Heat Pump Drying of Kelp (Laminaria japonica): Drying Kinetics and Thermodynamic Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Heat Pump Dryer
2.3. Drying Procedure
2.4. Moisture Content and Moisture Ratio
2.5. Mathematical Modeling of Drying Curves
2.6. Effective Moisture Diffusivity
2.7. Thermodynamic Property Parameters
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Heat Pump Drying on Dehydration Characteristics
3.1.1. Effect of Temperature on Drying Characteristics
3.1.2. Effect of Air Velocity on Drying Characteristics
3.1.3. Effect of Humidity on Drying Characteristics
3.1.4. Effect of Kelp Thickness on Drying Time
3.2. Determination of Drying Model
3.3. Verification of Kinetic Model
3.4. Effective Moisture Diffusivity
3.5. Thermodynamic Parameters of Kelp with Different Thicknesses
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specimen | Top Part | Main Part | Tail Part |
---|---|---|---|
Thickness (mm) | 3.5–4.2 | 2.0–3.5 | 0.8–2.0 |
Moisture content (%) | 94.5 | 95.7 | 92.4 |
Group | Temperature (°C) | Air Velocity (m/s) | Humidity (%) | Thickness (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 20 | 0.8 | 40 | 0.8–2.0(A) 2.0–3.5(B) 3.5–4.2(C) |
2 | 30 | 0.8 | 40 | |
3 | 40 | 0.8 | 40 | |
4 | 50 | 0.8 | 40 | |
5 | 40 | 0.3 | 40 | |
6 | 40 | 0.8 | 40 | |
7 | 40 | 1.3 | 40 | |
8 | 40 | 0.3 | 20 | |
9 | 40 | 0.3 | 30 | |
10 | 40 | 0.3 | 40 | |
11 | 40 | 0.3 | 50 |
Model Name | Model | After Linearization | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Henderson–Pabis | [30] | ||
Page model | [31] | ||
Lewis model | [32] |
No. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
lnA | K | R2 | lnK | n | R2 | |
1A | 0.4672 | 0.2096 | 0.9479 | −4.283 | 2.381 | 0.966 |
1B | 0.4662 | 0.1313 | 0.8826 | −6.137 | 2.618 | 0.945 |
1C | 0.4353 | 0.1061 | 0.8749 | −5.711 | 2.209 | 0.964 |
2A | 0.4124 | 0.2487 | 0.9837 | −2.591 | 1.646 | 0.977 |
2B | 0.5470 | 0.1867 | 0.8537 | −5.378 | 2.648 | 0.959 |
2C | 0.4214 | 0.1647 | 0.9128 | −4.433 | 1.983 | 0.994 |
3A | 0.3928 | 0.2635 | 0.9857 | −2.170 | 1.503 | 0.993 |
3B | 0.5583 | 0.2353 | 0.8132 | −4.797 | 2.790 | 0.958 |
3C | 0.4750 | 0.1934 | 0.8849 | −3.991 | 2.085 | 0.987 |
4A | 0.6750 | 0.4139 | 0.8849 | −2.941 | 2.484 | 0.995 |
4B | 0.8562 | 0.2614 | 0.7441 | −5.176 | 3.110 | 0.948 |
4C | 0.5998 | 0.3112 | 0.8842 | −3.704 | 2.476 | 0.978 |
5A | 0.4833 | 0.2252 | 0.9334 | −3.666 | 2.059 | 0.989 |
5B | 0.4079 | 0.1111 | 0.8973 | −5.658 | 2.295 | 0.956 |
5C | 0.4740 | 0.1418 | 0.9288 | -5.399 | 2.350 | 0.989 |
6A | 0.3928 | 0.2635 | 0.9857 | −2.170 | 1.503 | 0.993 |
6B | 0.5583 | 0.2353 | 0.8132 | −4.797 | 2.790 | 0.958 |
6C | 0.4750 | 0.1934 | 0.8849 | −3.991 | 2.085 | 0.987 |
7A | 0.6824 | 0.4135 | 0.9216 | −2.330 | 1.894 | 0.984 |
7B | 0.6204 | 0.3023 | 0.6865 | −5.104 | 3.380 | 0.921 |
7C | 0.6077 | 0.2937 | 0.8461 | −4.185 | 2.664 | 0.967 |
8A | 0.4315 | 0.2850 | 0.977 | −2.112 | 1.475 | 0.999 |
8B | 0.5719 | 0.1979 | 0.6182 | −5.849 | 2.849 | 0.885 |
8C | 0.5268 | 0.1978 | 0.8614 | −4.658 | 2.356 | 0.984 |
9A | 0.3339 | 0.2230 | 0.985 | −2.219 | 1.381 | 0.989 |
9B | 0.5192 | 0.1543 | 0.7807 | −5.993 | 2.653 | 0.955 |
9C | 0.4818 | 0.1710 | 0.8853 | −5.105 | 2.461 | 0.984 |
10A | 0.4833 | 0.2252 | 0.9334 | −3.666 | 2.059 | 0.989 |
10B | 0.4079 | 0.1111 | 0.8973 | −5.658 | 2.295 | 0.956 |
10C | 0.4740 | 0.1418 | 0.9288 | −5.399 | 2.350 | 0.989 |
11A | 0.4176 | 0.1808 | 0.9366 | −3.964 | 2.043 | 0.995 |
