Development of Synthesis Strategy of Ferric and Clayey Flat Ceramic Membranes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Characterization of Materials
3. Materials Preparation
3.1. Shaping of the Ceramic Paste
3.2. Thermal Treatment
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Raw Materials Characterization
4.1.1. Mineralogical Analyses
4.1.2. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
4.1.3. SEM Analyses
4.1.4. Particle Size Distribution Analyses
4.2. Characterization of the Membranes Elaborated
4.2.1. Study of Systematic Losses
4.2.2. SEM Analyses
4.2.3. Optical Microscopy Analysis
4.2.4. Measurement of Porosity by Nitrogen Adsorption–Desorption Analyses
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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References and Dates | Feedstocks and Configuration | Additives | Water Permeability | Porosity | Pore Size | Application |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. Dhivya et al., 2022 [8] | Ball clay and China clay Uniaxial pressing method | Quartz, calcium carbonate and polyvinyl alcohol | - | 44–41% | 1.18–0.31 μm | Suggested for microfiltration applications. Price: 924–1319/m2 ($11.96–$17.07) |
J. H. Eom et al., 2015 [9] | Diatomite, kaolin and bentonite circular ceramic membranes | Talc, sodium borate and barium carbonate | - | 34.6–36.3% | [0.29–0.67 µm] | Treatment of kerosene as an oily wastewater. |
L. Hamoudi et al., 2023 [10] | Algerian clays, bentonite, aomar and kaolin Tubular support | Polyvinyl alcohol | Bentonite: 71.69 and 151.2 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 Kaolin 547.37 L/m2 h.bar | - | - | Clarification and retention of multiple pollutant loads of local cheese effluent. |
M. Abbasi et al., 2010 [11] | Mullite and mullite–alumina | - | - | Mullite: 41% mullite–alumina: [44–56%] | Mullite: 0.3 µm mullite–alumina: 0.57 µm | Oil rejection was 93.8%. |
R. Chihi et al., 2019 [12] | Bentonite ceramic tubular membranes | Amijel, methocel and starch | 525 L h−1 m−2 bar−1 | 1.7 µm | - | |
Q. Jiang et al., 2020 [13] | A SiC ceramic membrane using NaA(r) (and activated carbon powder) | Polypropylene and polyvinyl alcohol as an organic binder | 3700 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 | 46% | 0.4 µm | Oil–water separation applications. Oil rejection was 93.8%. |
wt, % | Raw Material | Iron/Clay | Methocel | Amigel | Starch | PVA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Samples | |||||||
Ferric membrane (1) | 80 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | |
Clayey membrane (2) | 86 | - | 6 | 4 | 4 | - |
Clay’s Membrane | Iron’s Membrane | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | 16.00 | 19.00 | ||||||
Standard Deviation | 4.00 | 4.35 | ||||||
Weight losses | Thickness losses | Weight losses | Thickness losses | |||||
Before Aging | After Aging | Before Aging | After Aging | Before Aging | After Aging | Before Aging | After Aging | |
Mean Absolute Deviation | 4.35 | 4.24 | 4.95 | 4.68 | 4.95 | 4.68 | 5.01 | 4.72 |
Variance | 24.89 | 24.12 | 32.62 | 29.22 | 32.62 | 29.22 | 33.48 | 29.82 |
Ferric membrane after firing | SBET (m2·g−1) 3.75 | (m2·g−1) 3.17 | (cm3·g−1) 0.018 | Smicro (m2·g−1) 0.51 | Vmicro (cm3·g−1) 0.0001 | D (nm) 23.02 |
Ferric membrane before calcination | SBET (m2·g−1) 9.54 | (m2·g−1) 6.98 | (cm2/g) 0.03 | Smicro (m2·g−1) 0.43 | Vmicro (cm2/g) 0.00002 | D (nm) 17.23 |
Clay material before calcination | SBET (m2·g−1) 57.69 | (m2·g−1) 38.31 | (cm2/g) 0.05 | Smicro (m2·g−1) 5.48 | Vmicro (cm2/g) 0.07 | D (Å) 19.10 |
Clayery membrane after calcination | SBET (m2·g−1) 1.75 | (m2·g−1) 1.54 | (cm2/g) 0.004 | Smicro (m2·g−1) 0.16 | Vmicro (cm2/g) 0.000017 | D (nm) 11.79 |
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Chihi, R.; Comite, A.; Mansour, L.; Hraiech, S.; Ayari, F. Development of Synthesis Strategy of Ferric and Clayey Flat Ceramic Membranes. ChemEngineering 2023, 7, 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7060109
Chihi R, Comite A, Mansour L, Hraiech S, Ayari F. Development of Synthesis Strategy of Ferric and Clayey Flat Ceramic Membranes. ChemEngineering. 2023; 7(6):109. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7060109
Chicago/Turabian StyleChihi, Rania, Antonio Comite, Lamjed Mansour, Sana Hraiech, and Fadhila Ayari. 2023. "Development of Synthesis Strategy of Ferric and Clayey Flat Ceramic Membranes" ChemEngineering 7, no. 6: 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7060109