc V03-2g accessory genes only by 14 dpi. Thereby, Forc V03-2g and Forl ZUM2407 use distinct accessory gene repertoires (unique to each strain) and distinct core gene transcription strategies to infect the same host. Full article

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17 pages, 6642 KB

Open AccessArticle

Acetate Signalling Regulates Virulence-Associated Traits in the Esca Pathogen Phaeomoniella chlamydospora

by Ádám Novák, Dóra Szabó, Adrienn Gomba-Tóth, Nikolett Molnár, Kálmán Zoltán Váczy and Zoltán Karácsony

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070539 - 22 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch) is a pioneer pathogen of esca, one of the most destructive grapevine trunk diseases worldwide. A recent work suggests that acetate may act as a quorum-sensing (QS) molecule in Pch, promoting biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the broader [...] Read more.

Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch) is a pioneer pathogen of esca, one of the most destructive grapevine trunk diseases worldwide. A recent work suggests that acetate may act as a quorum-sensing (QS) molecule in Pch, promoting biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the broader influence of acetate on virulence-associated traits remains unexplored. In this study, three Pch isolates were cultured under increasing sodium acetate concentrations (0–100 mM) and assessed for pigmentation, extracellular enzyme activities (amylase, cellulase, protease, esterase, and pectinase), phenolic compound-degrading capacity, and antibacterial activity against a grapevine-associated Pseudomonas sp. isolate. Pigmentation, as well as amylase and cellulase activities, were significantly increased at low acetate supplement levels (6.25–12.5 mM), while esterase activity was unaffected. The expression of these traits decreased above 25 mM acetate supplementation. Phenolic compound degradation capacity, antibacterial efficacy, as well as protease and pectinase activities progressively suppressed at all acetate concentrations. These results indicate that acetate concentration modulates multiple virulence-associated phenotypes of Pch in vitro. Based on these patterns, we propose a hypothetical model in which acetate-dependent phenotypic changes may reflect a shift between establishment-associated activities and reduced extracellular activity at higher acetate levels. This model remains to be validated by mechanistic and in planta infection-based studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Cell Biology, Metabolism and Physiology)

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15 pages, 1324 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharide Seed Dressing Induces Systemic Resistance Against Fusarium Head Blight and Sharp Eyespot in Wheat

by Yao Zhu, Ping He, Wanxiu Zhang, Xiang He, Xinli Li, Xiaolong He, Xiaopeng Gao, Baotong Wang, Jianzhao Qi, Yueqin Liu and Pengfei Jin

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070538 - 22 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) exhibits prominent antibacterial and antioxidant activities. This study evaluated the effects of GLP seed soaking at two concentrations (4 g/100 kg, GLP4; 8 g/100 kg, GLP8) on wheat growth promotion and induced resistance against wheat sharp eyespot caused by [...] Read more.

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) exhibits prominent antibacterial and antioxidant activities. This study evaluated the effects of GLP seed soaking at two concentrations (4 g/100 kg, GLP4; 8 g/100 kg, GLP8) on wheat growth promotion and induced resistance against wheat sharp eyespot caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium head blight (FHB) mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum. Physiological and agronomic analyses showed that GLP treatment increased the germination rate of all tested wheat cultivars (moderately resistant: Xiaoyan 22, Sumai 3; moderately susceptible: Mingxian 169, Xinong 873) by over 2%. Moderately susceptible and resistant cultivars presented average plant height increases of 0.5 cm and 2 cm, respectively, with most cultivars showing a height increase of approximately 3 cm. GLP significantly elevated leaf chlorophyll content by over 5% and differentially regulated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels: MDA decreased by 34–68% in Sumai 3 and Mingxian 169 but increased by 11–23% in Xiaoyan 22. Pot assays verified that GLP yielded over 10% control efficacy against both diseases. Overall, GLP seed soaking effectively promotes wheat growth, activates defense responses, and enhances host resistance to R. solani and F. graminearum infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Growth and Virulence of Plant Pathogenic Fungi, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 866 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Outcomes of Micafungin and Anidulafungin in Candidozyma auris (Formerly Candida auris) Candidemia: A Propensity Score-Matched Retrospective Cohort Study

by Eyüp Arslan, Ömer Karaşahin, Betül Yüsra Şirin, Deniz Turan, Yıldız Olçar, Umut Elmas, Fatma Yılmaz Karadağ and Derya Öztürk Engin

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070537 - 22 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Candidozyma auris (formerly Candida auris) is a critical-priority multidrug-resistant pathogen. Comparative clinical data on first-line echinocandins—micafungin and anidulafungin—in C. auris candidemia remain limited. This retrospective cohort study compared clinical outcomes of micafungin and anidulafungin in adult patients with C. auris candidemia treated [...] Read more.

Candidozyma auris (formerly Candida auris) is a critical-priority multidrug-resistant pathogen. Comparative clinical data on first-line echinocandins—micafungin and anidulafungin—in C. auris candidemia remain limited. This retrospective cohort study compared clinical outcomes of micafungin and anidulafungin in adult patients with C. auris candidemia treated between January 2024 and December 2025 at three affiliated hospital campuses in Istanbul, Türkiye. Propensity score matching (PSM) using a 1:1 nearest-neighbor algorithm was performed to balance baseline characteristics. Outcomes included 30-day (primary) and 14-day all-cause mortality, microbiological response, end-of-therapy (EOT) response, relapse, and drug-induced liver injury assessed by the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM). Among 154 included patients (micafungin, n = 94; anidulafungin, n = 60), no echinocandin resistance was detected. After PSM (55 matched pairs), 30-day all-cause mortality was identical between groups (41.8% vs. 41.8%; mOR 1.00, 95% CI 0.43–2.31; p = 1.000). Fourteen-day all-cause mortality (16.4% vs. 18.2%; p = 0.763), microbiological response (94.5% vs. 90.9%; p = 0.480), EOT response (74.5% vs. 67.3%; p = 0.346), and relapse (12.7% vs. 10.9%; p = 0.763) did not differ significantly between groups. RUCAM-based hepatic safety profiles were descriptively comparable. Micafungin and anidulafungin showed comparable observed outcomes in C. auris candidemia in this cohort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Candida Infections and Antifungal Treatment)

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14 pages, 56318 KB

Open AccessArticle

Trypanocidal Activity of Crude Extracts from Montagnula sp., an Endophytic Fungus Isolated from Lippia alba

by Karen Alexandra Caicedo-Jiménez, Liliana Torcoroma García, Erika Marcela Moreno, Catalina Salgado-Salazar, Julie Fernanda Benavides Arévalo and Beatriz Elena Guerra-Sierra

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070536 - 20 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a neglected tropical infection with limited therapeutic options and significant drug-related toxicity. Endophytic fungi are emerging as sustainable sources of bioactive metabolites with potential antiparasitic activity. In this study, endophytic fungi isolated from the medicinal [...] Read more.

