An Epidemiological Survey to Investigate the Prevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis in Slaughtered Bovine Hosts in Punjab, Pakistan
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Region
2.2. Study Duration
2.3. Sample Collection and Storage
2.4. Cyst Characteristics
2.5. Collection of Demographic, Epidemiological, and One Health Data
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. of Animals Examined | Cattle | Buffalo | Test Statistic (χ2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Epidemiological Factors | Examined | Positive Percentage | Examined | Positive Percentage | |
District | |||||
Bahawalpur | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.00 | χ2 = 370.99 df = 22 p = 0.00 |
Bhakkar | 2 | 50.00 | 7 | 14.29 | |
Chiniot | 21 | 9.52 | 187 | 5.35 | |
Gujar Khan | 15 | 20.00 | 209 | 2.87 | |
Gujranwala | 14 | 21.43 | 211 | 5.21 | |
Gujrat | 27 | 22.22 | 233 | 12.45 | |
Haripur | 23 | 39.13 | 236 | 19.07 | |
Jhang | 172 | 5.23 | 1673 | 2.57 | |
Jhelum | 17 | 11.76 | 213 | 5.63 | |
Khushab | 3 | 0.00 | 39 | 7.69 | |
Lahore | 21 | 33.33 | 222 | 11.26 | |
Layyah | 90 | 8.89 | 929 | 4.31 | |
M B Din | 15 | 0.00 | 213 | 1.88 | |
Mirpur | 1 | 0.00 | 6 | 16.67 | |
Muzafarabad | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.00 | |
Okara | 14 | 14.29 | 195 | 8.72 | |
Rawalpindi | 33 | 12.12 | 178 | 10.11 | |
Sahiwal | 142 | 5.63 | 1562 | 3.71 | |
Sargodha | 143 | 9.79 | 1499 | 7.07 | |
Sheikupura | 9 | 0.00 | 37 | 10.81 | |
Sialkot | 0 | 0 | 11 | 9.09 | |
Taxila | 19 | 10.53 | 220 | 16.82 | |
Wah cantt | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10.00 | |
Herd | |||||
Single | 287 | 0.35 | 3011 | 0.10 | χ2 = 435.4869 df = 5 p = 0.00 |
2–5 animals | 4 | 0.00 | 1 | 100.00 | |
6–15 animals | 309 | 14.24 | 3342 | 7.24 | |
16–50 animals | 134 | 19.40 | 1349 | 14.83 | |
50–100 animals | 22 | 22.73 | 196 | 6.63 | |
>100 | 25 | 16.00 | 197 | 6.60 | |
Age | |||||
3–5 years | 207 | 1.93 | 1952 | 1.18 | χ2 = 193.34 df = 5 p = 0.00 |
6 years | 106 | 8.49 | 1016 | 5.81 | |
7 years | 105 | 20.00 | 1033 | 8.62 | |
8 years | 180 | 12.78 | 2094 | 7.07 | |
9 years | 95 | 17.89 | 1044 | 11.21 | |
≥10 years | 88 | 6.82 | 957 | 3.76 | |
Gender | |||||
Male | 369 | 13.82 | 7241 | 5.87 | χ2 = 0.1225 df = 1 p = 0.7263 |
Female | 412 | 7.04 | 855 | 5.50 |
Cattle | Buffalo | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Examined | Positive | Prevalence | Examined | Positive | Prevalence | Test Statistics (χ2) |
Sep | 141 | 13 | 9.22 | 1137 | 69 | 6.07 | χ2= 10.90 df = 5 p = 0.0533 |
Oct | 164 | 18 | 10.98 | 1024 | 73 | 7.13 | |
Nov | 142 | 16 | 11.27 | 1584 | 97 | 6.12 | |
Dec | 98 | 11 | 11.22 | 1151 | 58 | 5.04 | |
Jan | 97 | 17 | 17.53 | 1248 | 76 | 6.09 | |
Feb | 139 | 5 | 3.60 | 1952 | 99 | 5.07 |
Cattle | Buffaloes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cysts | Infected animals | Fertile cysts | % | Infected animals | Fertile cysts | % |
80 | 36 | 45% | 472 | 128 | 27.10% | |
Age (years) | ||||||
3–5 year | 24 | 8 | 33.33% | 6 | 0 | 0.00% |
6 year | 19 | 3 | 15.79% | 49 | 8 | 16.33% |
7 year | 15 | 7 | 46.67% | 95 | 26 | 27.37% |
8 years | 8 | 8 | 100% | 162 | 42 | 25.93% |
9 year | 7 | 4 | 57.14% | 128 | 46 | 35.94% |
≥10 year | 7 | 6 | 85.71% | 32 | 6 | 18.75% |
Location | ||||||
Thorax muscles | 1 | 1 | 100% | 6 | 2 | 33.33% |
Heart | 1 | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0 | 0% |
Kidney | 0 | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0 | 0% |
Liver | 25 | 11 | 44% | 147 | 39 | 26.53% |
Lungs | 52 | 23 | 44.23% | 309 | 84 | 27.18% |
Lungs and liver | 1 | 1 | 100% | 4 | 3 | 75% |
Skeletal muscles | 0 | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0 | 0% |
Pancreas | 0 | 0 | 0% | 3 | 0 | 0% |
Color | ||||||
Black | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0% |
Green | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0% | |
Grey | 1 | 0 | 0% | 9 | 2 | 22.22% |
Pale yellow | 39 | 15 | 38.50% | 259 | 44 | 16.99% |
Pinkish yellow | 0 | 0 | 0% | 2 | 0 | 0% |
Reddish pink | 1 | 0 | 0% | 2 | 0 | 0% |
Transparent | 2 | 0 | 0% | 14 | 7 | 50% |
White | 32 | 19 | 59.38% | 175 | 70 | 40% |
Yellow | 5 | 2 | 40% | 8 | 5 | 62.50% |
One Health Factors | Responses | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Sometimes | ||||
(n *) | % | (n *) | % | (n *) | % | |
Proper facilities to dispose of animals’ offal in slaughterhouses | 4 | 2.66 | 22 | 14.6 | 124 | 82.6 |
Access of stray dogs to the infected organs | 26 | 17.3 | 51 | 34 | 73 | 48.6 |
Veterinary supervision of slaughtered animals | 77 | 51.3 | 36 | 24 | 37 | 24.6 |
Health education for butchers | 19 | 12.6 | 44 | 29.3 | 87 | 58 |
Stray dogs were fed useless meat (infected) | 23 | 15.3 | 40 | 26.6 | 87 | 58 |
Anthelminthic treatment of stray dogs | 7 | 4.6 | 95 | 63.3 | 48 | 32 |
Discard infected organs (lungs/liver) at the site of slaughtering | 11 | 7.3 | 49 | 32.6 | 90 | 60 |
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Saleem, S.; Ahmed, H.; Imdad, K.; Zhang, J.; Cao, J. An Epidemiological Survey to Investigate the Prevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis in Slaughtered Bovine Hosts in Punjab, Pakistan. Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010040
Saleem S, Ahmed H, Imdad K, Zhang J, Cao J. An Epidemiological Survey to Investigate the Prevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis in Slaughtered Bovine Hosts in Punjab, Pakistan. Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(1):40. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010040
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaleem, Sadia, Haroon Ahmed, Kaleem Imdad, Jing Zhang, and Jianping Cao. 2023. "An Epidemiological Survey to Investigate the Prevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis in Slaughtered Bovine Hosts in Punjab, Pakistan" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 1: 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010040