Revolutionizing Electrospinning: A Review of Alternating Current and Pulsed Voltage Techniques for Nanofiber Production

Electrospinning has evolved into a vital nanofiber production technique with broad applications across biomedical, environmental, and industrial sectors. Alternating current (AC) and pulsed voltage (PV) electrospinning offer transformative alternatives by utilizing time-varying electric fields to overcome the drawbacks of DC electrospinning by employing an oscillating electric field that facilitates balanced charge dynamics, improved jet stability, and collectorless operation, leading to enhanced fiber alignment and significantly higher production rates, with reports exceeding 20 g/h. Conversely, PV electrospinning applies intermittent high-voltage pulses, offering precise control over jet initiation and termination. This method enables the fabrication of ultrafine, bead-free, and structurally uniform fibers, making it particularly suitable for biomedical applications such as controlled drug delivery and tissue scaffolds. Both techniques support tunable fiber morphology, reduced diameter variability, and improved structural uniformity, contributing to the advancement of high-performance nanofiber materials. This review examines the underlying electrohydrodynamic mechanisms, charge transport behavior, equipment configurations, and performance metrics associated with AC and PV electrospinning. It further highlights key innovations, current limitations in scalability and standardization, and prospective research directions.