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a neglected tropical infection with limited therapeutic options and significant drug-related toxicity. Endophytic fungi are emerging as sustainable sources of bioactive metabolites with potential antiparasitic activity. In this study, endophytic fungi isolated from the medicinal plant Lippia alba were screened for trypanocidal activity. Crude extracts from seven isolates were tested against epimastigote and amastigote forms of T. cruzi, together with cytotoxicity assays in J774A.1 murine macrophages. The crude extract of Montagnula sp. exhibited the strongest trypanocidal activity (IC₅₀ = 22.1 ± 0.5 μg/mL for epimastigotes and 29.2 ± 3.0 μg/mL for amastigotes), comparable to benznidazole, with low toxicity (CC₅₀ > 600 μg/mL) and a high selectivity index (>26). Morphological and mitochondrial analyses demonstrated preservation of host-cell integrity and mitochondrial function, in contrast to the reference drug. UHPLC-ESI-HRMS profiling identified phenolic and terpenoid compounds, including caffeic acid, ferulic acid, naringenin, apigenin, and ursolic acid, which may underlie the observed biological activity. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence of trypanocidal activity in an endophytic Montagnula species and highlights endophytic fungi as promising platforms for the discovery of novel anti-T. cruzi agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Fungi)

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17 pages, 43138 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Temperature on Growth, Pathogenicity, and Fungicide Sensitivity of Two Coniella Species Causing Grape White Rot

by Lifang Yuan, Bo Liu, Tinggang Li, Xiangtian Yin, Qibao Liu, Xilong Jiang, Xing Han, Chundong Wang, Tao Ji, Nanyang Li and Yanfeng Wei

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070535 - 20 Jul 2026

Viewed by 424

Abstract

Grape white rot, primarily caused by Coniella diplodiella and Coniella vitis, is a major fungal disease threatening grape production worldwide, with C. vitis more prevalent in China. Temperature is a critical environmental factor influencing pathogen development and disease outbreaks, but how temperature [...] Read more.

Grape white rot, primarily caused by Coniella diplodiella and Coniella vitis, is a major fungal disease threatening grape production worldwide, with C. vitis more prevalent in China. Temperature is a critical environmental factor influencing pathogen development and disease outbreaks, but how temperature influences the biological characteristics, pathogenicity, and fungicide sensitivity of these two pathogens remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of temperature on mycelial growth, conidial germination, extracellular enzyme activity, pathogenicity, and fungicide sensitivity of C. diplodiella 2019 and C. vitis GP1. The growth, conidial germination, extracellular enzyme production, pathogenicity, and fungicide control efficacy against the two pathogens were systematically evaluated under different temperature conditions (5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 °C). Results showed temperature significantly affected all investigated traits in both species. Optimal mycelial growth, conidial germination, and pathogenicity occurred at moderate temperatures (25 °C), whereas extreme temperatures (5 °C and 45 °C) significantly markedly inhibited fungal development and disease severity. C. vitis GP1 showed greater adaptability and consistently higher pathogenicity than C. diplodiella 2019 across the tested temperature range. Fungicide sensitivity also differed between the two species, and the inhibitory activity of difenoconazole was significantly reduced under temperature extremes, indicating that fungicide performance is influenced by environmental temperature. These findings demonstrate that temperature regulates both fungal development and fungicide efficacy, providing new insights into the temperature-dependent epidemiology of grape white rot and a scientific basis for optimizing disease management under changing environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Fungi: Control of Fungal Diseases in Fruit and Vegetables)

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12 pages, 853 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA in Serum for the Diagnosis of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies—A Retrospective Case Control Study

by Caroline Ström Turesson, Anna Grankvist and Helena Hammarström

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070534 - 20 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) relies on lower respiratory tract sampling, often requiring bronchoscopy. Given its invasive nature, non-invasive diagnostic methods are desirable. In this retrospective case–control study, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of serum P. jirovecii PCR and β-D-glucan for PCP [...] Read more.

Diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) relies on lower respiratory tract sampling, often requiring bronchoscopy. Given its invasive nature, non-invasive diagnostic methods are desirable. In this retrospective case–control study, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of serum P. jirovecii PCR and β-D-glucan for PCP diagnosis. Adult patients with hematologic malignancies and positive P. jirovecii PCR in lower respiratory tract samples were included as cases and classified as PCP or colonization. Controls had negative BAL PCR. Stored serum samples were analyzed by P. jirovecii PCR and β-D-glucan. Forty-one cases (29 PCP, 12 colonization) and 36 controls were included. Serum P. jirovecii PCR was positive in 20/41 cases (49%) and in 15/29 patients with PCP (52%), while no controls were serum PCR-positive. For PCP diagnosis, serum PCR had a sensitivity of 52% and a specificity of 89%. For detection of P. jirovecii in the lower respiratory tract, sensitivity was 49% and specificity 100%. Detectable serum P. jirovecii DNA was associated with higher P. jirovecii load in respiratory tract samples and higher β-D-glucan levels, but not with the presence or severity of pneumonia. Serum P. jirovecii PCR is a highly specific marker of P. jirovecii in the lower respiratory tract and may serve as a useful initial non-invasive test in patients with suspected PCP, prior to invasive respiratory sampling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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19 pages, 1975 KB

Open AccessArticle

Macrofungal Diversity and Funga in Two Forest Types of Motuo Ecosystems, Southwest China

by An-Hong Zhu, Zhi Qu, Si-Yu Ma, Zhong-Xin Sun, Rong-Shen Li and Hai-Xia Ma

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070533 - 19 Jul 2026

Viewed by 547

Abstract

The study on macrofungi diversity in Motuo county, Xizang Autonomous Region, was conducted from 2021 to 2025, and 2286 vouchered fungal collections were obtained from local forest ecosystems. A total of 534 species, representing two phyla, eight classes, 28 orders, 96 families, and [...] Read more.

The study on macrofungi diversity in Motuo county, Xizang Autonomous Region, was conducted from 2021 to 2025, and 2286 vouchered fungal collections were obtained from local forest ecosystems. A total of 534 species, representing two phyla, eight classes, 28 orders, 96 families, and 241 genera were identified according to the morphological characters and molecular evidence. The orders Agaricales (174), Polyporales (91), Xylariales (74) and Russulales (69) were the dominant orders, collectively accounting for 76.40% of the total species listed. Fifteen dominant families with more 10 species each were identified, namely Russulaceae (58), Polyporaceae (37), Xylariaceae (34), Hypoxylaceae (30), Boletaceae (17), Psathyrellaceae (13), Mycenaceae (12), Agaricaceae (11), Hymenochaetaceae (11), Auriculariaceae (11), Stromphariaceae (11), Marasmiaceae (10), Omphalotaceae (10), Steccherinaceae (10), and Pleurotaceae (10), which occupied approximately 53.37% of the total species. Additionally, 21 dominant genera with more than five species each were recorded, including Russula (27), Xylaria (25), Hypoxylon (17), Lactarius (16), Lactifluus (15), and other 16 genera (101), accounting for around 37.64% of all species. We further compared species composition, distribution patterns, dominant taxa and trophic modes of macrofungi between tropical monsoon forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest. A total of 439 species (82.21%) were endemic to a single forest type, while only 95 species (17.79%) were shared by the two forest habitats. The evergreen broad-leaved forest exhibited slightly higher macrofungal species richness than the tropical monsoon forest in Motuo County. Moreover, it harbored a higher proportion of ectomycorrhizal fungi (25.32% vs. 14.06%) and a lower proportion of saprotrophic fungi (71.52% vs. 83.71%). This study fills the research gap in systematic macrofungal diversity investigation in Motuo County, and provides fundamental data for revealing the evolutionary mechanisms of macrofungi on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau margin and clarifying the biodiversity formation process across the Himalayan region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Phylogeny and Ecology of Forest Fungi, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 1388 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aspergillus flavus bZIP-Type Transcription Factors as Promising Novel Targets for Future Aflatoxin Control Strategies

by Ágnes Kata Mondok, Tünde Pusztahelyi, Szilvia Kovács, Barbara Brendzsák, Tamás Emri, István Pócsi and Éva Leiter

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070532 - 19 Jul 2026

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Abstract

The bZIP type transcription factors (bZIPs) are global regulators governing vegetative growth, development, stress defense and secondary metabolism, including mycotoxin production in filamentous fungi. In this work, we constructed and phenotypically characterized gene deletion and complementation mutants of some bZIPs, including Afap1, [...] Read more.

