Severe Periodontitis Increases the Risk of Oral Frailty: A Six-Year Follow-Up Study from Kashiwa Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Oral Frailty
2.4. Periodontal Health Status
2.5. Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Participant Characteristics
3.2. Comparison of Basic Characteristics at Baseline with and without New-Onset Oral Frailty
3.3. Comparison of Periodontal Health Status at Baseline with and without New-Onset Oral Frailty
3.4. Relationship between Periodontal Health Status and New-Onset Oral Frailty
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 1234) | No-Onset (n = 949) | New-Onset (n = 285) | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Basic attributes, Physical conditions | ||||
Age, year | 72.2 (±5.1) | 71.7 (±4.8) | 73.8 (±5.6) | <0.001 |
Sex, men | 50.8% | 51.2% | 49.5% | 0.607 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.0 (±3.0) | 23.0 (±2.9) | 22.9 (±3.3) | 0.462 |
Education, year | 12.9 (±2.8) | 12.9 (±2.7) | 12.7 (±2.8) | 0.147 |
IADL | 4.9 (±0.4) | 4.9 (±0.4) | 4.8 (±0.6) | 0.086 |
Cognitive function, MMSE score | 28.4 (±1.8) | 28.4 (±1.7) | 28.1 (±1.9) | 0.021 |
GDS-15 score | 2.4 (±2.7) | 2.2 (±2.7) | 2.7 (±2.7) | 0.009 |
Yearly income (≤1.4 million yen) | 55.6% | 54.8% | 58.2% | 0.304 |
Polypharmacy (≥6 medications) | 14.6% | 12.9% | 20.4% | 0.002 |
Present chronic conditions | ||||
Hypertension | 41.4% | 40.5% | 44.6% | 0.218 |
Diabetes mellitus | 11.6% | 10.5% | 15.1% | 0.035 |
Osteoporosis | 9.3% | 8.4% | 12.6% | 0.029 |
Dyslipidemia | 39.9% | 38.6% | 44.2% | 0.088 |
Malignant neoplasm | 14.7% | 14.2% | 16.5% | 0.344 |
Heart disease | 15.5% | 14.9% | 17.5% | 0.272 |
Apoplexy | 5.7% | 4.7% | 8.8% | 0.010 |
Oral frailty component | ||||
Number of remaining teeth | 23.0 (±6.5) | 24.4 (±5.2) | 18.2 (±7.7) | <0.001 |
Chewing ability | 18.4 (±5.9) | 19.0 (±5.9) | 16.5 (±5.6) | <0.001 |
Tongue pressure | 31.4 (±7.3) | 31.8 (±7.2) | 29.9 (±7.4) | <0.001 |
Articulatory oral motor skill (“ta” times/s) | 6.2 (±0.8) | 6.3 (±0.8) | 6.0 (±0.9) | 0.001 |
Difficulties eating tough foods (yes) | 8.7% | 6.7% | 15.1% | <0.001 |
Difficulties in swallowing on tea or soup (yes) | 14.3% | 11.8% | 22.5% | <0.001 |
Other Oral status | ||||
Number of functioning teeth | 27.3 (±2.3) | 27.4 (±2.2) | 26.8 (±2.5) | <0.001 |
Oral wettability (<3 mm classified as dry mouth) | 34.2% | 34.3% | 33.9% | 0.899 |
Total (n = 1234) | No-Onset (n = 949) | New-Onset (n = 285) | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Community Periodontal Index (CPI) | ||||
Score 0 | 17 (1.4%) | 12 (1.3%) | 5 (1.8%) | 0.187 |
Score 1 | 17 (1.4%) | 12 (1.3%) | 5 (1.8%) | |
Score 2 | 281 (22.8%) | 217 (22.9%) | 64 (22.5%) | |
Score 3 (moderate periodontitis) | 439 (35.5%) | 353 (37.2%) | 86 (30.2%) | |
Score 4 (severe periodontitis) | 480 (38.9%) | 355 (37.4%) | 125 (43.9%) |
n (%) a | Unadjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | p | Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) b | P | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The number of participants | 285/1234 (23.1%) | ||||||
Community Periodontal Index (CPI) | |||||||
≤2 | 74/315 (23.5%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
≥3 (moderate periodontitis) | 211/919 (23.0%) | 1.02 | (0.78–1.33) | 0.892 | 1.09 | (0.83–1.44) | 0.530 |
≤3 | 160/754 (21.2%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
4 (severe periodontitis) | 125/480 (26.0%) | 1.38 | (1.09–1.74) | 0.007 | 1.42 | (1.12–1.81) | 0.005 |
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Nishimoto, M.; Tanaka, T.; Hirano, H.; Watanabe, Y.; Ohara, Y.; Shirobe, M.; Iijima, K. Severe Periodontitis Increases the Risk of Oral Frailty: A Six-Year Follow-Up Study from Kashiwa Cohort Study. Geriatrics 2023, 8, 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics8010025
Nishimoto M, Tanaka T, Hirano H, Watanabe Y, Ohara Y, Shirobe M, Iijima K. Severe Periodontitis Increases the Risk of Oral Frailty: A Six-Year Follow-Up Study from Kashiwa Cohort Study. Geriatrics. 2023; 8(1):25. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics8010025
Chicago/Turabian StyleNishimoto, Misa, Tomoki Tanaka, Hirohiko Hirano, Yutaka Watanabe, Yuki Ohara, Maki Shirobe, and Katsuya Iijima. 2023. "Severe Periodontitis Increases the Risk of Oral Frailty: A Six-Year Follow-Up Study from Kashiwa Cohort Study" Geriatrics 8, no. 1: 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics8010025