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Hydrology
Volume 5
Issue 1
10.3390/hydrology5010017
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Article

Thermal Regime of A Deep Temperate Lake and Its Response to Climate Change: Lake Kuttara, Japan

by
Kazuhisa A. Chikita
1,*,
Hideo Oyagi
2,
Tadao Aiyama
3,
Misao Okada
4,
Hideyuki Sakamoto
5 and
Toshihisa Itaya
6
1
Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
2
College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo 156-0045, Japan
3
The Fukuda Hydrology Center, Co., Ltd., Sapporo 001-0024, Japan
4
Suiko-Research, Co., Ltd., Sapporo 062-0933, Japan
5
Hokkaido Brown Bear Museum, Noboribetsu 059-0551, Japan
6
Shin Engineering Consultant, Co. Ltd., Sapporo 003-0021, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Hydrology 2018, 5(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology5010017
Received: 21 December 2017 / Revised: 4 February 2018 / Accepted: 14 February 2018 / Published: 16 February 2018
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Abstract

A deep temperate lake, Lake Kuttara, Hokkaido, Japan (148 m deep at maximum) was completely ice-covered every winter in the 20th century. However, ice-free conditions of the lake over winter occurred three times in the 21st century, which is probably due to global warming. In order to understand how thermal regime of the lake responds to climate change, a change in lake mean water temperature from the heat storage change was calculated by integrating observed water temperature over water depths and by numerical calculation of heat budget components based on hydrometeorological data. As a result, a temporal variation of lake mean water temperature from the heat budget calculation was very reasonable to that from the observed water temperature (determination coefficient R2 = 0.969). The lowest lake mean temperature for non-freeze was then evaluated at −1.87 °C, referring to the zero level at 6.80 °C. The 1978–2017 data at a meteorological station near Kuttara indicated that there are significant (less than 5% level) long-term trends for air temperature (+0.024 °C/year) and wind speed (−0.010 m/s/year). In order to evaluate the effects of climate change on freeze-up patterns, a sensitivity analysis was carried out for the calculated lake mean water temperature. It is noted that, after two decades, the lake could be ice-free once per every two years. View Full-Text
Keywords: non-freeze; temperate lake; heat budget; heat storage change; global warming non-freeze; temperate lake; heat budget; heat storage change; global warming
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Chikita, K.A.; Oyagi, H.; Aiyama, T.; Okada, M.; Sakamoto, H.; Itaya, T. Thermal Regime of A Deep Temperate Lake and Its Response to Climate Change: Lake Kuttara, Japan. Hydrology 2018, 5, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology5010017

AMA Style

Chikita KA, Oyagi H, Aiyama T, Okada M, Sakamoto H, Itaya T. Thermal Regime of A Deep Temperate Lake and Its Response to Climate Change: Lake Kuttara, Japan. Hydrology. 2018; 5(1):17. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology5010017

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chikita, Kazuhisa A., Hideo Oyagi, Tadao Aiyama, Misao Okada, Hideyuki Sakamoto, and Toshihisa Itaya. 2018. "Thermal Regime of A Deep Temperate Lake and Its Response to Climate Change: Lake Kuttara, Japan" Hydrology 5, no. 1: 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology5010017

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