The bZIP type transcription factors (bZIPs) are global regulators governing vegetative growth, development, stress defense and secondary metabolism, including mycotoxin production in filamentous fungi. In this work, we constructed and phenotypically characterized gene deletion and complementation mutants of some bZIPs, including Afap1, AflatfA, LziP, AflatfB and bZIP6 in Aspergillus flavus. Environmental and fungicide stress responses, as well as aflatoxin production of the mutants in both surface cultures and infected maize kernels, were studied. Phenotypic characterization of the mutants revealed that Afap1 and AflatfA were involved in the oxidative (H₂O₂, menadione, tert-butyl hydroperoxide), cell wall integrity (Congo Red) and heavy metal (CdCl₂) stress responses of A. flavus. In addition, the Afap1 and AflatfA gene deletions decreased the diamide and prothioconazole tolerances of the fungus, respectively. The ΔLziP strain showed increased growth in the presence of diamide, while reduced colony diameters were observed after exposure to CdCl₂ and fludioxonil. The ΔAflatfB gene deletion mutant was also sensitive to tBOOH, while azoxystrobin and prothioconazole fungicides significantly inhibited the growth of ΔbZIP6. When aflatoxin (AFB1) production was measured in surface cultures, decreased AFB1 levels were detected only in the ΔAflatfA gene deletion mutant strain. However, in corn kernel infection assays, the ΔAfap1, ΔAflatfA, and ΔAflatfB mutants were characterized by significantly reduced aflatoxin production, while the deletion of bZIP6 almost completely abolished AFB1 biosynthesis. Our results suggest that Afap1 and AflatfA appear to be promising targets for the development of new antifungal agents, as their inhibition may increase the sensitivity of A. flavus to environmental stress, simultaneously reducing the aflatoxin production of the fungus and the use of azoles (AflatfA) in the antifungal protection of maize. In addition, bZIP6 may also be considered as an attractive target for further studies when aiming to eliminate aflatoxin production and minimize the use of azoxystrobin and prothioconazole in maize crop protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stress Research in Filamentous Fungi and Yeasts—2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 2516 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decolorization of Bromophenol Blue by Free and Immobilized Crude Extracellular Laccase Preparation from Bjerkandera adusta TMF1 Produced on Agro-Industrial Residues

by Nevena Ilić, Jelena Lađarević, Katja Vasić, Maja Leitgeb, Željko Knez, Suzana Dimitrijević-Branković and Katarina Mihajlovski

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070531 - 19 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Synthetic dyes released from industrial effluents represent an important environmental challenge due to their persistence and toxicity. In this study, for the first time, a crude extracellular laccase preparation from Bjerkandera adusta TMF1 produced by solid-state fermentation on a wheat/barley bran mixture was [...] Read more.

Synthetic dyes released from industrial effluents represent an important environmental challenge due to their persistence and toxicity. In this study, for the first time, a crude extracellular laccase preparation from Bjerkandera adusta TMF1 produced by solid-state fermentation on a wheat/barley bran mixture was immobilized onto glutaraldehyde-activated alginate beads and applied for mediator-free Bromophenol Blue (BPB) decolorization. The produced laccase showed high activity (51.51 IU/mL; 128.77 IU/g dry substrate), while immobilization efficiency reached 98.84% with 88.39% residual activity under optimal immobilization conditions. FTIR and SEM analyses indicated successful enzyme immobilization and structural changes in the alginate matrix. Under optimal conditions (50 mg/L BPB, pH 5, 30 °C), free and immobilized crude extracellular laccase preparation achieved 73.02% and 78.12% decolorization within 1 h, respectively, without the addition of synthetic redox mediators. The immobilized preparation retained decolorization ability during repeated use, maintaining more than 50% decolorization efficiency after the third cycle. HPLC analysis indicated changes in the chromatographic profile of BPB after enzymatic treatment, while phytotoxicity and antimicrobial assays suggested reduced toxicity of the treated samples toward the tested organisms. These results demonstrate that a crude extracellular laccase preparation produced by B. adusta TMF1 can serve as an efficient immobilized biocatalyst for Bromophenol Blue decolorization while supporting the sustainable valorization of agro-industrial residues for low-cost enzyme production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Biotechnological Applications of Fungi)

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31 pages, 3903 KB

Open AccessReview

Bridging the “Valley of Death” in Antifungal Therapy: Next-Generation Biomimetic and Exosome-Inspired Nanocarriers for Invasive Candidiasis

by Bekir Mustafa Yoğurtçu and Ilknur Yilmaz

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070530 - 19 Jul 2026

Viewed by 425

Abstract

Invasive candidiasis, predominantly driven by multidrug-resistant Candida species and intractable biofilms, represents an escalating global health crisis with mortality rates rivaling major infectious diseases. The clinical efficacy of conventional antifungal agents—azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins—is severely compromised by poor tissue penetration, dose-limiting systemic toxicity, [...] Read more.

Invasive candidiasis, predominantly driven by multidrug-resistant Candida species and intractable biofilms, represents an escalating global health crisis with mortality rates rivaling major infectious diseases. The clinical efficacy of conventional antifungal agents—azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins—is severely compromised by poor tissue penetration, dose-limiting systemic toxicity, and the rapid evolution of complex resistance mechanisms. Here, we review the two-decade structural evolution of nanotechnological interventions designed to overcome these pharmacological and biological barriers. We systematically analyze advanced nanosystems, including lipid-based formulations, natural polymers, and biogenic metallic nanostructures, highlighting their capacity to penetrate the dense extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), combat potential fungal ‘nano-resistance’, and significantly reduce metabolically dormant persister cell populations. The literature search was performed using the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Publications indexed between 2015 and 2025 were primarily considered, while seminal studies published before 2015 were included when necessary to provide historical context and foundational knowledge. We place specific emphasis on next-generation biomimetic and exosome-inspired nanocarriers, which significantly reduce systemic host toxicity while maximizing targeted antifungal efficacy. In this context, the synergistic integration of smart nanocarriers to actively disassemble fungal resistance networks, such as the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway and sphingolipid biosynthesis. Finally, we outline a strategic roadmap to bridge the translational “Valley of Death”. By prioritizing manufacturing standardization, comprehensive long-term biosecurity profiling, and rationally designed biomimetic platforms, we propose an alternative way to outpace the evolutionary adaptations of fungal pathogenesis and translate these innovations into the clinic. Full article

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19 pages, 14311 KB

Open AccessArticle

Three New Species of Pyrenula (Ascomycota, Pyrenulales, Pyrenulaceae) from China

by Xue Li, Lihua Chen, Wenting Liu, André Aptroot and Mingzhu Dou

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070529 - 18 Jul 2026

Viewed by 478

Abstract

The lichenized fungal genus Pyrenula Ach. is one of the most common groups of crustose lichens in tropical and subtropical regions, but there has been little research on this genus in China. Based on an integrative taxonomic method including morphological, chemical characters, and [...] Read more.

