Influence of Probiotic Administration in Canine Feed: A Comprehensive Review
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Utilization of Probiotic Strains in Dog Food
2.1. Role of Lactobacillus Acidophilus in Gut Health
2.2. Role of Saccharomyces boulardii in Immune System
3. Canine Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy and Probiotics
4. Obesity in Dogs and Probiotics
5. Atopic Dermatitis and Probiotics
6. Technologies Used to Incorporate Probiotics in Dog Feed to Ensure Maximum Effectiveness
Technology Used | Benefits | Reference |
---|---|---|
Microencapsulation | Enhancing the survival of probiotic cells through gastrointestinal digestion and boosting their stability. | [49] |
Edible Films and Coatings Functionalization by Probiotic Incorporation | Edible coatings and films provide an eco-friendlier and consumer-oriented alternative to conventional food packaging. | [54] |
Freeze-Drying | Compared to other drying techniques, freeze-drying probiotics uses less energy while maintaining their original physical and chemical properties. | [52] |
Fermentation Technologies | Continuous culture and immobilized cell systems are two examples of fermentation technologies that may increase the effectiveness of probiotic strains, improve gut function, increase the number of strains accessible, and expand the uses of products. | [55] |
Encapsulation with Liposomes | It forms a protective barrier around the bacteria, shielding them while permitting small molecules to pass through. | [56] |
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name of the Diseases | Symptoms | Probiotic Used | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
African trypanosomiasis | When trypanosomes penetrate the epidermal barrier, a localized inflammatory response known as chancre development is triggered. | Lactobacillus reuteri | [26] |
Colitis | Large-bowel diarrhea is marked by symptoms such as the presence of mucus in the stool, fresh blood (hematochezia), a frequent urge to defecate (tenesmus), and sometimes discomfort or pain during bowel movements. | Lactobacillus acidophilus | [27] |
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency | This disorder is brought on by insufficient pancreatic digesting enzymes in the small intestine. Symptoms typically include weight loss, large, soft stools, and an increased appetite. | Lactobacillus reuteri | [28] |
Malassezia dermatitis | They are usually marked by redness (erythema), flaking (scaling), and/or oily discharge. In long-term cases, thickening of the skin (lichenification) and darkening of the skin (hyperpigmentation) may also occur. | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei | [29] |
Seborrheic dermatitis | Small, thin patches coated with oily scales are the hallmark of seborrheic dermatitis, which is most frequently observed in regions including the scalp, face, chest, back, and skin folds that have a high density of sebaceous glands. | Lactobacillus crispatus | [30,31] |
Stress-Induced Dermatitis | Comfort-seeking, grooming, less trainability, fear- and anxiety-related behaviors, aggression, excitability, and attention-seeking. | Lactobacillus plantarum | [32,33] |
Canine Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy | Vomiting and diarrhea. | Ascophyllum nodosum and Bacillus subtilis C-3102 | [24] |
Halitosis | Bad breath. | Lactobacillus acidophilus | [11] |
Periodontal Disease | Gum inflammation and infection, foul breath, and tooth loss are among the symptoms. | Lactobacillus acidophilus | [11,34] |
Candidiasis | Debris accumulation in one or both ears that is yellow, brown, or black is one of the signs. An excessive amount of head shaking and scratching of the ears or other body parts. | Saccharomyces boulardii | [35,36] |
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Karukayil Gopalakrishnan, N.; Pappuswamy, M.; Meganathan, G.; Shanmugam, S.; Pushparaj, K.; Balasubramanian, B.; Kim, I.H. Influence of Probiotic Administration in Canine Feed: A Comprehensive Review. Vet. Sci. 2025, 12, 449. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050449
Karukayil Gopalakrishnan N, Pappuswamy M, Meganathan G, Shanmugam S, Pushparaj K, Balasubramanian B, Kim IH. Influence of Probiotic Administration in Canine Feed: A Comprehensive Review. Veterinary Sciences. 2025; 12(5):449. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050449
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarukayil Gopalakrishnan, Niranjana, Manikantan Pappuswamy, Gomathy Meganathan, Sureshkumar Shanmugam, Karthika Pushparaj, Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian, and In Ho Kim. 2025. "Influence of Probiotic Administration in Canine Feed: A Comprehensive Review" Veterinary Sciences 12, no. 5: 449. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050449
APA StyleKarukayil Gopalakrishnan, N., Pappuswamy, M., Meganathan, G., Shanmugam, S., Pushparaj, K., Balasubramanian, B., & Kim, I. H. (2025). Influence of Probiotic Administration in Canine Feed: A Comprehensive Review. Veterinary Sciences, 12(5), 449. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050449