Examining the Association Between Food Insecurity, Food Literacy, and Food Intake Among Low-Income Adults in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

This cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence of food insecurity and food literacy and examined food intake among low-income Saudi families. It provides valuable insights into the association between food literacy, food insecurity, and food intake, contributing to a better understanding of the food-related challenges faced by vulnerable families. Conducted in June 2024, this study involved 483 low-income adults in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected through an online questionnaire distributed via charitable organizations. Overall, 35% of the participants experienced severe food insecurity, while 91.5% demonstrated adequate food literacy. No significant association was found between food literacy and food insecurity levels (p = 0.586). However, severe levels of food insecurity were significantly associated with reduced intake of fruits, vegetables, dairy products, meat, bread and cereals, sugar-sweetened beverages, potato crisps or salty snacks, sweets, and fast food (p < 0.001). Additionally, a significant difference was observed in the consumption of potato crisps or salty snacks, with individuals exhibiting adequate food literacy consuming slightly more than those with poor food literacy (0.25 ± 0.28 vs. 0.21 ± 0.30, p = 0.04). These findings highlight the need for interventions that not only build food knowledge but also address affordability, access, and cultural food norms among low-income Saudi families.