The lichenized fungal genus Pyrenula Ach. is one of the most common groups of crustose lichens in tropical and subtropical regions, but there has been little research on this genus in China. Based on an integrative taxonomic method including morphological, chemical characters, and three-locus phylogenetic analyses, we found three new Pyrenula species from southern China. Pyrenula falcatispora sp. nov. is characterized by multiseptate (7–9-septate), falciform ascospores with pointed ends, and the presence of pseudocyphellae; Pyrenula rectiloculata sp. nov. is characterized by elongate-fusiform ascospores (5–7(–8)-septate) with pointed ends and rectangular lumina, the absence of pseudocyphellae, and the inspersed hamathecium; Pyrenula jinghongensis sp. nov. is unique in having 2-spored asci, large and muriform ascospores with 14–19 transverse septa. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that these three species form independent lineages within the genus. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, and comparisons with morphologically similar taxa are provided. Notably, taxa with ascospores more than four times as long as wide or 2-spored asci were uncommon within the genus Pyrenula. This is the first report of transversely septate Pyrenula taxa with ascospores more than four times as long as wide in China. Meanwhile, a key for the Pyrenula species reported in China is provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lichenized Fungi: A Themed Issue Dedicated to Academician Jiang-Chun Wei)

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19 pages, 924 KB

Open AccessReview

Oral Mycobiome: Composition, Functionality and Clinical Implication

by Geovani Moreira da Cruz, Amanda Siqueira Fraga, Maíra Terra Garcia and Juliana Campos Junqueira

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070528 - 17 Jul 2026

Viewed by 422

Abstract

Historically, the study of oral fungal species was limited by the inability to cultivate most of them. However, advances in metagenomic techniques have enabled the direct identification of microbial genomes from human samples, markedly broadening our understanding of the oral mycobiome. This narrative [...] Read more.

Historically, the study of oral fungal species was limited by the inability to cultivate most of them. However, advances in metagenomic techniques have enabled the direct identification of microbial genomes from human samples, markedly broadening our understanding of the oral mycobiome. This narrative review aims to analyze the available scientific evidence on the composition and dynamics of the oral mycobiome, as well as its influence on the development of local pathological conditions. The oral mycobiome is highly diverse, with emphasis on genus Candida, followed by Cladosporium, Aureobasidium and Saccharomyces. Candida albicans remains the most frequently identified species in both health and diseases state. However, individuals with oral candidiasis present a higher detection of Candida dubliniensis, Candida parapsilosis, Pichia kudriavzevii, Antrodiella micra and Cladosporium sphaerospermum. In dental caries, C. albicans and C. dubliniensis are associated with advanced lesions, whereas Debaryomyces and Rhodotorula may exert protective effects against Streptococcus mutans, a cariogenic bacterium. In periodontitis, an increase in yeast-bacteria interactions is observed. Additionally, C. albicans has been implicated in oral carcinogenesis through multiple mechanisms. These findings highlight the need for a deeper understanding of the oral mycobiome to enable early detection of oral diseases and the development of therapeutic approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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21 pages, 2619 KB

Open AccessArticle

Application of FTIR Spectroscopy for the Elucidation of Fusarium fujikuroi Metabolites: New Insights in the Production of Organic Acids and Gibberellic Acid

by Aranza Hernández Rodríguez, Aarón Mendieta-Moctezuma, Raúl J. Delgado Macuil and Víctor Eric López y López

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070527 - 17 Jul 2026

Viewed by 461

Abstract

Fusarium fujikuroi is an industrial producer of gibberellic acid (GA₃), a phytohormone of agricultural interest. Despite the high concentration of nutrients used for its production, GA₃ yields remain low, highlighting the importance of identifying the major metabolites synthesized during GA [...] Read more.

Fusarium fujikuroi is an industrial producer of gibberellic acid (GA₃), a phytohormone of agricultural interest. Despite the high concentration of nutrients used for its production, GA₃ yields remain low, highlighting the importance of identifying the major metabolites synthesized during GA₃ synthesis. Therefore, the principal aim of this work was to evaluate organic acid production during F. fujikuroi batch cultures by determining GA₃ production and organic acid profiles using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Significant differences in compound quantification were found; five organic acids, namely lactic, malic, citric, succinic and maleic, were detected by HPLC (in g/L: 101.09, 10.66, 2.80, 6.94 and 1.07, respectively). In addition, eight organic acids were determined by FTIR, namely lactic, butyric, pyruvic, fumaric, malic, succinic, maleic and oxalic (in g/L: 62.97, 19.19, 11.92, 7.54, 2.30, 4.36, 1.25 and 1.06 g/L, respectively). GA₃ production was also quantified, reaching nearly 5.0 g/L as determined by HPLC and UV-Vis, and FTIR yielded 2.20 g/L. This report found that the low yields obtained in GA₃ production are related to the side conversion of raw materials into organic acids as byproducts. In addition, the FTIR technique can be employed as an innovative strategy for the quantification of metabolites to provide relevant information on F. fujikuroi metabolic regulation. This enables the spread of its application as a biotechnological tool in high-value-added processes with potential for industrial-scale GA₃ production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Bioactive Fungal Metabolites)

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25 pages, 2943 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemo-Diversity and Secondary Metabolite Content in Corticolous Crustose Lichens (Fam. Arthoniaceae, Graphidaceae, Pyrenulaceae) from Remnants of Colombian Tropical Dry Forests

by Pierine España-Puccini, Amner Muñoz-Acevedo, Natalia A. Llanos-López, Marc Stadler, Mayar L. Ganoza-Yupanqui, Paula S. Burgos-Zelada and María C. Martínez-Habibe

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070526 - 17 Jul 2026

Viewed by 799

Abstract

Colombia ranks third among South American countries in terms of fungal diversity (including lichens); however, the lichen diversity of tropical dry forest ecosystems, particularly those in the Caribbean region, remains relatively understudied. The typical lichens found in tropical dry forest are crustose/corticolous microlichens [...] Read more.

