Biogas Purification: A Comparison of Adsorption Performance in D4 Siloxane Removal Between Commercial Activated Carbons and Waste Wood-Derived Char Using Isotherm Equations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Methods
2.1. Description of the Experimental Setup
2.2. Methodology
2.3. Sorbent Characterization: SEM/EDS
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Adsorption Capacity Related to Physical Sorbent Characteristics
3.2. Adsorption Isotherms and Experimental Modelling
3.2.1. Langmuir Isotherm
3.2.2. Freundlich Isotherm
3.2.3. Dubinin-Radushkevich Isotherm
3.2.4. Temkin Isotherm
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Cin | Inlet trace compound concentration (ppm(v)) |
D3 | Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane |
D4 | Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane |
D5 | Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane |
DFT | Density functional theory |
EDS | Energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry |
GHSV | Gas hourly space velocity (h−1) |
Id | Internal diameter |
IR | Infrared light source |
L/D | Length/Diameter ratio |
L4 | Decamethyltetrasiloxane |
M | Mass of sorbent (g) |
MFC | Mass Flow Controller |
MW | Molecular weight of the trace compound removed (g/mol) |
NDIR | Nondispersive infrared sensor |
NLDFT | Non-localized density functional theory |
OFMSW | Organic fraction of municipal solid waste |
PDMS | Polymeric dimethylsiloxane membrane |
PFA | Perfluoroalkoxy alkane polymers |
ppb(v) | Parts per billion by volume |
ppm(v) | Parts per million by volume |
qmeasured | Amount od siloxane adsorbed (mg/g) |
Qtot | Total gas flow rate (N·L/h) |
RH | Relative Humidity |
SEM | Scanning electron microscopy |
SOFC | Solid oxide fuel cell |
SSA | Specific surface area (m2/g) |
STP | Standard Temperature and Pressure |
Tb | Bulk Temperature of gas cleaning filter |
Vm | Molar volume (22.414 N·L/mol) |
Vmeso | Mesoporous volume (cm3/g): 2–50 nm |
Vmicro | Microporous volume (cm3/g): <2 nm |
VOCs | Volatile organic compounds |
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Test | S-01 | S-02 | S-05 | S-10 |
---|---|---|---|---|
CO2 (N·mL/min) | 175 | 175 | 175 | 175 |
CH4 (N·mL/min) | 300 | 275 | 200 | 75 |
H2 + D4 (N·mL/min) | 25 | 50 | 125 | 250 |
Total flow rate (N·mL/min) | 500 | 500 | 500 | 500 |
CH4 (%) | 60 | 55 | 40 | 15 |
CO2 (%) | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 |
D4 concentrate (ppm(v)) | 1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 10.0 |
D4 (mg/m3) | 4.6 | 9.2 | 23.0 | 45.9 |
Element | Biochar | C64 (Airdep, Verona, Italy) | CKC (Airdep, Verona, Italy) |
---|---|---|---|
C | 99.5 | 81.89 | 80.83 |
O | - | 13.47 | 14.04 |
Si | - | 0.99 | 1.03 |
Al | - | 0.80 | 0.79 |
K | 0.24 | 0.74 | 1.05 |
Ca | 0.28 | 0.76 | 0.89 |
Fe | - | 0.74 | 0.81 |
S | - | 0.30 | 0.38 |
Mg | - | 0.17 | 0.16 |
Na | - | 0.14 | - |
Variable | Unit | Biochar | C64 (Airdep, Italy) | CKC (Airdep, Italy) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Specific surface area | (m2/g) | 75.3 | 796.8 | 663.5 |
V microporous (<2 nm) | (cm3/g) | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.22 |
V mesoporous (2–45 nm) | (cm3/g) | 0.02 | 0.066 | 0.187 |
Total pore volume | (cm3/g) | 0.04 | 0.358 | 0.408 |
Si (mg/m3) | qmeasured (mg/g) | Langmuir qcalculated (mg/g) | Error (%) | Freundlich qcalculated (mg/g) | Error (%) | DR qcalculated (mg/g) | Error (%) | Temkin qcalculated (mg/g) | Error (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biochar | 2.3 | 2.64 | 2.83 | 6.89 | 2.84 | 7.34 | 2.64 | 0.12 | 2.85 | 7.5 |
4.59 | 3.5 | 3.53 | 0.79 | 3.3 | 5.86 | 3.5 | 0.9 | 3.38 | 3.73 | |
9.19 | 4.2 | 4.03 | 4.77 | 3.85 | 9.64 | 4.1 | 3.17 | 3.9 | 8.1 | |
22.97 | 4.37 | 4.4 | 0.64 | 4.7 | 6.98 | 4.47 | 2.08 | 4.60 | 4.96 | |
C64 | 4.59 | 37.28 | 39.03 | 4.47 | 39.08 | 4.59 | 37.5 | 0.6 | 39.13 | 4.7 |
9.19 | 44.93 | 44.62 | 0.7 | 42.63 | 5.4 | 44.4 | 1.19 | 42.94 | 4.63 | |
22.97 | 49.5 | 48.82 | 1.4 | 47.83 | 3.49 | 49.13 | 0.75 | 47.99 | 3.15 | |
45.94 | 50.15 | 50.4 | 0.48 | 52.18 | 3.88 | 50.82 | 1.3 | 51.8 | 3.19 | |
CKC | 4.59 | 25.17 | 27.12 | 7.17 | 26.88 | 6.36 | 25.4 | 0.97 | 26.97 | 6.65 |
9.19 | 32.4 | 32 | 1.2 | 30.16 | 7.4 | 31.82 | 1.8 | 30.56 | 6 | |
22.97 | 37 | 35.90 | 3.07 | 35.1 | 5.37 | 36.4 | 1.6 | 35.32 | 4.77 | |
45.94 | 37.18 | 37.4 | 0.6 | 39.40 | 5.63 | 38.09 | 2.39 | 38.9 | 4.45 |
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Papurello, D.; Gandiglio, M.; Kafashan, J.; Lanzini, A. Biogas Purification: A Comparison of Adsorption Performance in D4 Siloxane Removal Between Commercial Activated Carbons and Waste Wood-Derived Char Using Isotherm Equations. Processes 2019, 7, 774. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100774
Papurello D, Gandiglio M, Kafashan J, Lanzini A. Biogas Purification: A Comparison of Adsorption Performance in D4 Siloxane Removal Between Commercial Activated Carbons and Waste Wood-Derived Char Using Isotherm Equations. Processes. 2019; 7(10):774. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100774
Chicago/Turabian StylePapurello, Davide, Marta Gandiglio, Jalal Kafashan, and Andrea Lanzini. 2019. "Biogas Purification: A Comparison of Adsorption Performance in D4 Siloxane Removal Between Commercial Activated Carbons and Waste Wood-Derived Char Using Isotherm Equations" Processes 7, no. 10: 774. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100774