Thermochemical Treatment of Nigerian Raw Clays for Oil and Gas Drilling Operations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Equipment
2.2. Material Collection and Preparation
2.3. Sample Characterization
2.4. Sample Preparation
2.5. Testing Procedure
3. Discussion of Results
3.1. Characterization Results of the Local Clay Samples
3.2. Effect of the Thermochemical Treatment of the Local Raw Clay Materials
3.2.1. Mud Viscosity
3.2.2. Shear Stress to Shear Rate Relationship
3.2.3. Plastic Viscosity, Yield Point, Flow Behavior Index, and Consistency Factor
3.2.4. Thixotropy Behavior
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Source of Clay | Mass of Clay (g) | Concentration of Additive | |
---|---|---|---|---|
MgO (wt.%) | Na2CO3 (wt.%) | |||
P1,3 | Pindinga | 22 | 1 | 3 |
P2,3 | 22 | 2 | 3 | |
P3,3 | 22 | 3 | 3 | |
U1,3 | Ubakala | 22 | 1 | 3 |
U2,3 | 22 | 2 | 3 | |
U3,3 | 22 | 3 | 3 |
Element | Pindinga | Ubakala | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Before | After | |
Oxygen | 4.50% | 4.12% | 5.42% | 4.52% |
Sodium | - | 10.85% | - | 8.24% |
Magnesium | 2.97% | 19.49% | 4.41% | 35.27% |
Aluminum | 33.17% | 21.35% | 39.21% | 22.39% |
Silicon | 53.26% | 37.45% | 44.50% | 22.85% |
Potassium | 3.50% | 3.57% | 3.68% | 3.48% |
Calcium | 2.60% | 3.17% | 2.78% | 3.25% |
Property | P1,3 (Before Heating) | P1,3 (After Heating) | U1,3 (Before Heating) | U1,3 (After Heating) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PV (cP) | 2.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 2.5 |
YP (lbf/100sq.ft) | 1 | 13 | 5.5 | 5.5 |
n | 0.777 | 0.052 | 0.115 | 0.392 |
k | 0.027 | 9.734 | 2.921 | 0.694 |
Property | P2,3 (Before Heating) | P2,3 (After Heating) | U2,3 (Before Heating) | U2,3 (After Heating) |
PV (cP) | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 3.5 |
YP (lbf/100sq.ft) | 5 | 14 | 6 | 10.5 |
n | 0.115 | 0.093 | 0.107 | 0.322 |
k | 2.921 | 8.396 | 3.338 | 1.882 |
Property | P3,3 (Before Heating) | P3,3 (After Heating) | U3,3 (Before Heating) | U3,3 (After Heating) |
PV (cP) | 1.5 | 3.5 | 1 | 8 |
YP (lbf/100sq.ft) | 5 | 17 | 6 | 19 |
n | 0.299 | 0.227 | 0.193 | 0.374 |
k | 1.005 | 4.968 | 2.107 | 2.618 |
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Ogolo, O.; Arinkoola, A.O.; Ngene, P.; Ogbaga, C.C.; Osisanya, S. Thermochemical Treatment of Nigerian Raw Clays for Oil and Gas Drilling Operations. ChemEngineering 2023, 7, 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7060110
Ogolo O, Arinkoola AO, Ngene P, Ogbaga CC, Osisanya S. Thermochemical Treatment of Nigerian Raw Clays for Oil and Gas Drilling Operations. ChemEngineering. 2023; 7(6):110. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7060110
Chicago/Turabian StyleOgolo, Oghenerume, Akeem O. Arinkoola, Peter Ngene, Chukwuma C. Ogbaga, and Samuel Osisanya. 2023. "Thermochemical Treatment of Nigerian Raw Clays for Oil and Gas Drilling Operations" ChemEngineering 7, no. 6: 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7060110