Colombia ranks third among South American countries in terms of fungal diversity (including lichens); however, the lichen diversity of tropical dry forest ecosystems, particularly those in the Caribbean region, remains relatively understudied. The typical lichens found in tropical dry forest are crustose/corticolous microlichens (adapted to the xerophytic environments), which produce certain secondary metabolites that act as protective agents against ultraviolet radiation/decomposition/depredators; nonetheless, secondary metabolites of most of these lichens have not yet been described. This study focused on the compositional analysis and the extrolite content of seven lichens: Cryptothecia sp., Cryptothecia scripta, Graphis dendrogramma, Leucodecton occultum, Helminthocarpon leprevostii, Pyrenula ochraceoflava, and Allographa seminuda, using thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector, liquid chromatography–electrospray–mass spectrometry and/or liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The main findings were: (i) two Cryptothecia spp. contained 2′-O-methylperlatolic acid (97%) or ovoic/gyrophoric acids (67%/28%); (ii) two specimens of G. dendrogramma had stictic/norstictic acids (33–60%/40%); (iii) three samples of L. occultum were characterized by norstictic acid (42–82%); (iv) schizopeltic/3-O-methylschizopeltic acids (58%/32%) were found in one specimen of H. leprevostii; (v) one sample of P. ochraceoflava was represented by unidentified xanthone-type metabolite/7-chloroemodin/ (26%/24%); and, (vi) the extrolite content in one specimen of A. seminuda was negligible. Finally, 10 of the 11 lichen specimens studied from the Department of Atlántico within Colombia contained certain secondary metabolites that likely reflect the common types of extrolites, namely, di-/tri-depsides, depsidones, dibenzofurans, and chlorinated anthraquinones/xanthones, which could be hypothetically related to the evolutionary patterns of this type of organism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Ecology, and Metabolites of Lichen)

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16 pages, 2300 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Cultivar-Dependent Resistance Responses to Pseudomonas tolaasii in Pleurotus ostreatus

by Ja-Yoon Kim, Kang-Hyo Lee, Gyung-Sook Han, Gi-Hong An, Seong-Yeon Jo and Hye-Sung Park

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070525 - 17 Jul 2026

Viewed by 404

Abstract

Pseudomonas tolaasii, the causal agent of bacterial brown blotch disease, is a major threat to the yield and quality of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). To investigate the molecular basis of cultivar-dependent resistance, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis using the resistant [...] Read more.

Pseudomonas tolaasii, the causal agent of bacterial brown blotch disease, is a major threat to the yield and quality of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). To investigate the molecular basis of cultivar-dependent resistance, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis using the resistant cultivar ‘Aenutari’ (KMCC01220; AE) and the susceptible cultivar ‘Dahyun’ (KMCC04942; DH) under P. tolaasii challenge. The two cultivars showed contrasting phenotypic and transcriptomic responses after pathogen inoculation. DH exhibited visible disease symptoms and severe mycelial growth inhibition, with relative mycelial growth reduced to 33.97 ± 2.53% of the control, whereas AE maintained a relatively resistant phenotype and higher mycelial growth under pathogen challenge, reaching 51.19 ± 3.72% of the control. Consistent with these phenotypic differences, DH showed extensive transcriptional reprogramming, with 3585 up-regulated and 4377 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In contrast, AE showed a much narrower transcriptional response, with 181 up-regulated and 71 down-regulated DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that pathogen-responsive DEGs in AE were mainly associated with carbohydrate metabolism, extracellular regions, redox-related processes, and ion transport. In cultivar-wise comparisons under pathogen-inoculated conditions, genes highly expressed in AE were enriched in RNA splicing, mRNA processing, mitochondrial organization, mitochondrial gene expression, transmembrane transport, oxidoreductase activity, and sterol-related metabolism. These results indicate that the resistant phenotype of AE is associated with a more limited pathogen-induced transcriptional perturbation and the relative enrichment of gene modules related to RNA processing, mitochondrial organization and gene expression, membrane transport, redox-related processes, and sterol metabolism. This study provides a transcriptomic framework for understanding cultivar-dependent responses to bacterial brown blotch disease in oyster mushroom. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungi in Agriculture and Biotechnology)

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22 pages, 2985 KB

Open AccessArticle

An ABC-B Transporter Helps Protect Fusarium graminearum Against Enniatin Toxicity

by Linda J. Harris, Whynn Bosnich, Anne Johnston, Danielle Schneiderman, Rachel Kwan, Indira Thapa, Thomas E. Witte, Amanda Sproule, Steve Gleddie, Barbara Blackwell and David P. Overy

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070524 - 17 Jul 2026

Viewed by 545

Abstract

Fusarium graminearum and F. avenaceum often co-contaminate Canadian durum wheat grain, resulting in the co-deposition of species-specific mycotoxins, including trichothecenes produced by F. graminearum and enniatins produced by F. avenaceum. These mycotoxins pose significant risks to human and animal health. Although these [...] Read more.

Fusarium graminearum and F. avenaceum often co-contaminate Canadian durum wheat grain, resulting in the co-deposition of species-specific mycotoxins, including trichothecenes produced by F. graminearum and enniatins produced by F. avenaceum. These mycotoxins pose significant risks to human and animal health. Although these fungi commonly co-occur in infected wheat, relatively little is known about how they interact during host infection. Interactions between the two species were examined using co-inoculation experiments on durum wheat spikes. In pathology trials, co-inoculations often reduced both disease severity and trichothecene accumulation compared with inoculations of F. graminearum alone, despite F. graminearum greatly out-competing F. avenaceum in total fungal biomass. Transcriptomic profiling identified strong induction of the F. graminearum ABC transporter gene FgABCB8 during co-inoculation with an enniatin-producing F. avenaceum strain. When F. graminearum was grown in vitro, FgABCB8 was induced upon exposure to F. avenaceum culture filtrate, or the related cyclohexadepsipeptides enniatin B1 or beauvericin. Heterologous expression of FgABCB8 in yeast provided partial protection against enniatin and beauvericin toxicity. Gene disruption of FgABCB8 increased F. graminearum sensitivity to enniatins. These findings demonstrate that FgABCB8 expression enhances the ability of F. graminearum to tolerate enniatin-producing fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi and Mycotoxins: Omics, Genetic Diversity, and Ecological Interactions)

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16 pages, 2988 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Anti-Aspergillus Activity and Antifungal Interactions of Monoclonal Antibodies 1D2 and 4E4

by Xihua Lian, Amy Scott-Thomas, John G. Lewis, Madhav Bhatia and Stephen T. Chambers

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070523 - 16 Jul 2026

Viewed by 534

Abstract

Objective: To determine the in vitro anti-Aspergillus activity of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) 1D2 and 4E4 alone and in combination with voriconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin and to assess whether selected antimicrobial agents interfere with 1D2/4E4 binding to Aspergillus antigens. Methods: The [...] Read more.

