The Epidemiological Situation of the Managed Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Colonies in the Italian Region Emilia-Romagna
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Extraction of Nucleic Acids
2.3. Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assays
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Geographical Distribution
3.2. Seasonal Trend
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Apiary Code | Province | Municipality | a.s.l. |
---|---|---|---|
BOA | Bologna | Valsamoggia | 60 m |
BOB | Bologna | Valsamoggia | 114 m |
BOC | Bologna | Sala Bolognese | 13 m |
BOD | Bologna | Dozza | 89 m |
BOE | Bologna | Monghidoro | 582 m |
BOG | Bologna | Sasso Marconi | 155 m |
FCB | Forlì-Cesena | Cesena | 9 m |
FCC | Forlì-Cesena | Forlì | 8 m |
FCD | Forlì-Cesena | Bagno di Romagna | 679 m |
FCE | Forlì-Cesena | Borghi | 63 m |
FEA | Ferrara | Ferrara | 7 m |
FEB | Ferrara | Ferrara | 8 m |
FEC | Ferrara | Argenta | 8 m |
MOA | Modena | Formigine | 81 m |
MOB | Modena | Campogalliano | 26 m |
PCA | Piacenza | Ziano Piacentino | 298 m |
PCB | Piacenza | Pontenure | 78 m |
PCC | Piacenza | Gragnano Trebbiense | 88 m |
PCD | Piacenza | San Giorgio Piacentino | 323 m |
PRA | Parma | Parma | 50 m |
PRB | Parma | Montechiarugolo | 79 m |
PRC | Parma | Langhirano | 298 m |
RAA | Ravenna | Casola Valsenio | 204 m |
RAB | Ravenna | Ravenna | 7 m |
RAC | Ravenna | Ravenna | 8 m |
RAD | Ravenna | Lugo | 8 m |
REA | Reggio Emilia | Novellara | 16 m |
REB | Reggio Emilia | Campagnola Emilia | 19 m |
REC | Reggio Emilia | Viano | 433 m |
RNA | Rimini | Montescudo | 209 m |
RNB | Rimini | Rimini | 46 m |
Target | Primer Name | Sequence (3′-5′) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
N. ceranae | Hsp70_F | GGGATTACAAGTGCTTAGAGTGATT | [63] |
Hsp70_R | TGTCAAGCCCATAAGCAAGTG | ||
C. mellificae | Cmel_Cyt_b_F | TAAATTCACTACCTCAAATTCAATAACATAATCAT | [64] |
Cmel_Cyt_b_R | ATTTATTGTTGTAATCGGTTTTATTGGATATGT | ||
L. passim | Lp_Cyt_b_F | CGAGCTCATAAAATAATGTAAGCAAAATAAG | [64] |
Lp_Cyt_b_R | TTTTAGCAATATTTTAGCAACAGTACCAG | ||
C. bombi | Cbom_119Fw | CCAACGGTGAGCCGCATTCAGT | [65] |
Cbom_119Rv | CGCGTGTCGCCCAGAACATTGA | ||
KBV | KBV 83F | ACCAGGAAGTATTCCCATGGTAAG | [66] |
KBV 161R | TGGAGCTATGGTTCCGTTCAG | ||
DWV | DWV Fw 8450 | TGGCATGCCTTGTTCACCGT | [67] |
DWV Rev 8953 | CGTGCAGCTCGATAGGATGCCA | ||
ABPV | APV 95F | TCCTATATCGACGACGAAAGACAA | [66] |
APV 159R | GCGCTTTAATTCCATCCAATTGA | ||
CBPV | CPV 304F 79 | TCTGGCTCTGTCTTCGCAAA | [66] |
CPV 371R | GATACCGTCGTCACCCTCATG |
Pathogen | PC1 | PC2 |
---|---|---|
DWV | 0.152 | 0.653 |
KBV | −0.181 | −0.2716 |
ABPV | −0.676 | 0.178 |
CBPV | −0.673 | 0.219 |
N. ceranae | 0.184 | 0.649 |
Eigenvalues | 1.971 | 1.178 |
Variance explained | 39.43% | 23.55% |
Pathogen | Test Value | df | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
DWV | 186.16 | 3 | 0.000 |
KBV | 4.2262 | 3 | 0.238 |
ABPV | 63.556 | 3 | 0.000 |
CBPV | 31.852 | 3 | 0.000 |
N. ceranae | 21.312 | 3 | 0.000 |
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Cilia, G.; Tafi, E.; Zavatta, L.; Caringi, V.; Nanetti, A. The Epidemiological Situation of the Managed Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Colonies in the Italian Region Emilia-Romagna. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 437. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9080437
Cilia G, Tafi E, Zavatta L, Caringi V, Nanetti A. The Epidemiological Situation of the Managed Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Colonies in the Italian Region Emilia-Romagna. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(8):437. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9080437
Chicago/Turabian StyleCilia, Giovanni, Elena Tafi, Laura Zavatta, Valeria Caringi, and Antonio Nanetti. 2022. "The Epidemiological Situation of the Managed Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Colonies in the Italian Region Emilia-Romagna" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 8: 437. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9080437