11B | 0.3440 | 0.0873 | 0.8544 | −5.787 | 2.187 | 0.986 |
11C | 0.3865 | 0.0985 | 0.7726 | −5.428 | 2.084 | 0.976 |
No. | Linear Regression Fitting Formula | Deff (10−11 m2·s−1) | R2 | No. | Linear Regression Fitting Formula | Deff (10−11 m2·s−1) | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1A | 1.1574 | 0.9479 | 7A | 2.2833 | 0.9216 | ||
1B | 2.7975 | 0.8826 | 7B | 6.4408 | 0.6865 | ||
1C | 4.4307 | 0.8749 | 7C | 12.2649 | 0.8461 | ||
2A | 1.3733 | 0.9837 | 8A | 1.5738 | 0.977 | ||
2B | 3.9778 | 0.8537 | 8B | 4.2165 | 0.6182 | ||
2C | 6.8779 | 0.9128 | 8C | 8.2601 | 0.8614 | ||
3A | 1.4550 | 0.9857 | 9A | 1.2314 | 0.985 | ||
3B | 5.0133 | 0.8132 | 9B | 3.2875 | 0.7807 | ||
3C | 8.0764 | 0.8849 | 9C | 7.1409 | 0.8853 | ||
4A | 2.2855 | 0.8449 | 10A | 1.2435 | 0.9334 | ||
4B | 5.5694 | 0.7441 | 10B | 2.3671 | 0.8973 | ||
4C | 12.9957 | 0.8842 | 10C | 5.9216 | 0.9288 | ||
5A | 1.2435 | 0.9334 | 11A | 0.9984 | 0.9366 | ||
5B | 2.3671 | 0.8973 | 11B | 1.8600 | 0.8544 | ||
5C | 5.9216 | 0.9288 | 11C | 4.1134 | 0.7726 | ||
6A | 1.4550 | 0.9857 | |||||
6B | 5.0133 | 0.8132 | |||||
6C | 8.0764 | 0.8849 |
Thickness | Drying Conditions | Ea (kJ/mol) | ΔH (kJ/mol) | ΔS (J/mol·K) | ΔG (kJ/mol) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.8–2.0 mm | 20 °C | 16.38 | 13.94 | −398.26 | 130.69 |
30 °C | 13.86 | −398.96 | 134.8 | ||
40 °C | 13.78 | −400.47 | 139.18 | ||
50 °C | 13.69 | −398.6 | 142.5 | ||
0.3 m/s | 13.78 | −401.78 | 139.59 | ||
0.8 m/s | 13.78 | −400.47 | 139.18 | ||
1.3 m/s | 13.78 | −396.72 | 138.01 | ||
20% | 13.78 | −399.82 | 138.98 | ||
30% | 13.78 | −401.86 | 139.62 | ||
40% | 13.78 | −401.78 | 139.59 | ||
50% | 13.78 | −403.6 | 140.16 | ||
2.0–3.5 mm | 20 °C | 18.21 | 15.77 | −384.68 | 128.54 |
30 °C | 15.69 | −384.08 | 132.12 | ||
40 °C | 15.61 | −384.34 | 135.96 | ||
50 °C | 15.52 | −385.53 | 140.11 | ||
0.3 m/s | 15.61 | −390.58 | 137.92 | ||
0.8 m/s | 15.61 | −384.34 | 135.96 | ||
1.3 m/s | 15.61 | −382.26 | 135.31 | ||
20% | 15.61 | −385.78 | 136.41 | ||
30% | 15.61 | −387.85 | 137.06 | ||
40% | 15.61 | −390.58 | 137.92 | ||
50% | 15.61 | −392.58 | 138.54 | ||
3.5–4.2 mm | 20 °C | 26.66 | 24.22 | −352.03 | 127.42 |
30 °C | 24.14 | −351.65 | 130.74 | ||
40 °C | 24.06 | −353.39 | 134.72 | ||
50 °C | 23.97 | −352.33 | 137.83 | ||
0.3 m/s | 24.06 | −355.97 | 135.53 | ||
0.8 m/s | 24.06 | −353.39 | 134.72 | ||
1.3 m/s | 24.06 | −349.92 | 133.63 | ||
20% | 24.06 | −353.21 | 134.66 | ||
30% | 24.06 | −354.42 | 135.04 | ||
40% | 24.06 | −355.97 | 135.53 | ||
50% | 24.06 | −359 | 136.48 |
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Zhang, Q.; Li, S.; Zhang, M.; Mu, G.; Li, X.; Zhang, G.; Xiong, S. Heat Pump Drying of Kelp (Laminaria japonica): Drying Kinetics and Thermodynamic Properties. Processes 2022, 10, 514. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10030514
Zhang Q, Li S, Zhang M, Mu G, Li X, Zhang G, Xiong S. Heat Pump Drying of Kelp (Laminaria japonica): Drying Kinetics and Thermodynamic Properties. Processes. 2022; 10(3):514. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10030514
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Qian, Shiyu Li, Minqi Zhang, Gang Mu, Xiuchen Li, Guochen Zhang, and Shanbai Xiong. 2022. "Heat Pump Drying of Kelp (Laminaria japonica): Drying Kinetics and Thermodynamic Properties" Processes 10, no. 3: 514. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10030514