Objective: To determine the in vitro anti-Aspergillus activity of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) 1D2 and 4E4 alone and in combination with voriconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin and to assess whether selected antimicrobial agents interfere with 1D2/4E4 binding to Aspergillus antigens. Methods: The in vitro antifungal activity of 1D2, 4E4 and all antifungal drugs was determined in a microplate-based assay. The anti-Aspergillus activity of mAb 1D2 and 4E4 in vitro alone and in combination with voriconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin was determined using a checkerboard assay. Finally, a competitive ELISA was used to assess whether selected antifungal and antibacterial agents interfered with the binding of 1D2 and 4E4 to immobilised Aspergillus antigens. Results: The in vitro interactions of 1D2 with voriconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin against four different Aspergillus species were all additive, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) between 0.5 and 1. Similarly, the in vitro interactions of 4E4 with these same four antifungals against Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) were all additive. An additive interaction was also detected for 4E4 and caspofungin against all four Aspergillus species tested. However, no interaction was found for 4E4 combined with voriconazole, posaconazole and amphotericin B against Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus), Aspergillus niger (A. niger) and Aspergillus terreus (A. terreus), with an FICI between 1 and 4. Moreover, none of the tested antifungal or antibacterial agents significantly interfered with 1D2/4E4 binding to Aspergillus antigens in the competitive ELISA. Conclusions: In this study, 1D2 and 4E4 showed in vitro growth-inhibitory activity against the tested Aspergillus isolates. Specifically, 1D2 showed additive interactions with the tested antifungal agents across all tested species, whereas 4E4 showed a more species- and drug-dependent interaction profile. The tested antimicrobial agents did not measurably interfere with 1D2/4E4 binding under the competitive ELISA conditions examined. Overall, these findings provide preliminary in vitro evidence supporting the further evaluation of 1D2 and 4E4. Full article

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24 pages, 1157 KB

Open AccessReview

Marine Yeasts for Biotechnology: Potential Applications and Insights from Comparisons with Terrestrial Yeasts

by Woon-Jong Yu, Ha Young Lee, Hyein Jin, Na Young Choi, Hyeon Gyeong Jeong and Dawoon Chung

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070522 - 15 Jul 2026

Viewed by 528

Abstract

Marine yeasts have attracted increasing interest as potential resources for biotechnology. However, direct comparative studies between marine and terrestrial yeasts remain limited, and the extent to which marine yeasts provide advantages beyond conventional terrestrial yeasts remains unclear. In this review, we synthesize current [...] Read more.

Marine yeasts have attracted increasing interest as potential resources for biotechnology. However, direct comparative studies between marine and terrestrial yeasts remain limited, and the extent to which marine yeasts provide advantages beyond conventional terrestrial yeasts remains unclear. In this review, we synthesize current knowledge of marine yeasts based on approximately 130 publications in the field by organizing the literature into six major themes: comparative studies with terrestrial yeasts, environmental adaptation, metabolic and functional diversity, diversity and distribution, genomic resources, and genetic engineering. Available evidence indicates that marine yeasts possess adaptive traits associated with marine environments, including tolerance to salinity, low temperature, high pressure, and environmental contaminants. These adaptive traits support the use of marine yeasts in seawater-based biofuel production, bioremediation, and the production of enzymes and biosurfactants for saline or other environmentally challenging conditions. We also summarize recent advances in genomics, genetic engineering, and taxonomy that provide useful resources for future studies of marine yeasts. Overall, this review highlights current knowledge of marine yeasts while identifying key gaps that require further comparative investigation with terrestrial yeasts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungi in Agriculture and Biotechnology)

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25 pages, 6955 KB

Open AccessArticle

Taxonomic Identification of Two Novel Genera and Four Novel Species of Lipolytic Floral-Associated Yeasts

by You-Jun Liao, Zi-Xuan Liu, Ya-Jing Yu and Ai-Hua Li

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070521 - 15 Jul 2026

Viewed by 594

Abstract

Floral yeasts are generally recognized to exhibit high metabolic activities. We isolated 437 yeast strains from 45 flower samples collected from different plants in the Beijing Olympic Forest Park, a unique urban ecosystem harboring diverse plants, which facilitated a thorough survey of floral [...] Read more.

Floral yeasts are generally recognized to exhibit high metabolic activities. We isolated 437 yeast strains from 45 flower samples collected from different plants in the Beijing Olympic Forest Park, a unique urban ecosystem harboring diverse plants, which facilitated a thorough survey of floral yeast diversity. Based on a sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rRNA) and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), these strains were assigned to 69 species, with Filobasidium magnum, Starmerella bombicola, Teunia globosa, Aureobasidium pini, and Kwoniella ovata being the dominant taxa. Ten representative strains were characterized comprehensively and identified as two novel genera and four novel species. Integrating the molecular data, genome information, and phenotypic/physiological traits, the ten novel yeast strains were described as six novel yeast taxa, including two novel species of two novel genera, Fanglaniella lipolytica gen. nov. sp. nov., Polychromogenomyces tardus gen. nov. sp. nov., and four novel species as Pseudotremella jasmini sp. nov., Teunia pruni sp. nov., Kurtzmanomyces yulaniae sp. nov., and Trigonosporomyces otomorphus sp. nov. Furthermore, qualitative profiling of the lipolytic activity across all six novel taxa was conducted using Tween 20 and Tween 80 plate culture assays, and the lipolytic functional genes were subsequently predicted. Our findings highlighted the high diversity of flower-inhabitant yeast strains and the potential lipolytic activity of floral yeasts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Phylogeny of Fungi)

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21 pages, 2738 KB

Open AccessArticle

Purinergic and Energy Metabolism Disruption in Oxidative Stress-Mediated Immunotoxicity Induced by Aflatoxin B₁ and Fumonisin B₁

by Verónica S. Mary, Pilar A. Velez, Sol Quiroz, Sofía A. Díaz Iriso, Candelaria Amilibia, Héctor R. Rubinstein and Martín G. Theumer

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070520 - 15 Jul 2026

Viewed by 499

Abstract

Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) are cereal-contaminating mycotoxins; co-exposure to these compounds is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, although the underlying immunological mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of AFB₁ and [...] Read more.

Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) are cereal-contaminating mycotoxins; co-exposure to these compounds is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, although the underlying immunological mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of AFB₁ and FB₁, individually and combined, on immune cell function, focusing on Th1-associated cytokines, cytotoxic capacity, oxidative stress involvement, and energy and purinergic metabolism. Rat splenocytes and intrahepatic leukocytes were exposed to AFB₁ (20 μM), FB₁ (10 μM), or a mixture of both (MIX), in the presence or absence of catalase. Cytokines and phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry and ELISA, cytotoxicity by co-culture assays, and intra/extracellular adenine nucleotides and purines by HPLC. The MIX significantly impaired Th1-like differentiation and reduced IFNγ and TNFα production, FAS-L expression and cytolytic activity while increasing IL4 production, indicating a shift toward a Th2-like profile. These effects were prevented by catalase, supporting a key role for oxidative stress. Co-exposure disrupted intracellular energy balance, decreasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, ATP/ADP ratios, and total adenine nucleotide pools. It also enhanced purine degradation, extracellular ATP release and adenosine accumulation, suggesting altered purinergic signaling. Consequently, AFB₁-FB₁ co-exposure disrupts immune function through interconnected redox and metabolic mechanisms, promoting an immunosuppressive environment that may favor tumor progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxin Contamination and Toxicology: Food Safety and Preventive Strategies)

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12 pages, 665 KB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Factors for Mortality in Candida auris Bloodstream Infection: A Multicenter Study in South Korea, 2018–2025

by Min Han, Jin Young Ahn, Jae Eun Seong, Se Ju Lee, Jinnam Kim, Jae Hoon Kim, Joon Sup Yeom, Jun Yong Choi, Su Jin Jeong, Jung Ho Kim, Jung Ah Lee, Yong Seop Lee, Hyuk Min Lee and Nam Su Ku

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070519 - 15 Jul 2026

Viewed by 489

Abstract

Candida auris (C. auris) is a multidrug-resistant pathogen that spreads clonally in healthcare settings and was designated an urgent threat by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2019. We conducted a multicenter study to identify mortality risk factors in [...] Read more.

Candida auris (C. auris) is a multidrug-resistant pathogen that spreads clonally in healthcare settings and was designated an urgent threat by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2019. We conducted a multicenter study to identify mortality risk factors in C. auris bloodstream infection (BSI) in South Korea. In this retrospective cohort study across three tertiary centers, 50 adults with first-episode C. auris BSI were analyzed. Primary and secondary outcomes were 30- and 90-day mortality. 30-day mortality was 24%, and 90-day mortality was 46%. Older age and higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score were independently associated with 30-day mortality. Microbiologic clearance within 30 days was protective. For 90-day mortality, older age was the only independent risk factor, and microbiologic clearance within 90 days was also protective. In conclusion, C. auris BSI causes substantial 30-day mortality, underscoring the need for risk-stratified, clearance-focused management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical and Epidemiological Study of Mycoses)

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9 pages, 6935 KB

Open AccessArticle

Off the Map: A Ten-Year Review of Coccidioidomycosis in Southeastern Michigan

by Daniel J. Muller, Carol A. Kauffman and Marisa H. Miceli

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070518 - 15 Jul 2026

Viewed by 483

Abstract

Recent studies suggest coccidioidomycosis can be found outside regions not considered to be endemic for Coccidioides species. We reviewed our experience with coccidioidomycosis at a large quaternary medical center in southeastern Michigan, an area not typically considered to be endemic for this infection. [...] Read more.

Recent studies suggest coccidioidomycosis can be found outside regions not considered to be endemic for Coccidioides species. We reviewed our experience with coccidioidomycosis at a large quaternary medical center in southeastern Michigan, an area not typically considered to be endemic for this infection. In the last decade, we cared for 18 patients with proven (11) or probable (7) coccidioidomycosis. All patients had a history of travel or prior residence in areas known to be endemic for Coccidioides species; for 16, the presumed source of exposure to Coccidioides was in southern Arizona. The median age was 64 (36–80) years. Thirteen patients had pulmonary coccidioidomycosis; manifestations included multiple lung nodules, consolidated pneumonia, diffuse reticulonodular infiltrates, chronic thick-walled cavitary lesions, and pleural involvement. Five patients had disseminated infection, including two with isolated coccidioidal meningitis, one with osteoarticular coccidioidomycosis, one with extra-thoracic lymphadenopathy in addition to diffuse lung infiltrates, and one with involvement of lung, mediastinal lymph nodes, and skin. Proven coccidioidomycosis was established by growth of Coccidioides species in culture in five patients, histopathological examination in five patients (one of whom also had a positive culture), and positive complement fixation (CF) test for Coccidioides antibody in cerebrospinal fluid for two patients. Probable coccidioidomycosis was documented for seven patients by positive titers for CF antibody to Coccidioides in serum. A careful travel and exposure history remains crucial for patients presenting outside Coccidioides-endemic regions, in which coccidioidomycosis may not be readily suspected and the diagnosis missed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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20 pages, 1503 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Nutritional, Bioactive, and Antioxidant Evaluation of a Novel Mushroom Species, Inonotus chrysosporus

by Feifei Song, Zhiping Li, Nemat O. Keyhani, Yusheng Zhang, Mengjia Zhu, Lin Zhao, Ligong Shen, Dewei Su and Junzhi Qiu

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070517 - 15 Jul 2026

Viewed by 535

Abstract

Inonotus is a globally distributed genus within the Hymenochaetales, with certain species widely used in traditional herbal medicine. Here, a new species, I. chrysosporus, was identified as a sister clade to I. hispidus based on morphological, molecular, and vegetative incompatibility characteristics. The [...] Read more.

Inonotus is a globally distributed genus within the Hymenochaetales, with certain species widely used in traditional herbal medicine. Here, a new species, I. chrysosporus, was identified as a sister clade to I. hispidus based on morphological, molecular, and vegetative incompatibility characteristics. The growth of I. chrysosporus on two substrate formulations—(1) 60% (wt:wt) Dicranopteris dichotoma, mixed with 18% corncob, 20% wheat bran, 1% gypsum, and 1% lime (GS), and (2) 78% sawdust wood chips (SS)—was compared in terms of the accumulation of bioactive components and the corresponding biological activities. On both substrates, I. chrysosporus exhibited high nutritional value, with high protein and mineral contents, low fat content, and a high proportion of medicinal amino acids. However, significant variations in the profiles of active constituents were observed, with cultivation on the GS formulation promoting the accumulation of bioactive polysaccharides, whereas growth on SS resulted in the accumulation of polyphenols. Aqueous extracts of I. chrysosporus mushrooms derived from both growth substrates exhibited potent antioxidant activities. Correlation analyses indicated that polysaccharide content was positively associated with ·OH scavenging activity and that polyphenol content was correlated with strong DPPH radical scavenging activity and high ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). This study provides a foundation for the comprehensive development and utilization of the newly described I. chrysosporus species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms: Advances and Perspectives)

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8 pages, 345 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis Following COVID-19 Viral Vector Vaccination in an Immunocompetent Patient

by Diego Strianese, Mario Troisi, Adriana Iuliano, Dana Cohen, Francesco Matarazzo, Maria Paola Laezza, Biagio Pinchera, Maria Laura Passaro, Davide Tramontano, Vittoria Lanni, Antonella D’Aponte, Ivan Gentile and Ciro Costagliola

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070516 - 14 Jul 2026

Viewed by 468

Abstract

Rhino-orbital mucormycosis is a rare, life-threatening opportunistic fungal infection, typically affecting immunocompromised patients. During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased cases were mainly linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection, diabetes, and corticosteroid exposure. We report a severe case in a previously healthy 44-year-old immunocompetent man who developed [...] Read more.

Rhino-orbital mucormycosis is a rare, life-threatening opportunistic fungal infection, typically affecting immunocompromised patients. During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased cases were mainly linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection, diabetes, and corticosteroid exposure. We report a severe case in a previously healthy 44-year-old immunocompetent man who developed acute left-sided exophthalmos, ophthalmoplegia, severe visual loss, and systemic deterioration 10 days after AZD1222 COVID-19 vaccination. Clinical and radiologic findings suggested invasive rhino-orbital fungal disease, prompting immediate liposomal amphotericin B, broad-spectrum antibiotics, urgent endoscopic sinus surgery, and repeated orbital–sinonasal debridements with amphotericin B irrigation. Histopathological examination demonstrated broad aseptate hyphae with tissue necrosis, consistent with mucormycosis, while fungal culture and ITS sequencing identified Rhizopus arrhizus as the causative species. Therapy was later adjusted to include isavuconazole and antibacterial coverage for persistent inflammation and secondary colonization. Orbital and systemic improvement occurred within the first week, with globe preservation and marked proptosis reduction at 6 months, despite persistent ophthalmoplegia and residual light perception. Isavuconazole was continued for 2 years, with no recurrence during 3 years of follow-up. Although causality with vaccination cannot be established, the temporal association and biological plausibility warrant further investigation. Early suspicion and prompt combined medical–surgical management are essential in rapidly progressive orbital cellulitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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21 pages, 6509 KB

Open AccessArticle

Trichoderma asperellum Suppresses Gray Mold Caused by Botrytis cinerea and Enhances Disease Resistance of Blueberry

by Yanxia She, Xiaotong Song, Tingzhen Wang, Yujia Li, Huiyan Zheng, Shuyuan Wang, Yutong Liu, Fei Gao, Xin Lou and Yuejia Dang

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070515 - 14 Jul 2026

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Abstract

With growing global recognition of the nutritional value of blueberries, their cultivation has expanded significantly across various regions. However, gray mold disease, caused by Botrytis cinerea, remains a major challenge in postharvest storage and transportation. In this study, two strains—Trichoderma asperellum [...] Read more.

With growing global recognition of the nutritional value of blueberries, their cultivation has expanded significantly across various regions. However, gray mold disease, caused by Botrytis cinerea, remains a major challenge in postharvest storage and transportation. In this study, two strains—Trichoderma asperellum BBR–A and B. cinerea BC7–1—were isolated and identified from the blueberry rhizosphere and diseased leaves. Co-culture assays demonstrated that BBR–A exhibits potent antagonistic activity, rapidly suppressing the growth of the pathogen BC7–1 through mycoparasitic behaviors, including hyphal coiling, penetration, and degradation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that upon interaction with BC7–1, BBR–A undergoes extensive reprogramming of carbon metabolism, with coordinated upregulation of genes encoding degradative enzymes, transporters, and stress-related proteins. Congo red staining and enzymatic activity assays further confirmed the enhanced secretion of extracellular enzymes and the increased cell wall-degrading capacity of BBR–A. On detached blueberry leaves, seedlings, and fruits, BBR–A treatment significantly delayed lesion expansion and reduced disease severity. Metabolomic profiling further demonstrated that BBR–A induces the marked accumulation of phenolic compounds, polyamines, and other antioxidant- and immunity-related metabolites in blueberry leaves, thereby maintaining host redox homeostasis and enhancing stress resilience. Collectively, these findings indicate that T. asperellum BBR–A effectively suppresses B. cinerea through multiple mechanisms, including antagonism, mycoparasitism, metabolic regulation, and the induction of plant defense responses, highlighting its strong potential for development as a biocontrol agent against blueberry gray mold. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungi in Agriculture and Biotechnology)

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26 pages, 18304 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pea Rust in Western Siberia: Resistant Varieties and Defense Mechanisms

by Lyudmila Plotnikova, Svetlana Kuzmina, Valeria Knaub and Marina Kukoleva

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070514 - 13 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Rust, caused by the fungus Uromyces pisi, is the most harmful disease of peas in temperate regions. It is necessary to search for sources of resistance with different defense mechanisms in the pea gene pool. A set of 38 Pisum sativum accessions [...] Read more.

Rust, caused by the fungus Uromyces pisi, is the most harmful disease of peas in temperate regions. It is necessary to search for sources of resistance with different defense mechanisms in the pea gene pool. A set of 38 Pisum sativum accessions of various origin was studied in Western Siberia in 2021–2024. The aim of the research was to assess the accessions in the field and under controlled conditions using seedlings and adult plants, as well as to study the interaction of U. pisi with resistant varieties, and to determine genetic control of rust resistance. All accessions showed partial (incomplete) resistance to rust in the field. A set of 10 resistant varieties was used for studying U. pisi interaction with peas using cytological methods. The protective mechanisms of Russian varieties led to the inhibition of 50–90% spores on leaf surfaces before penetration into the stomata, and a part of the small colonies died without hypersensitive reaction in the tissues. Hydrogen peroxide and phenolic compounds with red and green autofluorescence appeared by the stage of sporogenesis. Five varieties showed adult resistance to rust. A hybridological analysis revealed monogenic dominant control of resistance in two varieties, and digenic control in two others. The information obtained expands the understanding of the partners’ interaction in the pathosystem ‘U. pisi–P. sativum’, and can also be used for breeding pea varieties with different resistance mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Population Genetics of Fungal Plant Pathogens)

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24 pages, 333 KB

Open AccessArticle

Adverse Obstetrical Outcomes with In-Utero Exposure to Indoor Macrocyclic Trichothecenes, Stachybotrys, and Trichoderma

by Irene H. Grant, Noemi Olivo and Harriet Ammann

J. Fungi 2026, 12(7), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12070513 - 13 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Background: Produced by indoor Stachybotrys and Trichoderma spp., macrocyclic trichothecenes (MTs), a type of cytotoxic respirable molecule (<0.01–0.03 µm), inhibit protein/DNA/RNA production, damage mitochondria, and induce apoptosis. Dust-bound MTs remain toxic despite remediation/disinfection. Inhaled MTs easily cross tissue barriers, potentially reaching the placenta [...] Read more.

Background: Produced by indoor Stachybotrys and Trichoderma spp., macrocyclic trichothecenes (MTs), a type of cytotoxic respirable molecule (<0.01–0.03 µm), inhibit protein/DNA/RNA production, damage mitochondria, and induce apoptosis. Dust-bound MTs remain toxic despite remediation/disinfection. Inhaled MTs easily cross tissue barriers, potentially reaching the placenta and the unborn. Methods: Retrospective medical record abstraction of pregnant females and offspring cohort exposed to indoor MTs, Stachybotrys, or Trichoderma to correlate professional indoor testing, exposure variables, mold species, environmental MTs, medical symptomatology, outcomes, and urine/milk MTs excretion. Results: In eight women from seven MT/mold-contaminated homes, with 21 pregnancies, complications occurred in 19 (90%) pregnancies, including miscarriages (38%) and premature labor (33%). Placental abnormalities in two women (25%) from the same home (calcification, chronic villitis, placental infarcts, double placenta, gritty membranitis). Birth defects in infants (38%) included renal hypertrophy, levocardia, patent foramen ovale, ventriculoseptal defect, ptosis, teeth, and “goosebump” black/grey skin discoloration. Later abnormalities included developmental delay, oropharyngeal hypotonic dysphagia, refractory eczema, and refractory perirectal rash progressing to intussusception. Lactation difficulties included grey-black oronasal drainage, thrush, projectile vomiting, choking, oropharyngeal neurologic damage, apnea, and respiratory arrest. Aspergillus +/− Penicillium exposure was documented in all, Stachybotrys (75%), Chaetomium (62%), Trichoderma (38%), and indoor MT contamination exposure (75%). Conclusions: In-utero indoor MTs and Stachybotrys exposure correlate strongly with adverse gestational, neonatal complications (miscarriage, congenital defects, and placental abnormalities). Exposure timing and severity correlate with adverse outcomes. Breastfeeding with indoor exposure appears hazardous. Environmental/human MTs testing appears useful for identifying MT contaminaion and/or exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical and Epidemiological Study of Mycoses, 2nd Edition)

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J. Fungi, Volume 12, Issue 7 (July 2026) – 88 articles

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